Emotional Reflex Research Articles

상담위탁 가정폭력 행위자들의 폭력 경험에 관한 질적 분석 사례연구 - K시의 상담위탁 가정폭력 행위자를 중심으로 -

This study is a qualitative analysis case study on the experiences of violence by domestic violence offenders entrusted with counseling. The purpose of this study was to clarify the factors and identify the experiences of violence of domestic violence offenders based on Bowen's family therapy theory. The subjects of this study were a total of 5 male and female participants who were perpetrators of domestic violence who were sentenced by the D court in K City to entrust counseling for the disposition of domestic protection case No. 8. The study period was from November 2022 to April 2023, with in-depth interviews of 90 minutes per session, and original data such as recording, field notes, and experience reports were analyzed. After confirming the basic information of the research participants and analyzing the original data by categorizing husband violence, wife violence, parental violence, and child violence into 4 categories based on criminal history and domestic violence incident factors, 3 categories and 73 meaning contents were derived. This study attempted to identify the factors of anxiety, self-differentiation, triangular relationships, and family projection processes through qualitative content analysis studies on experiences of violence. The research results are as follows:. First, as the anxiety of domestic violence offenders decreased and violence decreased without emotional reflex behavior, the previously undifferentiated level of self-differentiation improved. Second, there was a positive effect of detriangulating the family triangle of domestic violence perpetrators and forming an autonomous relationship.Third, the effect of stopping violence was found as the multigenerational transfer process was interrupted due to the family projection of domestic violence offenders. Based on these results, positive results emerged where emotional stability and cyclical interaction were observed while confirming immature behaviors in the family of domestic violence perpetrators. These studies suggest that there is the possibility of enhancing the positve effects in future counseling related to domestic violence offenders

CASE STUDY OF RELAXATION AND COUNTERCONDITIONING THERAPY FOR MISOPHONIA: A CONDITIONED AVERSIVE REFLEX DISORDER

This article presents a case study of conceptualization of misophonia as a conditioned aversive reflex disorder consisting of a physical (e.g., muscle) reflex elicited by the misophonic trigger stimulus and subsequent emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses. This case describes a successful behavioral treatment of a middle-aged woman who was disabled by severe misophonia. The treatment included identifying the initial physical reflex, progressive muscle relaxation, and counterconditioning the initial physical reflex. Counterconditioning was accomplished by relaxing the initial physical reflex muscle during exposure to in vivo trigger stimuli, while using ambient sound as needed to reduce the severity of the misophonic response. The overall severity of misophonia reduced over the course of the 13-week treatment, based on client self-report. Data were analyzed using recovery percentage formula. The recovery percentage average of 3 scales was 82.1% at end of treatment and 93.1% at 1-year follow-up. In this case, when the initial physical reflex’s muscle was held relaxed by the patient when exposed to trigger stimuli, the initial physical reflex and the emotional reflex diminished and extinguished.

Repetitions expressing emotions in elizabethan tragedies

The article deals with the analysis of repetitions expressing emotions in Elizabethan tragedies. The chief use of repetition is to mark strong emotion and excitement of the characters. Repetition is essentially an emotional reflex, and it is as such that it chiefly occurs: even the more rhetorical emphatic use, where it is employed to draw attention to a particular word or phrase, is generally tined emotionally as well. Excitement, passion, bustle almost inevitably produce repetition, and dramatists who are rich in such qualities, like Shakespeare or Marston, are generally rich in repetitions

중학생 자녀를 둔 중년기 어머니의 자기 이해를 통한 부모성장 프로그램의 개발과 효과

This study developed a parent growth program based on self-understanding that integrated positive psychology and self-differentiation theory for middle-aged mothers with middle school students. Then it verified the effectiveness of the program on parenting efficacy, anxiety, self-differentiation, parenting behavior, parenting behavior perceived by adolescent. The developed program was applied to 10 parents as experimental group, 13 parents as control group, and their 23 adolescents attending D middle school. Two groups received pre- and post-test and their data was analyzed by paired t-test and mixed ANOVA. The results were as follows: First, the parent growth program had effects on improving self-differentiation, parenting efficacy and reducing anxiety. Second, the program didn`t show any statistic differences in improving positive parenting behavior and reducing negative parenting behavior, as well as improving positive parenting behavior perceived by adolescent and reducing negative parenting behavior perceived by adolescent. Third, the description evaluations of experimental group showed changes in participants'' inner side and behavior. They changed their perspectives towards family members including their original family, more positively and realized the meanings of middle-aged lives through internal understanding. Thus they became more comfortable and reduced emotional reflex behaviors in dealing with their adolescents.

Psychological Limits in Percy Shelley's Prefaces

The prefaces to Shelley's poems are generally seen as an important addendum to understanding the complex narratorial personae in the poems they accompany; to pull these textual edges into the centre of enquiry allows for consideration of the unique perspectives on ethics and aesthetics that they offer. I argue that Shelley's prefaces conflate Sympathy conceived of as a personal and morally accountable emotional reflex, such as found in the thought of Adam Smith, and sympathy conceived as the abstract, disinterested aesthetic judgment of Kant's Critique of Judgment. This conflation casts the sensitivity of the poet as both a faculty of judgment which forges an only indirect relationship to moral concerns, and, paradoxically, as something requiring explicitly moral behaviour. This tension engenders a psychological trauma which makes the idea of ‘the self’ a contested, liminal space that marks the edges of Shelley's understanding of the mental operations that occur in aesthetic experience.

Impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida do idoso

A preocupação com a qualidade de vida na terceira idade é relevante. Perdas dentárias podem ter efeitos significativos na saúde e na vida dos indivíduos, pois afetam a capacidade mastigatória, restringem o consumo de diversos alimentos, dificultam a fonação, além de causar danos estéticos. O objetivo desta revisão da literatura é discutir as alterações na qualidade de vida do paciente idoso, incluindo os efeitos psicológicos, a percepção dos idosos sobre saúde bucal, e o reflexo emocional.Palavras-chave: Reabilitação bucal; Satisfação do paciente; Qualidade de vida.

Emotional reflex syncope in early life is related with familial history of premature cardiovascular disease

Emotional reflex syncope in early life is related with familial history of premature cardiovascular disease

It Is Time to Include Compassion in Medical Training

To the Editor: There are many reasons for the decline of medical students’ and residents’ empathy as they progress through their clinical training,1 and there are many efforts to preserve empathy and promote professionalism.2 Yet it is important to pause and ponder: Is there something missing from the discourse about improving humanism in medicine? Indeed, the concept of compassion has been noticeably absent from the literature, while concepts of empathy and professionalism predominate. Compassion is defined as a sympathetic consciousness of others’ distress with a desire to alleviate it—an “emotional reflex.” Empathy, on the other hand, is defined as the ability to understand the patient’s situation, perspective, and feelings and to communicate back that understanding.3 Thus, empathy lacks an internal motive to do something and is, instead, a technical ability. This is an important difference in these two concepts, which in many other ways are merely different ways to describe a wide spectrum of emotional experience. The lack of discussion of compassion may also be (1) because compassion may have the ability to produce “compassion fatigue” and (2) because compassion may interfere with rationality or clinical reasoning. However, there is a lack of substantial evidence to support either claim. It is time to incorporate compassion into the conversation about improving medical training, along with empathy and professionalism, since these three qualities of a physician may be more intertwined than previously thought. There has also been evidence suggesting that compassion helps counter a variety of negative emotions, bringing calmness to a physician’s practice.4 As a first step, it would be beneficial to develop a comprehensive measurement of compassion, as has been done with empathy.5 This may provide a new framework to help uncover subtleties of the caregiver experience previously overlooked, and may provide new approaches to current interventions in medical education aimed at producing caring physicians that remain humanistic throughout their careers. If compassion is considered an emotional reflex, then it is inherent in most individuals, and—like most reflexes—it can be honed, fostered, and exercised to its full potential. Victoria Y. Fan, SM, ScD Research fellow, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC; [email protected] Steven C. Lin, MPH Medical student, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.

Threat of suffocation and defensive reflex activation.

The current study examined emotional reflex reactions of participants threatened with respiratory distress caused by imposing a resistive load at inspiration. Cues signaling threat (breathing MAY be difficult) and safe periods were intermixed while startle reflexes, heart rate, skin conductance, and facial EMG activity were measured. Compared to safe cues, threat cues elicited significant startle potentiation, enhanced skin conductance, heightened corrugator EMG changes, and pronounced "fear bradycardia" consistent with defensive activation in the context of threatened respiratory dysfunction. These data indicate that anticipating respiratory resistance activates defensive responding, which may mediate symptomatology in patients with panic and other anxiety disorders.

The prepared emotional reflex: Intentional preparation of automatic approach and avoidance tendencies as a means to regulate emotional responding.

Advance preparation of action courses toward emotional stimuli is an effective means to regulate impulsive emotional behavior. Our experiment shows that performing intentional acts of approach and avoidance in an evaluation task influences the unintended activation of approach and avoidance tendencies in another task in which stimulus valence is irrelevant. For the evaluation-relevant blocks, participants received either congruent (positive-approach, negative-avoidance) or incongruent (positive-avoidance, negative-approach) mapping instructions. In the evaluation-irrelevant blocks, approach- and avoidance-related lever movements were selected in response to a stimulus feature other than valence (affective Simon task). Response mapping in the evaluation task influenced performance in the evaluation-irrelevant task: An enhanced affective Simon effect was observed with congruent mapping instructions; in contrast, the effect was reversed when the evaluation task required incongruent responses. Thus, action instructions toward affective stimuli received in one task determined affective response tendencies in another task where these instructions were not in effect. These findings suggest that intentionally prepared short-term links between affective valence and motor responses elicit associated responses without a deliberate act of will, operating like a "prepared reflex."

Communalities and differences in fear potentiation between cardiac defense and eyeblink startle

This study examines similarities and differences in fear potentiation between two protective reflexes: cardiac defense and eyeblink startle. Women reporting intense fear of animals but low fear of blood or intense fear of blood but low fear of animals viewed pictures depicting blood or the feared animal for 6 s in 2 separate trials in counterbalanced order. An intense burst of white noise, able to elicit both a cardiac defense response and a reflexive startle blink, was presented 3.5 s after picture onset. Both cardiac and blink responses were potentiated when highly fearful individuals viewed fearful pictures. However, differences appeared concerning picture order. This pattern of results indicates communalities and differences among protective reflexes that are relevant for understanding the dynamics of emotional reflex modulation.

Glutamatergic regulation of extracellular citrulline levels in the nucleus accumbens during an emotional conditioned reflex

Intracerebral microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to demonstrate that the acquisition and execution of an emotional conditioned reflex in Sprague-Dawley rats are accompanied by increases in extracellular citrulline (a co-product of nitric oxide synthesis) levels in the nucleus accumbens. Injection of the selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 (100 microM) into the nucleus accumbens significantly decreased the increase in extracellular citrulline seen in this structure on acquisition of the emotional conditioned reflex and completely blocked the increase induced by execution of the reflex. These data suggest that during the acquisition and execution of an emotional conditioned reflex, the glutamatergic input of the nucleus accumbens acts on NMDA receptors to stimulate nitric oxide production in this part of the brain.

The Psycho-Aesthetics of Romantic Moonshine: Wordsworth's Profane Illumination

Wordsworth has been accused of averting his eyes from half of human fate (Matthew Arnold, Stanzas in Memory of the Author of 'Obermann' 53-4). It is true he does not portray scenes of terror and nightmare directly, or in gothic format. The exceptions are well-known: intense descriptions of moments of terror in the wake of what to others might have been ordinary sights. But what he mainly offers are vignettes of pathos from everyday, rural life; and, except for preachy admonitions, the very obliquity of his procedure paradoxically puts one on guard. We sense a psychic depth that has fused with a peculiarly weak sort of strength in his poetry. At once simple and freakish, fits of passion I have known, from the second volume (1800) of Lyrical Ballads, continues to intrigue. Wordsworth's portrayal of the disproportionate emotional reflex that can arise from ordinary incidents suggests that world and imagination interact in mysterious ways. Encounters with local people or rural sights and sounds leave vibes that do not always grow harmony in music (Prelude 1850 1. 341) toward a resolution, or palpable teleology. Among early readers, Coleridge as well as Francis Jeffrey noticed an imbalance between objective cause and subjective response. His famous formula that poetry takes its rise from emotion recollected in tranquillity hides as much as it reveals: (1) an emotion breaks through, overflows into poetry, but its intensity--even today, when we accept confessional verse almost for its own sake--may strike the reader as eccentric or insufficiently motivated. Strange fits of passion I have known And I will dare to tell, But in the lover's ear alone, What once to me befel. When she I lov'd, was strong and gay And like a rose in June, I to her cottage bent my way, Beneath the evening moon. Upon the moon I fix'd my eye, All over the wide lea; My horse trudg'd on, and we drew nigh Those paths so dear to me. And now we reach'd the orchard-plot, And, as we climb'd the hill, Towards the roof of Lucy's cot The moon descended still. In one of those sweet dreams I slept, Kind Nature's gentlest boon! And, all the while, my eyes I kept On the descending moon. My horse mov'd on; hoof after hoof He rais'd, and never stopp'd: When down behind the cottage roof At once the bright Moon dropped. What fond and wayward thoughts will slide Into a Lover's head-- O mercy! to myself I cried, should be dead! fits of passion, 1815 text The plot line is straightforward: a lover rides by the light of the moon to the cottage of his beloved. The poem is told in the first person and from a memorial perspective. Lucy, the central figure, has died, which is clearer in the other lyrics of the overtly elegiac group usually grouped as the Lucy poems. What is not straightforward is that the narrator's evening ride, or walking cure, to cite Celeste Langan's witty concept (225-271), ends in the final cry of distress that places a special burden on interpretation. Is this apparent climax the fit of passion the first stanza signals? If not, does anything in the poem fit that fit? We are not helped when Wordsworth's Pierrot lunaire intimates that he will be understood only by those initiated into love's mystery (2-4). Despite the simple plot, then, we are left with the following alternative: either there is a secret here (even should the secret be that there is no secret), or the poet is setting up his lyric as a parody of an older kind of ballad whose usual subject-matter was a chivalric daring-do or weird happening--the condensed equivalent of today's sci-fi and action-movie plots. In either case, the anti-dramatic character of Wordsworth's new type of lyrical ballad displaces the notion of action from heroic or supernatural to a more subtle, internal event. The possibility of parody is increased by that slowest of horses. …

P2-377 Emotional experience, facial expression, and startle reflex modulation in Alzheimer's disease

P2-377 Emotional experience, facial expression, and startle reflex modulation in Alzheimer's disease

Trait differences in affective and attentional responding to threat revealed by emotional stroop interference and startle reflex modulation

This study utilized startle reflex and reaction time (RT) measures to examine the hypothesis that anxious individuals exhibit an attentional bias for threatening information. High and low trait-anxious (HTA; LTA) participants performed an emotional Stroop task in which pleasant, neutral, and threat words were presented under conditions of anticipation, or no anticipation, of electric shock. Acoustic startle probes were presented during the interval between word presentation and production of the color-naming response. HTA participants showed longer color-naming RT for threat words than pleasant words under both shock anticipation and safe conditions of the procedure. Under safe conditions, startle patterns paralleled these effects with HTA participants exhibiting smaller blink responses—indicating greater allocation of processing resources—for threat words than pleasant words. Under shock anticipation conditions, HTA individuals showed an opposite response pattern: startle blinks were potentiated for threat words relative to pleasant, indicating that the emotional impact of the threat words was enhanced by the aversive mood state. Despite evidence that the startle response effects were limited by habituation to the first half (180 trials) of the procedure, these findings support the hypothesis that HTA individuals possess an attentional bias for threatening information and exhibit greater defensive emotional reactivity to threat cues during states of heightened negative affectivity than low anxious individuals.

The Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena. Sketch of a Psycho-Physiological Theory of Hysteria

The problem of hysteria, although for some years past it has engaged the special attention of the best neurologists and psychologists, is yet very far from being solved. The chief object which authors have had in view at recent congresses has been to obtain a satisfactory definition of this affection. A definition, however, as Claparéde justly observes, being only a citation of the characters which constitute the nature of a thing, should be the crown and not the foundation of the study of any malady. Hysteria cannot, then, be defined without first establishing the nature of this affection, without studying the mechanism of its morbid phenomena. Now, an essentially pathogenic study of this disorder has not yet been made. It has been supposed to be the consequence of a narrowing of the field of consciousness (Janet), the suppression in consciousness of painful impressions of sexual origin (Freud), of suggestibility (Babinski), of an exaggeration of the plastic power of the imagination (Hartemberg), of torpor of the organic cerebral mechanisms (Sollier), of a tendency to reversion, to atavism (Claparéde), of disorder of the cortical or sub-cortical reflexes (Raymond), of an exaggerated emotional reflex (Bernheim), of perversion of the highest cerebral functions (Bastian); but it has not been explained by what mechanism all these conditions are produced, and provoke the morbid phenomena. It is just here that the chief difficulty of all these theories lies; it is the point by which we may judge of their respective value. Even if we assume, for instance, that hysteria is due to a limitation of the field of consciousness, what, we may ask, is the primary cause which determines this modification of the personality? By what mechanism does a suggested idea or a painful representation translate itself, or become converted, into somatic phenomena, or into an exaggerated emotional reflex? It does not suffice to tell us that this affection is characterised by a flexile suggestibility or by an exaggeration of a plastic imagination; we require also an explanation as to what determines the plastic properties in the case of these patients. What is the cause which induces the torpor of the organic functions of the brain as in Sollier's theory, the disorder of cortical or sub-cortical reflexes as in that of Raymond?