Emotional Irritability Research Articles

Resilience as Safety Culture in German Emergency Medical Services: Examining Irritation and Burnout.

The stress levels in emergency services are enormous. The resulting stress can range from psychological irritation to burnout. This study examines the importance of resilience in the German EMS and its significance for the risk of irritation and burnout among EMS personnel. A quantitative cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 285 EMS personnel in Germany. Resilience was measured by the RS-13 Scale, irritation by the Irritation Scale (IS), and burnout by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Sociodemographic and job-related data were also collected. A classification into resilient groups was used to compare stress levels. More than one-third (39%) of the participants had a low level of resilience. EMS personnel with high levels of resilience had significantly lower scores on the cognitive and emotional irritation dimensions, as well as on the burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion and cynicism. Resilience plays an important role in the safety culture of emergency services. The results support the hypothesis that high levels of resilience lead to less stress and help people cope better with stress. Almost two-fifths of the participants had lower resilience, underscoring the need for safe communication and targeted measures to strengthen resilience. Regular training, a supportive work environment, and promoting team cohesion and social support can improve emergency responders' mental health and job performance. Future research should develop specific intervention strategies and evaluate their effectiveness to ensure the long-term health of emergency responders and improve the quality of emergency care.

Overcommitment, Work-Related Behavior, and Cognitive and Emotional Irritation in Veterinarians: A Comparison of Different Veterinary Working Fields.

Mental health is a serious problem among veterinarians. The aim of this study was to analyze work-related behaviors and experience (AVEM), overcommitment (OC), and cognitive and emotional irritation (IS) in different veterinary working fields. The survey included 724 German veterinarians (average age 41.0 ± 9.72 years). Validated questionnaires were used to assess overcommitment, work-related behavior and experience patterns (health-promoting pattern G or S; health-hazardous risk pattern A or B), and irritation in several working fields. A correlation analysis and a multivariate test were performed. Increased OC was observed in 35.8% of veterinarians (mixed animals vs. inspectors, p = 0.042; small vs. mixed animals, p = 0.001). A total of 66% of veterinarians exhibited AVEM risk pattern A or B. There was no significant association of AVEM risk patterns and veterinary specialty. Only the AVEM dimension "tendency toward resignation in the face of failure" differed among working fields (p = 0.04). Regardless of direct animal contact, German veterinarians showed increased psychological stress. Inadequate compensation and prolonged stress are significant factors that can lead to burnout or depression. These risks should be considered in the context of occupational healthcare.

Authentic leadership – for better and for worse? Leader well-being and inconsistency as moderating factors in the relation between daily authentic leadership and follower well-being

ABSTRACT Despite comprehensive insights on favourable outcomes of authentic leadership for followers, there is a limited understanding about boundary conditions of authentic leadership. Leaders’ decreased well-being (i.e. high trait emotional irritation and low trait work engagement) or inconsistency in authentic leadership may attenuate the relation between authentic leadership and follower well-being (i.e. emotional irritation and work engagement). We tested these assumptions using a daily diary study design over five consecutive working days with a sample of 64 leaders and 162 followers. We found partial support for the cross-level moderation of authentic leadership inconsistency across these five days, as daily authentic leadership was related to daily work engagement (but not emotional irritation) of followers, when authentic leadership inconsistency was low. Contrary to our predictions, neither high leader trait emotional irritation nor low leader trait work engagement attenuated the relation between daily authentic leadership and daily follower well-being. The results point out to the importance of consistency in authentic leadership behaviour. However, leaders do not need to be overly concerned about negative consequences for followers when they lead authentically while having a reduced trait well-being.

Highly Heterogeneous Heat‐Related Health Impacts in China and Implications for Sustainable Urban Heat Governance

AbstractUnderstanding heat‐related impacts is crucial to improving public awareness of addressing urban heat challenges and enabling decision makers to mainstream heat action plans. This study explores heat‐related physiological and psychological impacts, symptoms, and demographic determinants based on 4210 questionnaires across nine large Chinese cities, including Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Nanjing, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Xi'an in August 2020. The results indicate that heat‐related psychological impacts are equally severe as physiological impacts. Chongqing is under the most severe heat‐related health impact on both the physiological and psychological aspects. Skin heat damage (SKI), digestive system illnesses (DIG), respiratory illnesses (RES), and cardiovascular illnesses (CAR) are prominent physiological illnesses in all cities, while emotional irritability (EMO), easy to lose control temper (EAS), low mood (LOW), and insomnia (INS) are prominent psychological symptoms. Chongqing and Guangzhou are the most vulnerable cities in terms of physiological and psychological symptoms. Chengdu, Hangzhou, Nanjing, and Shanghai are more resilient in terms of physiological symptoms, whereas Chengdu, Hangzhou, and Shanghai are more resistant to psychological symptoms. Heat‐related health impacts, symptoms, and demographic determinants are spatially heterogeneous. The elderly and patients are more vulnerable, while such a conclusion is not always true. The spatial heterogeneity of heat‐related physiological and psychological impacts, symptoms, and drivers highlights the significance of developing city‐specific heat health action plans.

Emotional states predict cellular immune system activity under conditions of life as it is lived: A multivariate time-series analysis approach.

The relationship between emotional states and immune system activity is characterized by bidirectional influences; however, limited information is available regarding the temporal dynamics of these effects. The goal of this investigation was to examine how these psychoimmunological interdependencies unfold over time under conditions of "life as it is lived". For this purpose, three healthy women collected their entire urine over a period of approximately two months at 12-h intervals (8 am-8 pm, 8 pm-8 am), resulting in a total of 112 to 126 consecutive measurements per subject. In addition, among other regular psychological assessments, the subjects completed the EWL-60-S, an emotional state questionnaire, each morning and evening. To assess the extent of T-helper type 1 immune activation, the neopterin per creatinine concentration was measured in the urine samples using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The dynamic relationships between the time series of the six emotional states (performance-related activity, general inactivity, extraversion/introversion, general feeling of comfort, emotional irritation, anxiety/depressiveness) and urinary neopterin levels were estimated in vector-autoregressive models and evaluated using Granger-causality tests, impulse-response functions and forecast error variance decompositions. The findings showed that emotional states explained up to 20% of the variance of urinary neopterin per creatinine levels, whereby most of the effects occurred within a period of approximately three days. Across all subjects, increases in anxiety/depressiveness and extraversion led to increases in neopterin levels, while a general feeling of comfort led to decreases in neopterin. These results emphasize the importance of the interdependencies between emotional states and immune system activity and showcase the potential that intensive longitudinal study designs offer for psychoneuroimmunology.

Service with a sense of belonging: navigating work–family conflict and emotional irritation in the service efforts of health professionals

PurposeThe service effort behavior (SEB) of health professionals may be impeded by many factors. This study aims to draw upon the conservation of resources and stressor–strain–outcome theories to test a moderated mediation model that explores how work–family conflict (WFC) influences SEB. The mediating effect of emotional irritation (EI) and the moderating effect of organizational identification (OI) was also tested.Design/methodology/approachData was collected over two waves from 524 health professionals working across India and was tested using SPSS PROCESS macros and Amos 24.FindingsThe results revealed that WFC has a significantly negative relationship with SEB, and EI mediates the relationship between the two variables. The mediation process was further moderated by OI.Originality/valueThere is an absolute scarcity of evidence that has explored the association of WFC and SEB with the mediating role of EI. Along with offering a nuanced understanding of these relationships, this study also presents some interesting insights to health-care administrators.

Energized or distressed by time pressure? The role of time pressure illegitimacy

ABSTRACT According to Stress-as-Offense-to-Self theory, illegitimate stressors should undermine the self-enhancing potential and amplify the strain-related consequences of challenge stressors. We therefore postulated that time pressure will be less challenging and more hindering/threatening when considered illegitimate. In a five-day daily and a consecutive three-week weekly diary study (N = 117), we examined within-level indirect effects of daily/weekly time pressure on strain and performance-related outcomes via challenge/hindrance/threat appraisal and tested the role of illegitimacy in these relationships. Time pressure predicted both strain (emotional irritation/exhaustion) and performance-related variables (professional efficacy/engagement). Indirect effects were only found for emotional irritation and engagement via challenge appraisal; these effects were moderated by illegitimacy in the daily data. Underscoring the importance of illegitimacy, the consideration of illegitimacy rendered many associations of hindrance and threat appraisals with outcomes insignificant. Overall, illegitimacy mostly predicted outcomes directly or moderated relationships between time pressure and challenge, hindrance, and threat appraisal. Also supporting our reasoning, illegitimacy augmented the effect of “urgency” (i.e., time pressure net of challenge, hindrance, and threat appraisal) on strain. By contrast, illegitimacy undermined effects of urgency on engagement only at low, rather than high, urgency, which we interpret as indicating a performance protection mode.

Irritability: A concept analysis.

Irritability is a term used to describe feelings of anger, annoyance and impatience, and is commonly experienced by individuals in daily life. However, there are diverse conceptualizations of irritability in public and clinical research, which often result in confusing irritability with anger and other overlapping concepts. This, in turn, leads to a lack of conceptual clarity. Accordingly, the purpose of this concept analysis was to explore the irritability concept, including its definitions, defining characteristics, antecedents, consequences and empirical referents. The findings showed that irritability is predominantly conceptualized as a psychophysiological concept in the literature. We demonstrated that irritability can be differentiated from overlapping concepts like anger by qualities, such as 'unpredictability and lowered emotion control', 'lowered threshold for negative emotional stimuli', 'being manifested in response to frustrative situations or physiological needs' and 'experience of disproportionate and unjustified emotional irritation'. Importantly, severe irritability prospectively predicts psychiatric disorders and greater impairments in health, financial, educational and social functioning in individuals. Taken together, our analysis showed that one should take into account the context, duration, intensity and importantly outcomes, when assessing irritability in an individual. Considering these findings and the presence of irritability in nursing practice, it is crucial for nurses to recognize and successfully identify this concept in the nursing care they provide within the diverse settings and patient populations.

The Linkage between Juvenile Delinquency and Progression of Socialization Under Social Psychology Perspective

The significant growth in adolescent delinquency over the last several years has raised the alarm, forcing many to consider what we can do in the face of this problem. The elements that contribute to the development of adolescent delinquency are multifaceted, both subjective and objective. Subjective variables for the creation of juvenile criminal psychology include a one-sided view of life and poor legal consciousness, immature cognitive structure, the dualism of emotional irritation and will, and mindless compliance. At the same time, poor family education, school education elements, and society’s negative effect are objective variables in the development of adolescent criminal psychology. Understanding the causes of juvenile delinquency and effectively preventing and regulating juvenile delinquency has become an essential societal concern that must be addressed in today’s society.

La somnolence chez les adolescents: étiologie et conséquences multiples

Over the past century a dramatic decline in sleep duration among adolescents, such as more than one hour of sleep loss per night, has been reported. A debt in sleep duration could lead to sleep deprivation, a major risk factor associated with daytime sleepiness. Sleepiness refers to the inability to maintain an adequate level of alertness during the day which may result in more or less being able to control falling asleep at inappropriate times. This literature review updates on sleepiness regarding its characteristics, etiology and consequences on adolescents. Studies revealed that from 25 % to 78 % of adolescents had reported sleepiness. Its manifestations may include heavy lids, yawns, difficulties to concentrate and emotional irritability. In addition, while it is recommended that adolescents under 18 years-old should sleep from eight to ten hours a night, only 63 % of them actually do so. The etiology of sleep deprivation and sleepiness in this population can be explained by various biological and societal factors. First, the sleep-wake cycle of adolescents shows a biological shift from the beginning of pubertal maturation, described as a perfect storm. It refers to a social jetlag by going to sleep and waking up later and accumulating a sleep debt during weekdays which they try to reimburse during weekends. This phenomenon can be explained by physiological changes such as a slower accumulation of sleep pressure. In addition to this perfect storm, environmental and societal factors contribute to the social jetlag and reduce sleep duration in adolescents. Screen exposure before bedtime can delay sleep and wake onset, which is a risk factor for sleeping debt. Substance use such as caffeine, cigarettes or electronic vaporizer, ADHD or freely available medication, alcohol, cannabis use or drug consumption could further disrupt sleep-wake cycle by stimulating, depressing or otherwise disrupting the central nervous system. Early, before 8:30 am, class start times have been associated with chronic sleep deprivation, higher level of sleepiness and delayed melatonin peak secretion. Adolescents working or doing extracurricular occupations for more than 20hours a week are more at risk for reduced sleep duration and sleepiness. Parental supervision about sleep during the weekdays were associated with more appropriate bedtime. Adolescents from low socio-demographic characteristics and from minority ethnic groups have reported displaying a shorter sleep duration. Finally, sleep disorders of a physiological origin such as narcolepsy, sleep apnea or restless legs syndrome, may explain the sleep deprivation and sleepiness. Sleep deprivation and sleepiness in adolescents have consequences on their health. Cognitive functioning, such as problem solving, attention or memory, as well as school performance, can be compromised by sleep deprivation and sleepiness. At the psychological level, adolescents reporting sleepiness are more prone to display mental health problems: associations were found between sleepiness and subjective perception of depression, anxiety, somatic complaints as well as with antisocial behaviors. Finally, 68 % of 16 year-old adolescents reported they drove a car, and the reported sleepiness could lead to road accidents due to reduced attentional functioning, reaction time and decision-making abilities. In the United-States, from 7 % to 16.5 % of deadly accidents were related to driving while drowsy. Highlighting etiology and problems associated with sleep deprivation and sleepiness in adolescents could guide researchers and clinicians towards the development of possible interventions. Public health measures and knowledge transfer programs regarding modifiable psychosocial and societal factors associated with sleep-wake bioregulation could increase awareness in parents as well as in political and societal decision makers.

The effects of a dilemma management training program on mental health: a prospective study with mid-level executives in hospitals

PurposeMid-level executives are confronted with many dilemma situations, in which they are forced to decide between conflicting options, none of them leading to the desired result. If they fail to cope with them constructively, their individual risk for mental strains increases (Gerlmaier and Latniak, 2013). Initial findings focusing on executives in industry (Bossmann, 2020) show that fostering effective dilemma management in executives is a preventive factor against stress-related diseases. Yet, there is little empirical research that evaluates the contribution of dilemma management training on leadership’s mental health prevention in hospitals. This study aims to examine whether such a training program, adapted to current working conditions in German hospitals, promotes mid-level executives’ mental health.Design/methodology/approachA 10-month training program was administered to N = 69 senior physicians, senior nurses and senior service and administrative staff in four hospitals. To evaluate training effects on perceived stress reactivity, on cognitive and emotional irritation over time as well as the effects of the training dose on these results, participants’ self-reported measures were collected at four points in time: before (t0), during (t1), immediately after (t2) and three months after the intervention (t3).FindingsOverall, participants showed less cognitive irritation and perceived stress reactivity over time. However, their emotional irritation did not change significantly. The dose of training participation did not moderate these results.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the prevention of stress-related diseases and the promotion of sensemaking in mid-level executives’ dilemma management routine in the face of increasingly aggravating working conditions due to financial restrictions in the German health-care system. Findings of this study are explained in greater depth using previously reported qualitative data from the same research project.

Heat-induced health impacts and the drivers: implications on accurate heat-health plans and guidelines.

Urban heat challenges are increasinglysevere, along with climate change and urbanisation. Despite significant environmental, economic, and social consequences, limited actions have been conducted to address urban heat challenges. To support the formulation of heat-health plans and guidelines at the city and community scale, this study presented results, through a questionnaire survey among 584 respondents in Shanghai, China, on heat-induced physiological and psychological impacts and analysed the variability of them with demographic characteristics. The results indicate that psychological impacts weremore severe than physiological impacts in severity and susceptible people. Skin heat damage and digestive system diseases were ignored in previous studies, compared with fatal cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Emotional irritability and difficulty in controlling temper were the two most prominent psychological symptoms. The elderly and health-vulnerable groups were more susceptible to heat-induced physiological and psychological impacts than other groups. Among different demographic groups, the most critical physiological and psychological symptoms could vary significantly. Afterwards, suggestions for heat-health plans or guidelines have been proposed. Overall, this study provides a reference for the understanding of heat-induced impacts and enhancing the capacity to cope with urban heat challenges.

Impact of Ethical Leadership and Caring Work Climate on Turnover Intention of Health Care Professionals Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion

Objective: To examine the mediating relation of emotional exhaustion as well as moderating function of caring climate in such relationships. Study Setting: Health care providers in government hospitals (such as Lahore General Hospital, Mayo Hospital, Services Hospital, Nishtar Hospital, Multan) as well as private hospitals (such as Fatima Memorial Hospital, Shalamar Hospital, Doctors Hospital, National Hospital, Bakhtawar Amin Hospital, Multan) and health care centres in Lahore (such as the latter two) are included in this group. The health care providers are also included in this group. Study Duration: This study was conducted from period of 1st September to 1st December, 2020 in the selected Hospitals. Materials and Methods: In order to acquire data, a sampling method was used. Google forms were used to collect data online. A total of 105 health care professionals from Lahore's health care organisations participated in the survey. Process macro model 8 shows that ethical leadership is critical to assessing the variations in emotional tiredness and turnover intention, whereas the ethical environment has a negligible moderating impact on the changes in turnover intention. Exhaustion mediated the influence of ethical leadership on turnover intention, according to the findings. Results: The findings show that the ethical conduct of higher management is critical because workers' perceptions of an ethical leadership are based on the ethical beliefs of managers, and their sincere and truthful conduct is an important influence in shaping the organisational environment and thus influencing the employees' turnover intention. Aside from future research directions, the theoretical and practical consequences and constraints of the discussion are also contested. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the influence of ethical leadership on employee turnover is totally mediated by emotional weariness. There is a correlation between ethical leadership and the desire to leave the company. The association between ethical leadership and emotional weariness is also diminished. Furthermore, this study indicated that emotional irritation and turnover intention are linked in a positive manner. Keywords: Emotional weariness; ethical leadership; purpose to replace; ethical climate; climate of turnover

Does incivility in quick service restaurants suppress the voice of employee? A moderated mediation model

Quick Service Restaurants (QSR) have seen overwhelming growth over the past several years worldwide and the onus of delivering superior services lies on frontline employees. Considering high competition and workload, workplace incivility isn’t alien to QSR staff. Based on conservation of resources and stressor-strain-outcomes theories, our paper proposes a theoretical framework examining workplace incivility instigated by coworkers and supervisors on voice of employee via emotional irritation which is contingent upon psychological detachment. Survey data was collected from 518 frontline service staff and 74 direct supervisors of various QSR located in the Southern India. Results indicate psychological detachment played a protective role in mitigating the deleterious effects of workplace incivility on emotional irritation and voice of employee through moderated mediation analysis. The findings of this study also open up new lines of research in the hospitality industry and highlights important theoretical and managerial implications in customer service context.

Medical education and mental health during COVID-19: a survey across 9 countries.

ObjectivesTo investigate students' experience with medical education alongside their mental and physical health since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic across nine countries. MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was distributed by local collaborators to 2,280 medical students across 148 medical schools in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Spain, and Venezuela using non-probability convenience sampling from June 22 to July 24, 2020. Students answered questions regarding teaching, internet use, COVID-19, physical and mental well-being. A multivariate logistic regression examined factors associated with depressed mood, insomnia, and headache. ResultsAcademic teaching shifted to a virtual (67%, n=1,534) or hybrid environment (23%, n=531), whilst bedside teaching was suspended or cancelled (93%, n=2,120). Across all countries students were equally satisfied with the teaching modality, quantity, quality, and the evaluation system of in-person, hybrid, and online curricula. Negative changes in mental (40% (n=912) insomnia, 57% (n=1,300) emotional irritability, 47% (n=1,072) emotional instability, 41% (n=935) anhedonia, 40% (n=912) depressed mood) and physical (36% (n=821) headache, 57% (n=1,299) ocular tiredness, 49% (n=1,117) backache) health symptoms were frequently observed. Positive associations between the number of daily screen hours and depressed mood (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.09, 95%CI: 1.05-1.12, p<.001), insomnia (AOR=1.08, 95%CI: 1.05-1.11, p<.001), and headache (AOR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.07-1.14, p<.001) were identified. ConclusionsStudents' experience with digital and hybrid medical curricula was diverse during the pandemic. Education modality, quantity, and quality were positively evaluated. However, students' mental and physical health worsened. Besides bedside teaching, faculties ought to digitalize and strengthen social communities and extend support services for students.

Post-orgasmic illness syndrome accompanied with testosterone deficiency: a case report

Post-orgasmic illness syndrome (POIS) is a rare disease that affects the quality of life of patients. Here, we report a case of a 27-year-old man who visited our clinic and presented with physical fatigue, muscle weakness, emotional irritability, memory difficulties, lack of attention, and flu-like state after ejaculation. The patient was diagnosed with POIS accompanied by testosterone deficiency (TD) and treated with antiallergic therapy combined with testosterone supplementation therapy (TST) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). After 3 months of medication, the patient’s POIS symptoms, testosterone levels, and relevant questionnaire scores significantly improved. Antiallergic therapy combined with TST and SSRI treatment can effectively treat patients with POIS accompanied by TD.

Effects of Leisure Obstacles, Job Satisfaction, and Physical and Mental Health on Job Intentions of Medical Workers Exposed to COVID-19 Infection Risk and Workplace Stress.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of leisure obstacles, job satisfaction, physical and mental health, and work intentions of medical workers in Taiwan. SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0 statistical software were used to analyze 208 questionnaires by basic statistical tests, t-tests, and structural model analysis. Results: Under the epidemic, medical workers were unable to develop job identity due to low promotion opportunities and low job achievement. The lack of recreational exercise skills, time, and information created leisure obstacles. In addition, they were unable to express their true selves freely at work, which led to health problems such as reduced enthusiasm, mental weakness, and emotional irritability. In particular, female medical workers felt more strongly about the issues of leisure obstacles and the intention to stay in their jobs. The study found that the higher their job satisfaction, the higher their intention to stay in the job, while the more pronounced the leisure obstacles and physical and mental health problems, the more pronounced their intention to leave.

Efficacy and safety of glucocorticoids in the treatment of progressive muscular dystrophy in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundHormonal drug therapy has been widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD). Glucocorticoids, as a common drug in the clinical treatment of PMD, have been reported in several clinical studies.MethodsChinese and English databases were respectively searched using “randomized controlled trials”, “Duchenne-type myotonic dystrophy”, “glucocorticoids”, Prednisone”, “Prednisolone”, and “Methylprednisolone”, and “Defibrotide” were used as search terms. The meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3 and Stata 13 software provided by the Cochrane system.Resultsthis study included five randomized controlled trials, all of which described the correct randomization method. There were four detailed descriptions of hidden distribution schemes. There were four literatures using blind method. Heterogeneity analysis showed that there was some heterogeneity between the results of the mean prognostic muscle strength, walking time of 9 meters, and 4 flights of stairs climbing between the glucocorticoid-treated group (the experimental group) and the placebo group (the control group). There were no significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in average muscle strength level, walking time of 9 meters and climbing time of 4 flights of stairs (MD =1.77; 95% CI: −0.95 to 4.48; P=0.20>0.05), (MD =−12.27; 95% CI: −35.94 to 11.40; P=0.31>0.01), (MD =−3.09; 95% CI: −11.16 to 4.99; P=0.45>0.05). In addition, glucocorticoid treatment significantly increased creatine kinase level in patients with PMD (MD =−0.28, 95% CI: −0.57 to 0.00; P=0.05). In terms of the incidence of adverse reactions, glucocorticoid treatment significantly increased the prognostic probability of acne, rapid hair growth, and emotional irritability in PMD patients (OR =2.40; 95% CI: 1.09 to 5.27; P=0.03<0.05), (OR =3.05; 95% CI: 1.55 to 5.99; P=0.001<0.05), (OR =4.04; 95% CI: 1.82 to 10.63; P=0.001<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of prognostic depression between the experimental group and the control group (OR =5.11; 95% CI: 0.80 to 32.79; P=0.09>0.05).DiscussionThe results suggest that glucocorticoids have a significant effect on PMD patients, but to a certain extent they increase the incidence of adverse reactions in patients after treatment. However, due to the lack of complete clinical data in some ongoing studies, our conclusions may not be fully representative.

Psychic status in a woman with climacteric syndrome and cardiac complaints

Aim. To assess the features of psychoemotional status in women with climacteric syndrome, manifested by cardiac symptoms.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study included 28 women aged 44 to 56 years (M=53,80,7) with menopause-associated complaints, manifested mainly by cardiac symptoms. Modified Kupperman-Uvarova menopausal index was used to diagnose climacteric syndrome and assess its severity. To study the psychoemotional status the Tsung anxiety and depression self-assessment scales were used. Holter ECG monitoring and echocardiography were performed on the ASTEL LTD Cardio DM-3 apparatus for 72 hours.&#x0D; Results. The most common cardiac complaints in menopausal syndrome were: increased blood pressure, palpitations, recurrent chest pain. Ventricular premature beats were the most common finding. Emotional-affective disorders were found in women of the study group. For women with a mild climacteric syndrome, signs of mood instability, increased emotional lability, irritability, and low levels of anxiety are characteristic. Women with moderate climacteric syndrome complained of anxiety, irritability, anger, and prolonged episodes of decreased mood. According to the anxiety and depression self-assessment scales, these women typically had emotional-affective disorders which manifested by high levels of anxiety, and 29% of them had mild levels of depression. Women with severe climacteric syndrome complained of prolonged episodes of decreased mood, sleep disturbances, and performance impairment; these women predominantly had high levels of anxiety and moderate levels of depressive disorder.&#x0D; Conclusion. In women with climacteric syndrome, major symptoms are neurovegetative, with a predominance of complaints associated with ventricular rhythm disorders. For climacteric syndrome, affective spectrum disorders are characteristic. The more pronounced the climacteric syndrome, the more severe the anxiety-depressive disorder.

Upregulation of Glutamatergic Receptors in Hippocampus and Locomotor Hyperactivity in Aged Spontaneous Hypertensive Rat.

Epidemiologic studies have indicated that chronic hypertension may facilitate the progression of abnormal behavior, such as emotional irritability, hyperactivity, and attention impairment. However, the mechanism of how chronic hypertension affects the brain and neuronal function remains unclear. In this study, 58-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control rats were used. Their locomotor activity and neuronal function were assessed by the open field test, novel object, and Y maze recognition test. Moreover brain tissues were analyzed. We found that the aged SHR exhibited significant locomotor hyperactivity when compared to the WKY rats. However, there was no significant difference in novel object and novel arm recognition between aged SHR and the WKY rats. In the analysis of synaptic membrane protein, the expression of glutamatergic receptors, such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor receptors subunits 2B (GluN2B) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor 1 (GluA1) in the hippocampus of SHR were significantly higher than those of WKY rats. In addition, in the synaptic membrane of SHR's hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a down-regulation of astrocytes was found, though the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) remained constant. Moreover, a down-regulation of microglia in the hippocampus and mPFC was seen in the SHR brain. Long-term exposure to high blood pressure causes upregulation of glutamate receptors. The upregulation of glutamatergic receptors in hippocampus may contribute to the hyper-locomotor activity of aged rodents and may as a therapeutic target in hypertension-induced irritability and hyperactivity.