Emotion Control Questionnaire Research Articles

AI-Supported Online Language Learning: Learners’ Self-Esteem, Cognitive-Emotion Regulation, Academic Enjoyment, and Language Success

The consideration of students’ emotional and psychological health is crucial to facilitate effective teaching and grading practices. This study set out to shed light on the interplay between self-esteem (S-E), cognitive-emotion regulation (CER), academic enjoyment (AE), and language success (LS) in artificial intelligence (AI)-supported online language learning. To this end, the foreign language learning self-esteem scale, the Cognitive Emotion Control Questionnaire, the foreign language enjoyment scale, and a researcher-made test were distributed to 389 English as a foreign language learners in China. Screening the data with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, the effects of S-E, CER, AE, and LS were identified and quantified. These results highlighted the important function that online courses assisted by AI perform in enhancing students’ CER and AE. This implied that students who have cultivated a robust sense of self-efficacy are adept at effectively regulating their cognitive and affective processes in AI-supported language learning. Possible improvements in language education are discussed, as are the study’s broader implications.

Influence of Mindfulness on Game Addiction-Mediating Role of Emotional Control

In the past few decades, online games have become immensely popular among the younger generation thus leading to online game addiction. Previous researches acknowledge that mindfulness or present-focused awareness may reduce addiction. Moreover, addiction is found to have an impact on the propensity to respond to the situations in the environment in a way that is acceptable to all the people (emotional control). The present study attempts to study the influence of mindfulness and emotional control on game addiction. For this, 187 college students were selected through the Simple Random Sampling method. Personal Profile Sheet, The Online Game Addiction Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and The Emotional Control Questionnaire, with four dimensions of Rehearsal, Emotional Inhibition, Aggression Control and Benign control were used to collect the data. The study found a significant gender difference in the level of game addiction where boys being more addicted to online games than girls. Mindfulness shows a significant negative influence over Game Addiction. Among the four dimensions of emotional control, the two dimensions viz., rehearsal and benign control show mediation effect between mindfulness and game addiction. However, the mediating role of emotional inhibition and aggression control was not significantly demonstrative.

The Effectiveness of Hypnotherapy and Schema Therapy in Improving Emotional Control in People Affected by Marital Infidelity

Background: Controlling emotions can be influential in increasing the quality of married life and coping with the outcomes of uncovering extramarital affairs. Objectives: This study hence investigated the effectiveness of hypnotherapy and schema therapy in improving emotional control in people affected by marital infidelity. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control design and a three-month follow-up. The study population included all couples dealing with marital infidelity who visited Mehr-e-Taban Counseling and Psychological Services Center in Tehran, Iran in 2021. A total of 48 individuals were selected through convenient sampling and randomly assigned to the two experimental groups and the control group (n = 16). The first experimental group received eight 90-minute hypnotherapy sessions and the second received ten 90-minute schema therapy sessions. The research instrument included the Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ). The data were analyzed using ANCOVA and post hoc tests in SPSS-22. Results: The mean ± SD of the posttest score of emotional control in hypnotherapy and schema therapy groups was 47.62 ± 2.80 and 48.82 ± 1.45, which was significantly different from the control group (P < 0.001). The findings revealed that both therapeutic approaches were effective in improving emotional control and its four components including rehearsal, emotional inhibition, aggression control, and benign control in the participants (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the effects of hypnotherapy and schema therapy in improving emotional control. Conclusions: The results indicated that using both therapeutic approaches in counseling centers can be influential in helping maladjusted couples to improve and reduce their marital problems and increase their satisfaction, particularly in couples damaged by infidelity.

Ability of Emotional Regulation and Control as a Stress Predictor in Healthcare Professionals.

Emotional Regulation and Control implies a person’s ability to respond to stressful demands and emotional experiences in a socially acceptable and adaptive way. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the contribution of the ability of emotional regulation and control in the prediction of workplace stress in healthcare professionals. The study included 203 healthcare professionals employed at a hospital in the Republic of Croatia. Data were collected using two validated questionnaires: Questionnaire on Workplace Stressors for Hospital Professionals and Emotional Regulation and Control Questionnaire (ERC). Most respondents (64%) experienced stress in Workplace Organization and Financial Issues factor, while 52.7% experienced stress in Public Criticism factor. The respondents assessed their ability of emotional regulation and control to be low (mean = 55; range = 20−100). The level of experienced stress was significantly higher if the ability of emotional regulation and control was low (Spearman’s Rho = 0.308; p < 0.001). The multivariate regression model (11.2% explained variances; p = 0.001) indicated a greater possibility of severe stress in respondents who have stronger Memory of Emotionally Saturated Content (odds ratio = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.07−1.30). The results of this study signify the need to establish effective institutional support aimed at objectifying stress and strengthening emotional intelligence and empathy in healthcare professionals.

Evaluating the activity of salivary enzymes as stress biomarkers under psychological stress and their relationship with rumination and personality traits

Background Salivary enzymes are used as non-invasive biomarkers to assess the activity of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system. The aim of this study was to evaluated levels of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin salivary enzymes under psychological tension and their connection with rumination and personality traits. Methods A total of 60 medical students, who wanted to participate in the final exam, two months before the exam, the inventory emotional control questionnaire and the neo-short form were completed. Saliva samples were taken in both the basal conditions and under exam stress. Results A significant difference was found between the mean of level salivary enzymes in rest and under exam stress. Also, we found a positive and significant correlation between the activity of salivary enzymes and personality traits such as neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness and rumination (p < .01, p < .05) level. Neuroticism, agreeableness and rumination predicted 45% of the variance of salivary acid phosphatase, neuroticism and rumination predicted 49% of the variance of salivary beta-glucuronidase and neuroticism, extraversion and rumination predicted 38% of the variance of salivary cathepsin under stress exam. Conclusion The results of this study show, levels of salivary enzymes may increase in individuals with traits of neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness and rumination through response to psychological stressors.

The Effectiveness of Compassion-focused Therapy for Improving Emotional Control and Reducing the Severity of Pain in Migraine Patients

Objective: Because of the unwanted effects of the patient’s migraine headaches and the role of excitement and stress in the development and exacerbation of headaches, migraine headaches are psychosomatic disorders that affect the patients’ psychological lives. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT) for improving emotional control and reducing the severity of pain in patients with migraines. Methods: A total of 30 patients with migraines referred to Isfahan Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan City, Iran, were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The research instruments included the Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ), von Korff’s questionnaire for grading the severity of chronic pain, and the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire. The experimental group received eight 90-min sessions of CFT, and both groups took the post-test after finishing the training sessions. Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics, including mean, standard deviation, Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA), and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The results showed that the training based on CFT had a significant effect on improving emotional control and its subscales (F=21.81; P&lt;0.01), as well as reducing pain severity in the patients (F=17.21; P&lt;0.01). Conclusion: Therefore, in treating migraine patients, CFT can be a useful supplementary approach along with medications.

The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Increasing Emotional Control of Individuals Prone to Self-Injury Without Intention to Suicide

Background: The issue of this study is whether mindfulness-based stress reduction affects the increase in emotional control in individuals who are prone to self-harm without intention to commit suicide? Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness based on stress reduction on increasing emotional control in students who are prone to self-harm without intention to commit suicide in Tehran. Method: In this study, a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test with control group was used. The statistical population of this study consisted of all high school students of first grade girls' school (Mehr) in Tehran in the school year of 97-98 who showed self-harm behavior using the intentional self-harm questionnaire Graz (2001), which included 53 people. The sample size was 48 people using Cochran formula which were selected by stratified sampling. But in the end, 40 of them were elected. Data were collected using the Intentional Self-Injury Questionnaire (DSHI) and the Emotional Control Questionnaire (ECQ). Results: Using multivariate covariance method in Spss software between the experimental and control groups in the component of emotional inhibition (p = 0.000) and (F = 68.828), aggression control component (p = 0.000) and There were significant differences (F = 233.658), rumination component (p = 0.000) and (F = 344.261), benign inhibition component (p = 0.000) and (F = 398.348). Conclusion: This means that mindfulness can enhance all components of emotion control in individuals who are prone to self-harm without intention.

The Effect of Emotional Control in Improving Communication Ethics of Silinda Junior High School Students

Our country is an Eastern country where polite culture is highly respected, but the reality is that the culture has begun to wane plus the technological advances wrongly utilized by teenagers today. When adolescence is a transitional period, their emotions are not stable. This is why teenagers are easily influenced in everything, so their ethics of communicating has faded. This study to determine the effect of emotional control in improving student communication ethics, this research is categorized into quantitative research because it is more effectively used with research data in the form of numbers - numbers. This study involves two types of variables. Free variables are Emotional Control, the dependent variable is the Ethics of Communicating. The instrument used in this research is the emotional control questionnaire test and analyzed by using descriptive statistics.

The effect of emotional intelligence on anger management among anesthesiologists, surgeons and internal medicine physicians

Objective: Anger management among health professionals can lead to chaos in the hospital or operating room if administered poorly. Aim of the study is to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence level on anger control in physicians. Material and Methods: Emotional intelligence (Reuven Bar-On) and anger control questionnaire (Spielberger) were performed on the voluntary physicians. Results: The 188 voluntary physicians (internal medicine physicians n= 67, surgeons n= 64, anesthesiologists n= 57) were included in the study. Emotional intelligence and continuous anger scales did not differ between the three groups whereas the scores of external anger in surgeons and internal anger (repressed anger) in anesthesiologists were higher. Stress endurance in the surgical group, problem-solving and empathy in anesthesiologists and social responsibility in the internal physicians group were prominent. A positive correlation was observed between emotional intelligence and age, hobbies, physical activity and anger control, while there was negative correlation with external anger scores. Total group was divided into two groups in terms of age. In the group over 35 years old, the scores of continuous anger and external anger were lower, whereas the emotional intelligence was higher. Conclusion: We conclude that emotional intelligence is effective in anger management. Higher age, more occupational experience, being more activities and having hobbies may be associated with better emotional intelligence and anger management in anesthesiologists and surgeons under stress in the operating room and internal physicians as well.

Visual Imagery, Daydreaming and Affect among College Students

The purpose of the study was to see the role of imagery in the development of emotion control, daydream, positive or negative effect. Total 90 subjects (45 males and 45 females) of age group 18-23 years were randomly selected. Males were selected from Amity College and females were taken from the residential students residing in Bansthali Vidyapith. On the basis of median split, the sample was categorized into two groups: ‘high imagery’ and ‘low imagery’. Besides age, education level was controlled up to an extent so that the sample was homogeneous in these aspects. Care was taken to select only those participants who do not have a significantly unhealthy sleep routine and who were not using prescription medication. Informed consent was obtained prior to the study. The Positive and negative affect scale (PANAS), Emotional Control Questionnaire ECQ, Daydreaming Scale of the Imagine Process Inventory (IPI) and The Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) was employed as a questionnaire. To see the effect of imagery and gender on day dreaming, emotional control, positive Affect and negative Affect, two way ANOVA and descriptive statistics were employed and found significant effect of visual imagery and gender on day dreaming, and insignificant effects on emotional control, positive Affect and negative Affect at 0.05 level of significance.

Rumination, Inhibition and Stress: The Construction of A New Scale for Assessing Emotional Style

Emotional rumination and inhibition were identified in the Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ—Roger and Nesshoever 1987; Roger and Najarian 1989) as two relatively independent dimensions of emotional style, and the two measures have subsequently been shown to be important moderator variables in a range of health and forensic settings. Two other dimensions that emerged in the ECQ, labelled aggression control and benign control, have been shown to form part of the extraversion constellation, and the present paper describes the construction and validation of a new scale focusing exclusively on rumination and inhibition. Revised and expanded item pools for the scales were subjected to exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, which endorsed the two-factor structure. The new scales were validated concurrently against related scales in different samples, and were shown to be systematically related to two independent indices of health status.

Under the Surface

The present study yields an in-depth examination of the interpersonal and affective world of high-security and detention prisoners with possible (Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version [PCL:SV] ≥ 13) and strong (PCL:SV ≥ 18) indications of psychopathy. A group of male inmates (n = 16) was compared with noncriminal and non-personality disordered controls (n = 35) on measures of self and other (Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form [YSQ-SF], Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex Scales [IIP-C]), and the experience and regulation of affect (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule [PANAS], Emotion Control Questionnaire 2 [ECQ2]). Results confirm the established grandiose, dominant, and callous characteristics of the psychopath (PCL:SV, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders [SCID-II], DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Questionnaire [DIP-Q], IIP-C), while demonstrating personal distress and important nuances and variations in psychopathic offenders' interpersonal and affective functioning (YSQ-SF, PANAS, ECQ2, SCID-II, DIP-Q). These preliminary findings support, expand, and challenge the ordinary portrayal of the psychopath and, if replicated in larger samples, point to a need for an expansion or reformulation of the concept, measurement, and treatment of psychopathy.

Development and validation of the chinese rehearsal scale for preadolescent chinese children

Roger (1997) defined rehearsal as "the tendency to rehearse or ruminate on emotionally upsetting events" (p. 71). The Rehearsal Scale for Children-Chinese (RSC-C) was developed from the original 14-item Rehearsal Scale of the Emotion Control Questionnaire (Roger & Nesshoever, 1987) after translation and modification for Hong Kong Chinese preadolescents (aged 6-12 years). Confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling revealed that with 1 item deleted from the original scale, the RSC-C possessed good internal validity and satisfactory test-retest reliability within a 1-year period. The new 13-item RSC-C also showed good external validity and internal reliability (alpha=.76). Convergent and discriminant validity was evidenced against the Emotional Problem and the Prosocial Behavior Subscales of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997), respectively. No gender differences in rehearsal scores were found. It was concluded that the 13-item RSC-C could be useful for measuring rehearsal in Chinese preadolescents.

The relationship between spontaneity and inhibition

Inhibition has both positive and negative connotations; positive in that it can ward off distractions and interferences helping to effectively focus on the task at hand, and negative in that it prevents self-disclosure. The present investigation includes two studies. The first explored the relationship between spontaneity, as measured by the Revised Spontaneity Assessment Inventory (SAI-R [Kipper, D. A., & Shemer, H. (2006). The Spontaneity Assessment Inventory-Revised (SAI-R): Spontaneity, well-being and stress. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama & Sociometry, 59, 127–136]) and positive inhibition as reflected in the impact of the Stroop effect ( Stroop, 1935) using the Press Test [Beahr, M. E, & Corsini, R. J. (2000). The Press Test information guide. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson]. The participants in both studies were students at Roosevelt University, Chicago. As predicted, the results show that spontaneity correlated positively with the performance on the third part of the Press Test, which measures the ability to ward off distractions and is related to the executive functions of the brain. The second study investigated the relationship between spontaneity and emotional inhibition using the SAI-R and The Emotional Control Questionnaire: ECQ [Roger, D., & Najarian, B. (1989). The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring emotion control. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 845–853]. As predicted there was a negative correlation between spontaneity and the maladaptive inhibition subscales. There was a positive correlation only on one of the two adaptive subscales.

The experience of basic emotions in schizophrenia with and without affective negative symptoms.

A diminished ability to experience emotion could be a key characteristic of the negative symptomatology in schizophrenia. We examined the frequency of basic emotions in everyday life as well as emotion control in various groups of chronic schizophrenic patients. Self-report questionnaires (Differential Emotions Scale [DES], Emotion Control Questionnaire [ECQ]) were provided to healthy controls and three groups of schizophrenia patients (n=88), i.e., affectively flat patients, anhedonic patients, and patients not suffering from affective negative symptoms. Patients with affective negative symptoms experienced the positive emotions interest and joy less frequently than healthy subjects or patients without affective negative symptoms. All schizophrenia patients felt fear more often and tended to feel disgust more frequently than healthy subjects. The frequency of guilt and anger experiences increased with the chronicity of the disease. Anhedonic patients manifested more emotion inhibition than healthy controls and exhibited an affectivity pattern consistent with Meehl's model of anhedonia.

A factor-analytic study of cross-cultural differences in emotional rumination and emotional inhibition

Abstract The aim of the present study was to explore cross-cultural differences in emotion control, using the Emotion Control Questionnaire [ECQ — Roger, D., & Najarian, B. (1989). The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring emotional control. Personality and Individual Differences, 10 , 845–853]. The ECQ has been extensively validated on English samples, but rather than using the original published factor structure to derive mean scores, the study was based on comparisons between new factor analyses of ECQ data obtained from comparable samples of English, Spanish and Korean subjects. Consistent differences emerged, suggesting that the Korean subjects in particular differed in the way they construed emotional behaviour. Subsequent confirmatory factor analyses suggested that a two-factor model comprising emotional inhibition and emotional rumination offered the best fit for the data across all three samples, and new scales based on these findings are proposed.

Prediction of psychological distress in young offenders

Purpose. This study was designed to evaluate the extent to which, and how, anxiety and depression could be predicted among incarcerated male young offenders.Methods. In a two‐stage prospective study over 3 months, scores on new ‘Stress’ and ‘Coping’ scales designed specifically for present purposes using information given by the offenders themselves were, together with first stages scores on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ‐R Short Scale; Eysenck &amp; Eysenck, 1975), the Culture‐Free Self‐Esteem Inventory (CFSEI Second Edition; Battle, 1981), the Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ2; Roger &amp; Najarian, 1989) and the Coping Styles, Questionnaire (CSQ; Roger, Jarvis, &amp; Najarian, 1993) regressed on second stages scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Zigmond &amp; Snaith, 1983).Results. HADS Anxiety scores were accounted for by scores on the new ‘Stress’ questionnaire, Aggression Control, and an interaction of ‘Stress’ scores with Rational coping. HADS Depression scores were accounted for by ‘Stress’ scores, EPQ Extraversion and an interaction of ‘Stress’, EPQ Extraversion and EPQ Liar scores. In addition, a three‐component interaction term comprising ‘Stress’, ‘Coping’ and EPQ Psychoticism scores predicted both anxiety and depression. The implications of this interaction are explored in detail.Conclusions. The results have important repercussions for the psychological well‐being of incarcerated young offenders, some of whom are vulnerable and possibly prone to parasuicidal behaviour. Fundamental changes in the young offender culture are a preferred option in mitigating the psychological effects of detention than the encouragement of coping behaviour which is not conducive with rehabilitation.

Stress, social support and fear of disclosure

Purpose. This study was aimed at developing a measure of the capacity to use social support effectively. Methods. The responses of 329 participants to a preliminary 130‐item scale derived from a ‘scenario’ study were subjected to principal axis factoring. This resulted in a 48‐item Interpersonal Trust Questionnaire (ITQ) comprising three factors labelled fear of disclosure (FOD), social coping (SC) and social intimacy (SI). A second sample of 380 participants then completed the final form of the ITQ together with the rehearsal (rumination) and emotional inhibition scales from the Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ; Roger &amp; Najarian, 1989), the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ; Sarason, Levine, Basham &amp; Sarason, 1983) and the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviours (ISSB: Barrera, 1981). Data on deterioration in health status over a period of adaptation were also available for a subsample of these participants. An additional sample provided scores on the ITQ and the Network Orientation Scale (NOS; Vaux, Burda &amp; Stewart, 1986). Results. The scales were found to correlate in predictable ways with measures of both social support and emotion control. However, there were gender differences confirming the preference amongst women for emotional rather than informational support. Regression analyses using deterioration in health status as the dependent variable showed an effect for FOD, but this was significant only amongst women. Conclusions. The findings indicate the importance of taking both individual differences and availability of support into account, and it is hoped that the new ITQ scale will offer the means for including relevant individual differences in future studies of the role of social support in moderating stress responses.

The relationship between emotional rumination and cortisol secretion under stress

This study investigated the relationship between emotional rumination and cortisol secretion during stress. Subjects were 51 student nurses undergoing a written examination as part of their training and urinary-free cortisol was assayed from samples taken immediately after the examination and again three weeks later. Cortisol difference scores were obtained, expressed as a function of creatinine, assayed simultaneously, and baseline cortisol levels. Subjects completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and the Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ) and results showed that cortisol differences were associated with the rehearsal (or rumination) scale from the ECQ and to a lesser extent ECQ emotional inhibition and EPI neuroticism.

The development and evaluation of an emotion control training programme for sex offenders

Purpose. This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of an emotion control training programme for sex offenders.Methods. A pilot study was conducted using a sample of 18 inmates from HMP Wakefield, all of whom completed the Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ; Roger &amp; Najarian, 1989) and the Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ; Roger, Jarvis &amp; Najarian, 1993) before and after training. The main study included 52 inmates from the same institution. To avoid singling out sex offenders, participants either volunteered themselves or were referred by prison staff, and the sample included 29 sex offenders and 23 murderers. Participants were assessed before training, immediately afterwards and again six weeks later, and behaviour ratings by prison staff were included in the main study in addition to the emotion control and coping scales.Results. Results from the pilot study showed significant increases in adaptive coping and a reduction in impulsiveness following training. Results from the main study showed significantly less emotional rumination and inhibition and more adaptive coping immediately after the training, and there were also significant changes amongst selected behaviour rating dimensions.Conclusions. The results confirmed that the training programme was effective in modifying both attitudes and behaviour amongst sex offenders, and that effects were replicated for a group of inmates with other offences who were included in the sample.