Emotional Divorce Research Articles

Investigating the relationship between internet addiction, domestic violence, and emotional divorce among married women in Tehran

BackgroundIdentifying the factors affecting emotional divorce due to the negative consequences of this social problem in women can play an important role in preventing its occurrence. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between internet addiction, domestic violence, and emotional divorce among married women in Tehran.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among married women in Tehran, Iran. Sampling was conducted first through a multi-stage cluster method and then continued using a random method. Tehran was divided into five parts: central, northern, southern, eastern, and western. The sample size was divided by 5, resulting in 80 participants selected from each part. In each part, two regions were selected, and in each region, 40 houses were randomly selected. Researchers visited the selected houses, and the questionnaires were filled out at home by the women. Tools such as Gottman’s Emotional Divorce Test, Young’s Internet Addiction Test, and the Domestic Violence against Women Survey were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data in SPSS (version 24) software.ResultsA total of 400 women participated in the study. 46% of all married women suffered emotional divorce. The analysis of these tests showed that are positive and significant relationships between emotional divorce and internet addiction (r = 0.626, p < 0.0001), emotional divorce and domestic violence (r = 0.632, p < 0.0001), and internet addiction and domestic violence (r = 0.455, p < 0.0001). It was also found that there are significant negative relationships between emotional divorce and both the level of education (r=-0.115, p = 0.021) and employment status (r=-0.512, p < 0.0001). Additionally, there are significant negative relationships between internet addiction and age (r=-0.285, p < 0.0001), duration of marriage (r=-0.237, p < 0.0001) and employment status (r=-0.694, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, it was revealed that there are significant negative relationship between domestic violence and age (r=-0.104, p = 0.037) and level of education (r=-0.156, p = 0.002).ConclusionAlmost half of the married women in this study experienced emotional divorce, internet addiction, and domestic violence. These factors have a direct relationship with emotional divorce. Future studies are needed to understand how internet addiction might be associated with separation, emotional divorce and family problems.

The Moderating Effect of Gender Role in Relationship Between Emotional Divorce and Marital Satisfaction: Comparison of Partial Least Square (PLS) and Consistent Partial Least Square Methods (PlSc) Methods.

Emotional divorce refers to a state of emotional disengagement from one's spouse, which can lead to marital dissatisfaction. Gender role conflict is a predictor of marital dissatisfaction and ultimately, divorce. The literature suggests that rigid adherence to traditional gender roles may contribute to emotional divorce. In this article, the authors aim to investigate the moderating effect of gender roles in the relationship between emotional divorce and marital satisfaction by using two multivariate methods in statistical analysis. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 539 women aged 18-65 years. The standard questionnaires used include 1) Bem Sex Role Inventory (Short form), 2) Gutman's Emotional Divorce Questionnaire, and 3) Evaluation and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness (ENRICH) Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale. To achieve the purpose of the study, PLS and PLSc methods have been used. The mean age and time of marriage were 33.88 ± 6.6 and 13.03 ± 7.29 years. There is a significant negative relationship between emotional divorce and marital satisfaction. The gender role of most participants in the study has been androgenic and feminine, which has increased the moderating effect of this relationship. Also, when there is a common (reflective) factor model, Consistent Partial Least Square is more likely to provide a better fit than Partial Least Square. The results showed that higher women's marital satisfaction would be associated with lower emotional divorce. On the other hand, the role of gender is a mediating factor in marital satisfaction and emotional divorce. Having good male and female characteristics can have a positive impact on marital satisfaction, so increasing couples' knowledge of gender roles and trying to reduce traditional extreme roles can help increase marital satisfaction and reduce emotional divorce.

Menopause and Sexual Life Amongst Older Men: A Review Study

Objectives: To determine factors affecting the quality of men’s sexual life during menopause and identify the existing challenges. Design: A review study. Setting(s): Older people living in public institutions and living in their own homes. Participants: Older adults over 60 years of age. Outcome measures: All factors affecting the quality of sexual life of postmenopausal men in old age have been investigated in three physical, psycho-emotional, and social domains. Results: In the physical field, factors such as age, general health, disease, exercise, impotence, erectile dysfunction, genital warts, surgery of total hip arthroplasty, surgery of prostate, cancer radiotherapy, alopecia, and disorder in ejaculation, urinary disorders, and physical rehabilitation were known factors affecting the quality of men’s sexual life. The impacts of factors such as sleep problems, stressors, self-image, depression, alcohol addiction, premature ejaculation, emotional divorce, marital satisfaction, and fear of sexual activity were confirmed in the psycho-emotional field of studies. In the social field, factors such as education, duration of the marriage, marital status, income, life partners, number of sexual relations with spouse, the presence of multiple sexual partners, body mass of spouse (female), sex education and health literacy, sexual awareness, and quality of life related to health were recognized to be effective. Conclusions: Promoting sexual awareness through educational programs, providing opportunities for frequent sexual relationships, and addressing physical, psychological, emotional, cognitive, and social factors, and andropause could contribute to a more desirable sexual life quality in men during andropause.

The Efficacy of Self-Compassion Therapy on Emotional Management and Resilience of Women with Culture Grounded Emotional Divorce

The Efficacy of Self-Compassion Therapy on Emotional Management and Resilience of Women with Culture Grounded Emotional Divorce

Examining the Causal Relationship Model of Neuroticism with Emotional Divorce Based on the Mediation of Emotional Regulation in Women's Cultural Background

Examining the Causal Relationship Model of Neuroticism with Emotional Divorce Based on the Mediation of Emotional Regulation in Women's Cultural Background

The effect of group couple therapy based on the acceptance and commitment approach on marital conflicts and emotional divorce of couples

Introduction: : Considering the prevalence of marital conflict and emotional divorce among couples and the role these factors play in the incidence of divorce in society, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of group couples therapy based on the acceptance and commitment approach on marital conflict and emotional divorce. Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of group couple therapy based on the acceptance and commitment approach on marital conflict and emotional divorce. Method: The research design was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest type with a control group. The statistical population included all couples who had approached the counseling centers of the 2nd district of Tehran in 2020. twenty-four individuals (12 couples) were selected from the above community by an available sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental groups of 12 individuals (6 couples) and the control group. 12 individuals (6 pairs) were placed. The data collection instruments included questionnaires on marital conflict (Sanaei, 2000) and emotional divorce (Gottman, 2008). The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of 90-minute group couples therapy based on Hayes &amp; Strosahl (2010) acceptance and commitment approach. SPSS version 22 software and the analysis of covariance method were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that group couples therapy based on acceptance and commitment was effective (p=0.002 and, F: 12.228) for emotional divorce (P=0.004, &amp; F: 10.185) and marital conflict (p 0.05.) &lt;). Conclusion: Group therapy for couples based on acceptance and commitment can reduce conflict and emotional divorce by providing couples with a better understanding of marital conditions and the relationship. Therefore, it is recommended that this method be used to reduce marital conflict and emotional divorce.

Comparison of health promotion lifestyle, metacognitive beliefs, cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, and emotion regulation in couples with emotional divorce and normal couplescopules

Introduction: One of the important factors of psychological dysfunction in families is the conflict resulting from emotional divorce. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effects of health-promoting lifestyle, metacognitive beliefs, cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, and emotional regulation on couples with emotional divorce and normal couples. Method: The current comparative causal research was conducted on 88 married students of the Islamic Azad University of Qom, who were selected by the convenience sampling method, (44 subjects with emotional divorce and 44 normal subjects). The research tools were Health Promotion Questionnaire developed by Walker et al. [1987], Emotional Divorce prepared by Gutman et al. [2001], Metacognitive Beliefs made by Wells and Cartwright Hutton [2004], Cognitive Fusion prepared by Gillands et al. [2010], Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire developed by Gams et al. in 2011, and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire made by Gross and John in 2003. Data analysis was performed using analysis of variance in SPSS software (version 27). Results: The results showed that couples with emotional divorce had different levels of health-promoting lifestyle (P=0.000, F=19.74), metacognitive beliefs (P=0.000, F=31.74), cognitive fusion (P=0.000, F=16.28), and experiential avoidance (P=0.000, F=19.31), compared to normal couples. Moreover, couples with emotional divorce used a more non-adaptive strategy (Fronshani, P=0.001, F=12/43) to regulate emotion in comparison with normal couples. Conclusion: The results indicated the difference in research variables between couples with emotional divorce and normal couples. Therefore, psychological health screening is suggested to prevent small levels of psychological problems in the sample group

The Predictive Ability of Marital distress in Emotional Divorce among married teachers in Karak Governorate

The study aimed to identify the predictive ability of marital distress in emotional divorce among married teachers in Karak governorate. In order to achieve the study objectives, sample that consisted of (268) married teachers, two scales were also developed and applied (marital distress scale and emotional divorce scale), and their psychometric properties were verified. The results indicated that the level of marital distress and emotional divorce for the sample was moderate and collectively explains the contribution of (78%) of the variation in emotional divorce. As for the contribution of each dimension of marital distress in emotional divorce, the contribution of emotional relationships was (74.3%), while the contribution of the communication and interaction revealed (2.8%), and finally the contribution of the cognitive structure reached (0.09%). The results also found that married female teachers don't differ in marital distress and emotional divorce according to the variables of the number of years of marriage and educational level. The study included a number of recommendations, including holding courses and counseling programs for married and prospective married to develop their awareness to alleviate marital distress and to reduce emotional divorce.

Relationship of depression symptoms with emotional maturity and dysfunctional attitudes in married students: The mediating role of emotional divorce

Background and aims: Maladaptive cognitive patterns including negative cognitive style and dysfunctional attitudes are major risk factors for depression. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of depression symptoms with emotional maturity and dysfunctional attitudes mediated by emotional divorce in married students. Methods: The statistical population included all married students at the Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz (Iran) during the academic year 2021–2022. A total of 301 students were selected as the research sample based on the research variables. The research instrument included Beck’s Depression Inventory, Emotional Maturity Scale, Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, and Emotional Divorce Scale. Path analysis was used to evaluate the proposed model in SPSS version 27 and AMOS version 25. Results: The relationship between emotional maturity and emotional divorce was negative and significant (β=-0.45, P&lt;0.001). The relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and depression symptoms was positive and significant (β=0.17, P=0.002). There was a positive and significant relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and emotional divorce (β=0.30, P&lt;0.001) and between emotional divorce and depression symptoms (β=0.39, P&lt;0.001). There were also significant indirect paths from emotional maturity and dysfunctional attitudes to depression symptoms mediated by emotional divorce (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The research results indicated that the proposed model had a good fit. Therefore, it was considered a major step in identifying the factors affecting depression symptoms in married students.

Psychological Alienation Related to Problematic Internet Use In Married Female Students

Objectives: This is from the most important study in Iraq that investigates the psychological alienation related to problematic internet use in married female students. Methods: The descriptive correlational study design is carried out by questioning individuals of the research population to describe the phenomena simply in terms of its type and degree of existence. Asking study participants about their problematic internet use, level of psychological alienation and emotional divorce, and how the descriptive approach is used. Since the problem of the study is related to the present, and its study will be done through direct asking, as well as this study aims to stop at the limit of description and correlation between study variables (problematic internet use vs. level of psychological alienation and emotional divorce). This study started from 10th November 2022 to 20th December 2023. and was approved by the council of the College of Nursing before the initiation of the study and distribution of the questionnaires to be completed by the sample, the targeted setting (Kerbala University). Results: the results show that there is a positive correlation between problematic internet use and psychological alienation. This indicates that the greater the use of the Internet, the greater the percentage of psychological alienation among the sample of women who underwent the research. Conclusion: This study aimed to bridge this gap by providing a more comprehensive overall picture of this issue through a quantitative synthesis. more than half of students who have met to some extent of problematic internet use have an average level of psychological alienation among married female students.

Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and emotionally focused couple therapy on couple burnout of couples with emotional divorce

Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and emotionally focused couple therapy on couple burnout of couples with emotional divorce

Predicting Emotional Divorce Based on Differentiation with the Mediation of Communication Patterns

Objective: The current study aimed to predict emotional divorce based on differentiation with the mediation of communication patterns among women attending counseling and psychology centers. Methods and Materials: The present study quantitative research. The research design is descriptive-correlational, conducted using path analysis method. The study population consisted of women experiencing emotional divorce visiting counseling and psychology centers (both private and public) in District 2 of Tehran in the year 2020. A total of 368 individuals were selected using convenience sampling method and responded to the Gottman Emotional Divorce questionnaire (2008), the Skowron and Friedlander Differentiation Scale (1998), and the Christensen and Sullaway Communication Patterns Questionnaire (1984). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings: According to the results, the direct path coefficients of differentiation and communication patterns to the emotional divorce of married women are significant (p &lt; 0.05). The direct path coefficients from differentiation to constructive reciprocal communication and avoidant reciprocal communication are significant (p &lt; 0.05). The results of the bootstrap test indicate the significance of the indirect pathways between these variables. This result indicates the significance of the mediating role of communication patterns in the relationship between differentiation and emotional divorce (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that constructive reciprocal communication, avoidant reciprocal communication, and expectation/withdrawal communication mediate the relationship between differentiation and emotional divorce.

Development of a Structural Model of Emotional Divorce Based on the Dark Triad Personality Traits and Conflict Resolution Styles with the Mediation of Marital Conflicts

Objective: This study aims to model the structural equations of emotional divorce based on dark personality traits and conflict resolution styles with the mediation of marital conflicts. Methods and Materials: The research method was descriptive-correlational based on structural equations. The statistical population included all married women aged 25-50 years at Islamic Azad University (Yadegar-e-Imam, Abolfatoh Razi (Mothers), and Tehran North campuses) in the first half of 2021, selected online due to the COVID-19 pandemic using convenience sampling. The research instruments included the Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (Gottman, 1994), the Dark Triad Personality Questionnaire (Johnson &amp; Webster, 2010), Rahim's Conflict Resolution Styles (Rahim, 1983), and the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (Sanaei, 1996). Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. Findings: The results of structural equation modeling indicated that the proposed model fits the empirical data (RMSEA = 0.063). There was a significant relationship between Machiavellianism and emotional divorce (β = 0.173), and between constructive style (β = -0.556) and non-constructive style (β = 0.26) with marital conflicts. The indirect path coefficient of narcissistic traits (P = 0.007), constructive (P = 0.011) and non-constructive conflict resolution styles (P = 0.005) with the dependent variable emotional divorce through the mediating variable of marital conflicts was significant. However, the mediating role of marital conflicts in the relationship between antisocial traits (P = 0.798) and Machiavellianism (P = 0.877) with emotional divorce was not confirmed. Conclusion: Dark personality traits and constructive conflict resolution styles can indirectly affect emotional divorce by influencing marital conflicts, in addition to their direct effect.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation-Based Therapy and Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment on Cognitive Insight in Women Engaged in Emotional Divorce with Early Marriage

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion regulation-based therapy and unified transdiagnostic therapy on cognitive insight in women engaged in emotional divorce with early marriage. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental research employed a pre-test and post-test control group design. The sample consisted of 45 women involved in emotional divorce, diagnosed by psychologists at counseling centers in Shiraz, and were selected through convenience sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: one control group (n=15) and two experimental groups (n=30). The experimental groups received either emotion regulation-based therapy or unified transdiagnostic therapy. Data were collected using Beck's Cognitive Insight Questionnaire (BCIS) and analyzed using SPSS (version 26) through descriptive statistics and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Findings: The results indicated that both unified transdiagnostic therapy and emotion regulation-based therapy were effective in increasing cognitive insight in women engaged in emotional divorce with early marriage. The post-test scores showed significant improvement compared to the pre-test scores in the experimental groups, while the control group showed little change. The analysis revealed significant differences in cognitive insight components (self-reflectiveness and self-certainty) between the experimental and control groups. However, there was no significant difference in the effectiveness between the two therapeutic methods. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of employing these therapeutic approaches in counseling centers to improve cognitive insight and other psychological variables in women with early marriages.

Identifying the Sociological Dimensions of Emotional Divorce and Typology of its Types in Tehran

Objective: This study aims to identify the sociological dimensions and typology of emotional divorce in Tehran. Methods and Materials: The study employs a qualitative research approach with a phenomenological strategy. The statistical population includes couples aged between 25 to 40 years. Using purposive sampling, 21 participants were selected based on theoretical saturation. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. For data analysis, open coding and axial coding processes were used to extract relevant structures and indicators. The reliability of the coding process was ensured through re-coding and high levels of agreement. Findings: The research identified four main categories of emotional divorce, encompassing 14 initial codes and 55 semantic codes. The primary dimensions identified include compulsory living, lack of emotional behavior towards the spouse, emotional void, and changes in emotional relationships. Additionally, six types of emotional divorce were identified: lack of emotional support, communicative divorce, sexual divorce, reduced empathy, attentional divorce, and respect divorce. These types were derived from a detailed analysis of 82 semantic codes collected from the interview data. Conclusion: Emotional divorce is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon with profound and long-lasting effects on family and social relationships. The study underscores the importance of considering sociological factors in mitigating the negative impacts of emotional divorce. The findings suggest that appropriate training in communication and emotional management skills can significantly reduce the likelihood of emotional divorce. These insights are valuable for family counselors, psychologists, and policymakers in developing effective strategies and policies to enhance marital quality and prevent emotional divorce.

Comparison of Family Awareness, Emotional Climate, and Emotional Divorce among Married Men and Women

Background: This research was conducted with the aim of comparing family awareness, emotional climate, and emotional divorce among married men and women in Yazd.&#x0D; Methods: The study was of an analytical type and was conducted cross-sectional, with the participation of 250 married men and women who had sought counseling services in Yazd due to family problems. The sampling method in this research was purposive. Data were collected using a demographic form, the Family Awareness Scale (FAS), the Emotional Climate Scale for Couples (ECSC), and the Emotional Divorce Scale (EDS). The data were analyzed using SPSS-21 software.&#x0D; Results: Pearson correlation coefficients showed a significant negative relationship between family awareness and emotional climate (r = -0.71) and emotional divorce (r = -0.70), and a significant positive relationship between emotional climate and emotional divorce (r = 0.86, p &lt; 0.01). Independent t-test showed that women had lower family awareness than men. Furthermore, women scored higher on emotional climate and emotional divorce compared to men, and these results were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01).&#x0D; Conclusion: The results indicate that women have lower family awareness than men, which, in addition to creating a tension-inducing emotional climate, increases the likelihood of emotional divorce. Therefore, it is recommended for couple’s therapists to develop practical programs to enhance family awareness skills as an effective step in reducing emotional divorce and increasing emotional climate between spouses.

Development of an Emotional Divorce Model in Women Using Happiness, Religious Attitude, and Marital Satisfaction

Background: This study aimed to elucidate a model of emotional divorce in Iranian Muslim women, based on factors such as happiness, religious attitude, and marital satisfaction.&#x0D; Methods: This research employed an applied approach with a descriptive-correlational design. The research sample comprised 337 married Muslim women of Yazd in 2021, selected using convenience sampling. In the model developed, the variables included happiness and religious attitude (exogenous variables), marital satisfaction (endogenous mediator variable), and emotional divorce (endogenous variable). Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI), Gutman's Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (GEDQ), the Religion Assessment Questionnaire (RAQ), and the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMSS). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-21 and LISREL-8.80 software. The Sobel test was also utilized to explore the mediating role of marital satisfaction.&#x0D; Results: The findings revealed that happiness has a direct and significant impact on marital satisfaction. Happiness, religious attitude, and marital satisfaction all exhibited significant and direct effects on emotional divorce (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, happiness, through its influence on marital satisfaction, was found to affect the emotional divorce of women.&#x0D; Conclusion: It can be inferred that higher levels of happiness in women are associated with increased marital satisfaction. Moreover, greater happiness and marital satisfaction in women correspond to a reduced likelihood of experiencing emotional divorce in the future.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Imago Therapy Training on Cognitive Fusion in Emotional Divorce

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Imago Therapy Training on Cognitive Fusion in Emotional Divorce

Impact of emotional divorce on the mental health of married women in Saudi Arabia

Emotional divorce occurs when physical, psychological, mental, and spiritual separation occurs between spouses despite the fact that they live in the same house and exercise their marital duties. Emotional divorce has adverse effects on the mental health of those involved, as evidenced by the higher incidence of depression, anxiety, and loneliness among such couples. Saudi women are particularly vulnerable to emotional divorce owing to social, legal, economic, and cultural factors. Therefore, it is important to examine the relationship between emotional divorce and mental health issues (depression, anxiety, and loneliness) in married women in Saudi Arabia. Using scales that assess emotional divorce, depression, anxiety, and loneliness, data were collected from 241 married Saudi women (Mage = 34.41 years; SDage = 5.23 years). Findings revealed a statistically significant correlation between emotional divorce, depression, anxiety, and loneliness. One-way ANOVA confirmed that those with high levels of emotional divorce concurrently scores higher on the depression, anxiety, and loneliness tools, followed by those with moderate and low emotional divorce scores, respectively. Linear regression analysis indicated that depression, anxiety, and loneliness were strong predictors of emotional divorce, explaining 61% of the variance in the emotional divorce scores in this sample. These findings highlight the need to focus on the mental health outcomes of individuals experiencing emotional divorce, especially in societies where legal divorce may not be acceptable or encouraged. The need for regular evaluation and timely interventions for individuals struggling with mental health problems, and for restoring a healthy marital relationship is also highlighted.

The Effects of Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy on Emotion Regulation and Cognitive Flexibility of Emotionally Divorced Couples

Background: The upward trends in divorce and the conflicts and distress in couples’ relationships made researchers seek cost-effective interventions to reduce marital problems. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of integrative behavioral couple therapy (IBCT) on emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility among emotionally divorced couples (EDCs). Methods: The study was conducted on 20-50-year-old EDCs visiting Ramshir counseling centers in Iran in 2022. The purposive sampling method was used to select 12 couples (24 individuals). This experimental research adopted a pretest-posttest design with follow-up. The experimental group received ten 90-minute IBCT sessions. The research instruments included the Gottman Emotional Divorce Scale, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory—the repeated measures ANOVA was then used for data analysis in SPSS software version 27. Results: The mean (± SD) of emotion regulation was 80.25 ± 7.92 on the pretest, whereas it was 124.88 ± 11.63 and 120.88 ± 8.70 on the posttest and follow-up. Moreover, the mean (± SD) of cognitive flexibility was 60.50 ± 5.70 on the pretest, while it was 100.46 ± 6.33 and 97.13 ± 4.47 on the posttest and follow-up. The results indicated that IBCT improved emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility in EDCs (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Based on the results, IBCT can enhance emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility in couples experiencing marital conflicts and emotional divorce. Couples therapists should hold IBCT training workshops to improve emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility in EDCs.