Emissions Of Harmful Substances Research Articles

Modern successful global solutions in environmentally friendly urban delivery and their application in Ukraine

Nowadays the issue of reducing environmental pollution is on the agenda of all countries. Among the areas that have huge negative consequences for nature, logistics and supply chains take their place. Today, there are many concepts and scientific currents that recognize the need to account for the environmental component in urban logistics. Environmental aspects are used when evaluating the efficiency of investment projects, developing new models of vehicles, calculating taxes and insurance payments, and when searching for the best delivery schemes. The goal of the work. Taking into account the world experience in research on the chosen topic, the purpose of this study is to consolidate the world's successful experience in environmentally friendly urban delivery and assess their applicability in Ukraine. Technologies and methods that allow reducing the negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment include: The technology of off-peak delivery, which allows you to improve the speed mode of the car. With off-peak delivery, the probability of traffic jams is minimized, which makes the speed of movement the maximum permissible in the city (and, accordingly, the most environmentally friendly). Although night delivery is currently not possible in Ukraine due to the curfew, late and early delivery is still available, allowing you to successfully bypass traffic jams. Use of consolidation centers. The economic idea of consolidation of freight transportation is to use the effect of scale - the greater the carrying capacity of the vehicle, the lower the specific costs for transportation of a unit of production. Currently, the construction of the consolidation center is being evaluated from the point of view of the impact of the supply chain on the environment. At the same time, the existence of a consolidation center near or within the city allows to organize delivery by vehicles with zero or low level of environmental pollution. Use of Parcel Delivery Lockers. Delivery lockers are usually installed in places where the maximum flow of residents is concentrated, which makes it possible to create additional comfort for users due to the possibility of choosing the point closest to their own home or place of work. This method eliminates up to two thirds of harmful emissions into the air. The number of post machines and the area covered by them increases year by year, which allows us to talk about the success of this technology. According to the results of 2022, such major players of express delivery as "Nova Poshta" (now “Nova”), "Ukrposhta" and "Meest" will continue to work with post delivery lockers in Ukraine. Use of more environmentally friendly types of transport. The use of hybrid, electric or non-motorized vehicles is increasingly used in last-mile logistics. Electric vehicles, mopeds, two- or three-wheeled bicycles with a large trunk or cargo body can be considered environmentally friendly types of urban logistics. Such vehicles have practically zero emissions of harmful substances, they are much more maneuverable and do not require a lot of space for unloading, loading and parking. Implementation of zones with low (zero) air pollution. Zones with zero or low emissions have long been used in developed countries. There are no generally accepted technologies for calculating the territory that requires restrictions on the movement of transport, as well as for calculating the cost of such movement. Usually it depends on the will of the local authorities, the wishes of the residents and the well-being of the region. Prohibition on the use of motor vehicles. Some local authorities introduce a complete ban on the use of motor vehicles within certain parts of the city. Usually these are historical centers with dense buildings and a large number of tourists. Sometimes such drastic measures are combined with night delivery technology. If this is not possible, the only alternative is delivery by small, usually two- or three-wheeled, zero-emission vehicles. Improvement of traffic management. Competently designed organization of road traffic can reduce the pressure on the environment. The use of an intelligent transport system in smart cities allows you to perform important tasks like detection of transport accidents; automated control of the ramp, traffic lights and parking, etc. Improvement of road conditions. This refers to the quality of the road surface, markings, cleanliness of the road surface, etc. Improvement of road conditions indirectly affects the improvement of environment of the region. Summing up the results of the research, successful global practices in environmental friendly urban logistics are highlighted, which are applied and have prospects for application in Ukraine. It was concluded that there is a huge potential of using world experience in urban logistics of Ukraine. This will bring Ukrainian logistics and urban supply chains to a new level, increasing the level of health and general satisfaction of the citizens.

Improving environmental indicators of the wheeled tractor diesel engine by using biofuels

The object of this study is the process of operation of a diesel engine in a wheeled tractor on methyl ether of spent frying sunflower oil. The task being solved is to improve the environmental performance of a diesel engine in a wheeled tractor during the operation of its diesel on such biodiesel fuel and its mixtures with mineral diesel fuel. The characteristics of the diesel D-243 were determined by the experimental method with the measurement of the toxicity of the waste gases during its operation on the methyl ether of the spent sunflower oil, mineral fuel, and their mixtures. A decrease in the content of soot in diesel exhaust gases and a slight increase in the types of nitrogen oxides was registered. The theoretical method using a mathematical model determined the indicators of a wheeled tractor during its movement with a trailer for the accepted driving cycle and the operation of its diesel on different fuels. To that end, the characteristics of a specific diesel engine were described by polynomial models. The adequacy of the mathematical model of the movement of a tractor with a trailer over a driving cycle was tested. By means of a mathematical model, the total road emissions of harmful substances of a diesel engine were calculated when the tractor is running with a trailer over the accepted driving cycle. Calculations were performed for two types of fuel: mineral diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel. Biofuel consumption increases by almost 10 % compared to diesel fuel. The total emissions of harmful substances are 1.1 times lower in a diesel engine running on biofuel than when using mineral fuel. The results could be used in the operation of technological transport in the industry and agriculture provided there is a sufficient volume of raw materials for the production of biofuel

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ И ПРОВЕДЕНИЕ ПОИСКОВО-СПАСАТЕЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СЕТЕЦЕНТРИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ГРУППОЙ БЕСПИЛОТНЫХ ВОЗДУШНЫХ СУДОВ

The number of natural and man-made emergencies on the territory of the Russian Federation continues to remain at a fairly high level. All emergencies are accompanied by the impact on the environment of dangerous damaging factors that can lead to harm to human health and life, fires and explosions with partial or complete destruction of various objects, pollution of the terrain and atmosphere by emissions of harmful substances. All this requires the implementation of emergency measures for the organization and conduct of search and rescue and other urgent work to find and protect people in dangerous areas and lesions. The purpose of the work is to substantiate and develop new tools and methods to improve the efficiency and quality of the organization and conduct of search and rescue operations in areas of large-scale emergencies by units of EMERCOM of Russia. The methodological basis of the work consists of analysis, synthesis, statistical, system-structural methods, and forecasting method. Approaches to improving the efficiency and quality of organizing and conducting search and rescue operations in large-scale emergency zones based on the use of a distributed network-centric control system for a group of unmanned aircraft, which allows all devices of the group to promptly exchange information messages both among themselves and with the central control node.

Perspectives of using syngas in gas turbine plants

RELEVANCE. The insufficiently wide scope of gas turbine plants (GTP) is associated with the lack of widespread availability of gas pipelines supplying the main fuel – natural gas. Interest in alternative fuels and the search for the most suitable ones in order to switch from traditional energy sources has increased intensively over time. Currently, there are methods of gasification of solid fuels that expand not only the possibilities of using the fuel itself, but also pushing the boundaries of the applicability of GTP both in terms of production specialization and geographical location. Coal is the most affordable energy resource in the world, due to its prevalence, but its limited use in modern energy facilities is due to the worldwide policy of decarbonization of energy. Coal gasification makes it possible to increase energy characteristics and reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere when using coal. PURPOSE. Determination of the efficiency and expediency of using generator gas obtained from coal in gas turbine plant, as well as consideration of the possibility of its modernization. METHODS. To achieve set goal, an automated system of gas dynamic calculations of energy turbomachines (AS GDCET) will be used, which will calculate a mathematical model of a gas turbine installation and conduct numerical studies when characteristics change, as well as using a module for approximating the component composition of fuel. The research is carried out when the electric load of a gas turbine plant of the NK-16-18 ST type changes in the range from 15 to 18 MW. RESULTS. According to the results of the study, the dependences of the total hourly and specific fuel consumption, effective efficiency, temperature in the combustion chamber and at the outlet of the power turbine on changes in the electric load of the gas turbine installation were obtained. Having a lower calorific value, the expected synthesis gas reduces the electricalefficiency of the gas turbine engine, which is expressed in a decrease in efficiency by 3-4.5 %. At the same time, fuel consumption increases by about 4-5 times, which depends on the component composition of the fuel. At the same time, the temperature values at the exhaust of the gas turbine change by 26-37 °C. CONCLUSION. The use of synthesis gas as fuel for a gas turbine plant can provide sufficient efficiency in generating electric energy, but its use is rational only in situations of absence or unavailability of traditional gaseous fuels. The development of gasification technologies will increase the efficiency of use and reduce the cost of synthesis gas production. This will allow the introduction of gasification technologies at existing facilities and expand the scope of synthesis gas applications, which will ensure increased interest in this area among potential investors.

Implementation of european trends regarding the reduction of air pollutants in Ukraine

The paper analyses European trends in reducing emissions of harmful substances and carbon dioxide. Today, the problem of increasing CO2 is an acute one, and thus the task of decarbonising the planet is an important task for the global community. Along with this, the negative impact of other pollutants, such as NOx and SO2, on the environmental situation in Ukraine and the world as a whole is also important.In order to reduce the amount of polluting gases in the air of Ukraine, it was decided to turn to the experience and practice of the European Union (EU) countries and analyse what has already been done, as well as what is planned to be done in this direction in the coming decades. To this end, we analysed the actual data on the reduction of CO2, NOx, and SO2 emissions by European countries and compared their plans for further emission reductions in the coming years.The theoretical data of the study on the actual reduction of air pollutant and carbon dioxide emissions by European countries, as well as their plans for further reduction of these emissions, are of practical importance, as they show global trends in this problem of global importance and should be applied in all future energy plans both in Ukraine and other countries where this is not taken into account. Therefore, an effective and scientifically based plan for energy saving, clean energy production, and diversification of energy resources is needed to accelerate the transition to clean energy, increase energy independence from unreliable suppliers and unstable supplies of imported fossil fuels (in particular, accelerated phase-out of russian fossil fuels by 2030, which are used by the aggressor as an economic and political weapon), and help solve the climate crisis.

Efficiency Evaluation of Using Water-Fuel Emulsion as Fuel for Automobiles

Road transport is the main consumer of petroleum fuel as well as a source of toxic substances. Therefore, reducing fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances in road transport is one of the most important problems facing modern engine construction. One of the ways to solve this problem is through the use of mixed fuels, including water-fuel emulsions. Water-fuel emulsion is a promising alternative fuel that could fulfill such requests in that it can improve the combustion efficiency of internal combustion engines and reduce harmful exhaust emissions, especially nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). Up to now, there have been many studies on water-fuel emulsions, especially on performance, emissions and micro-explosion phenomena. Using water-fuel emulsion as fuel for ships worldwide was studied and applied to the 80-ies of the last century, but using it for automobiles is still limited by the emulsion stability and economic difficulties to calibrate engine parameters for a new fuel. This article provides an overview of the mechanism and performance operating cycle of internal combustion engines using water-fuel emulsions and the efficiency, economy, and environmental friendliness of this fuel type for automobiles. Hence, conclusions are drawn about the possibility and effectiveness of using emulsions as fuel for automobiles, especially under conditions in Vietnam.

Analysis of the Impact of Clean Coal Technologies on the Share of Coal in Poland’s Energy Mix

This article presents research results on the share of coal in the energy mix and the impact of clean coal technologies on Poland’s energy mix. Two mathematical models were utilised: the Boltzmann sigmoidal curve and a supervised machine learning model that employs multiple regressions. Eight explanatory variables were incorporated into the model, the influence of which on the explained variable was confirmed by Student’s t-test. The constructed models were verified using ex post errors and the Durbin–Watson and Shapiro–Wilk statistical tests. It was observed that the share of coal in the mix decreased more dynamically after 2015 compared to previous years. Furthermore, a simulation was conducted using the machine learning model, which confirmed the hypothesis on the influence of clean coal technologies on the level of coal share in the Poland energy production structure. As shown by the analysis and simulation, coal could be maintained in the energy mixes of EU countries, and even if the negative aspects of using this fuel were limited—primarily the emission of harmful substances—its share could even increase. It was noted that this share could be higher by 22% assuming a return to the interest in CCT levels from before 2015 and the reduction in CO2 emissions using membrane techniques proposed by the authors. Clean coal technologies would enable diversification of the energy mix, which is an important aspect of energy security. They would also enable the gradual introduction of renewable energy sources or other energy sources, which would facilitate the transition stage on the way to a sustainable energy mix.

A Review on the Recovery and Separation of Gallium and Indium from Waste

Gallium and indium are crucial metals in various industries, such as the medical and telecommunication industries. They can find applications as pure metals, alloys and alloy admixtures, oxides, organometallic compounds, and compounds with elements such as nitrogen or arsenic. Recovery of these two metals from waste is an important issue for two main reasons. First, gallium and indium are scattered in the Earth’s crust and their minerals are too rare to serve as a primary source. Second, e-waste contributes to the rapidly growing problem of Earth littering, as its amount increased significantly in recent years. Therefore, it is essential to develop and implement procedures that will enable the recovery of valuable elements from waste and limit the emission of harmful substances into the environment. This paper discusses technological operations and methods that are currently used or may be used to produce pure gallium and indium or their oxides from waste. The first step was described—waste pretreatment, including disassembly and sorting in several stages. Then, mechanical treatment as well as physical, chemical, and physicochemical separations were discussed. The greatest emphasis was placed on the hydrometallurgical methods of gallium and indium recovery, to be more precise on the extraction and various sorption methods following the leaching stage. Methods of obtaining pure metals or metal oxides and their refining processes were also mentioned.

Use of Magnetic Flux Leakage to Diagnose Damage to a Lift Guide Rails System with Reference to the Sustainability Aspect

The scientific objective of the conducted experimental research was to find an answer as to whether the application of magnetic flux leakage would be an effective tool for assessing the technical condition of lift guide rails in which the loss of thickness of the guide part is damage resulting from the brake whose operation destructively affects the surface shown. In particular, the scientific objective was to investigate the potential of this method in the context of quantitative assessment of the degree of damage featuring small increments in depth at the level of tenths of a millimetre. The conducted research was also aimed at determining the correlation of the effect of damage type with the nature of the signal recorded. The article presents the results of our own research, obtained from experiments on the use of magnetic flux leakage (MFL) to diagnose damage occurring on lift guide rails. During operation, lift guide rails are exposed to contact with the friction elements of brakes, resulting in the violation of their surfaces. Damage to the working surfaces of guide rails increases the vibration of the device, noise and wear of other components of the lift, such as guide rails. Currently, diagnostics of lift guide rails are not carried out, and their replacement depends on their technical condition. However, from an economic point of view, there are situations wherein their condition allows their use without their replacement with new ones. This was the main factor that guided the authors; we used a diagnostic head of our own design for the tests. The obtained measurement results showed that magnetic flux leakage can be used with great success to diagnose damage to guide rails. The results obtained in the laboratory shall be further developed in the form of research on correlating the signals obtained from magnetic sensors and the size of the damage, which shall eventually allow for a final quantitative assessment of guide rails regarding their technical condition. The conducted research fits into the scope of sustainable development by reducing the need for the consumption of electric energy and the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere in the overall production balance. This will be made possible by implementing the developed head in industrial practice in the context of assessing the need to replace guide rails with new ones. The economic and environmental efficiency that is the basis of sustainable development in the context of lifts can be achieved at the modernisation stage by repeated (further) use of as many components as possible. An example of this is the guide rail system, the reuse of which is possible after a prior assessment of its wear and tear.

Impact of steam flow into a combustion chamber of a contact gas-steam installation on its energy characteristics

Relevance. Reduction of natural gas consumption and emissions of harmful substances into the environment based on introduction of water vapor into a combustion chamber of a contact gas-steam installation. Aim. To carry out numerical studies on the influence of relative steam flow into the combustion chamber of the contact gas-steam installation on its energy characteristics. Objects. Contact gas-steam installations based on gas turbines with steam injection into the combustion chamber. Methods. Numerical methods based on material and energy balances of systems and elements of gas-steam installations. Results. Based on the calculation of the thermal circuit of the contact gas-steam installation, the authors have studied the influence of the relative steam flow into the combustion chamber on its energy characteristics. It was determined that the absolute electrical efficiency of the contact gas-steam installation increases linearly with growth of relative steam flow into the combustion chamber. The range of changes in the relative steam flow into the combustion chamber strongly depends on the temperature of the gases behind the combustion chamber and the compression ratio in the air compressor; the smaller these parameters are, the greater the range of changes. The maximum efficiency of 56% for all options is achieved at the maximum relative steam flow into the combustion chamber. It was established that the excess air coefficient, depending on the relative steam flow rate, decreases linearly, and the higher the temperature of the gases behind the combustion chamber and the compression ratio in the air compressor, the greater the rate of decline and the smaller the range of changes in the relative steam flow rate. It was revealed that the efficiency coefficient strongly depends on the relative steam flow into the combustion chamber, the temperature of the gases behind it and the degree of compression in the air compressor; with increasing these parameters, it increases linearly. It was determined that the temperature of the gases at the outlet of the gas turbine also strongly depends on the relative flow of steam into the combustion chamber, the temperature of the gases at its outlet and the compression ratio in the compressor. With an increase in the relative flow of steam into the combustion chamber, this temperature increases linearly from 600 to 700°C, while the higher the temperature of the gases at the outlet of the combustion chamber and the compression ratio in the compressor, the higher the temperature of the gases at the outlet of the gas turbine. The authors revealed the dependence of useful work on a gas turbine shaft on the relative steam flow into the combustion chamber. With an increase in the relative steam flow, the useful work on the gas turbine shaft increases along the branch of the parabola. The higher the temperature of the gases behind the combustion chamber and the compression ratio in the compressor, the steeper the branch of the parabola, but the smaller the range of changes in the relative steam flow. It was established that with an increase in the relative steam flow, the gas flow to the gas turbine decreases according to a hyperbola. Moreover, the lower the temperature of the gases behind the combustion chamber and the compression ratio in the compressor, the more the gas flow to the gas turbine drops.

Production of low emission briquettes from carbonized faecal sludge as an alternative source of cooking energy

BackgroundIn Tanzania, firewood, charcoal, and agricultural waste play a crucial role in daily life as sources of cooking energy, especially in rural areas. Using these energy sources contributes to deforestation and the emission of harmful substances, leading to health problems. This study highlights the potential of faecal sludge briquettes as an innovative, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative to traditional energy sources to meet the increasing demand for cooking energy in Tanzania. The process involved sludge characterization, drying, sorting, carbonization, milling, briquette making, and characterization.ResultsA study was conducted to assess the presence of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in faecal sludge collected from households. The results indicates that the levels of these metals were all within the acceptable limits set by the Tanzanian Standards (TZS) for sludge disposal and use in the environment, which are 5.00 mg/L, 5.00 mg/L, and 30.00 mg/L, respectively. Septic tanks and pit latrines sludge had a concentration of 0.5 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L for Zn, 0.55 mg/L, and 0.6 mg/L for Cd, and 10.01 mg/L and 4.87 mg/L for Pb, respectively. Adding 75% charcoal dust improved the gross and net heating values from 10.47 and 10.16 to 19.29 and 18.86 MJ/kg, respectively. Similarly, adding 50% charcoal dust improved the gross and net heating values to 19.24 and 18.78 MJ/kg. The emission of particulate matter (micrograms/m3) was reduced from 30.4 and 35 to 10.3 and 11.8 for PM2.5 and 7 and 8 for PM10, while carbon monoxide emission decreased from 51.2 to 19.7 ppm.ConclusionThe results strongly suggest that briquettes made of carbonized faecal sludge mixed with other biomass materials could offer an alternative to traditional solid fuels, with the added benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and longer burning times.

Імовірнісні моделі подання знань для підтримки прийняття рішень в умовах ризику та невизначеності на прикладі галузі охорони атмосферного повітря

In order to systematize and integrate the acquired experience necessary for decision-making in conditions of war and man-made danger, as well as for the purpose of controlling emissions of greenhouse gases or other harmful substances, knowledge presentation models have been de-veloped that take into account both the results of the analysis of available data and probabilistic assessments of the state safety of man-made enterprises and adjacent territories. In order to im-prove the decision-making process, a number of probabilistic models are considered, which are based on the calculation of subjective probability estimates regarding the occurrence of danger-ous events and forecasting the corresponding risks. Factors of various nature are considered during modeling: external influences, concentrations of harmful substances, greenhouse gas emissions, indicators of the state of safety of man-made productions, efficiency of equipment, accounting of violations, and other indicators. Also, the knowledge system provides for calcu-lating the risks of dangerous events, the probability of which increases under the interaction of two or a number of hazardous factors. On the basis of the conducted research, an algorithm for building and the structure of a probabilistic model of knowledge focused on software implementation in the decision-making support system for managing the safety of man-made enterprises that pose threats to the popula-tion and the natural environment has been developed.

Reducing emissions of harmful substances in rally cars

Currently discussed changes in the automotive sector, which are aimed at significantly reducing emissions of harmful substances in road transport, also affect the directions of development of motorsport. One of them is the use of electric drive systems. Currently produced electric cars are not technically prepared to compete in car rallies, both due to their performance and safety reasons. For this reason, rallies still use combustion engines and attempts are made to implement hybrid drive systems. Bearing in mind the above-mentioned limitations of electric drive technology, combustion engines will remain in car rallies for a longer time. Taking the above into account, the article focuses on the issues of exhaust gas treatment systems in rally cars. Tests were carried out to determine exhaust emissions from a car using a catalytic converter approved according to FIA guidelines and compare them to the current standards for mass-produced cars. Thanks to them, it was also possible to estimate the level of exhaust emissions on the approach sections of the car rally. A separate issue was the analysis of how much the use of an electrically driven compressor could reduce fuel consumption by limiting the operation of the ALS system, which is designed to maintain the turbocharger's rotational speed at a constant level. Reducing fuel consumption on the special stage would also have a positive impact on reducing emissions of harmful substances from the rally car.

Staged supply of fuel and air to the combustion chamber to reduce emissions of harmful substances

The paper presents the results of numerical experiments on the implementation of Over Fire Air (OFA) technology at a coal burning thermal power plant (TPP) in order to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. To implement the OFA technology, various options for supplying additional air through injectors in the upper part of the combustion chamber have been studied. For the first time, various heights (h = 8 m, 9 m, 10 m, 11 m, 12 m) of the location of OFA injectors in the combustion chamber at the kazakh TPP were studied. For the first time, different volumes of additional air supply through the injectors are simulated when OFA is 0% - this is the base case (traditional combustion) and when OFA is 5%, 10%, 15%, 18%, 20%, 25% and 30% of the total volume air required for complete combustion of the fuel. It is shown that at the optimal location height of OFA injectors (h = 9 m), an increase in the volume of additional air to 18% leads to a decrease in the concentrations of carbon monoxide CO by about 36%, and nitrogen dioxide NO2 by 25% compared with the base case (OFA = 0%).

Strategic analysis of mining and metallurgical companies: consideration of socio-environmental factors

The strategic development of mining and metallurgical companies is currently largely related to the development of social policy and maintaining high responsibility of the business towards its employees and ecosystems. The strategic goals of companies should be aimed at the environmental modernization of production, ensuring, among other things, the reduction of emissions of harmful substances and greenhouse gases. The development of low-carbon technologies, compliance with modern environmental requirements, and the achievement of a high level of social responsibility are both areas of strategic development and opportunities for the formation of new competitive advantages. The purpose of the work is to adapt the methods of strategic analysis to modern environmental and social trends to set the current strategic goals of mining and metallurgical companies in terms of increasing attention to the social responsibility of business and the implementation of green production and low-carbon development. The study substantiates the increasing role of environmental and social factors of sustainable development in the activities of mining and metallurgical companies. Using MMC Norilsk Nickel as an example, the main environmental-oriented areas of the company’s development are identified, and the issues of social policy are also reflected. An algorithm of strategic analysis for the specifics of mining and metallurgical companies is proposed, suggesting the use of classical methods of strategic analysis and goal setting with the use of VRIO-analysis methodology, which in turn will allow to identify sustainable competitive advantages associated with the achievement of environmental and climatic objectives and increased social responsibility.

Scenario Analysis of the Prospects for the Use of Alternative Fuels for Road Transport in Russia

The article examines the economic and environmental consequences for the Russian Federation that may be caused by the transition of road transport to natural gas fuel and electricity. According to strategic planning documents, public authorities are pursuing the policy aimed at converting a significant share of road transport to natural gas fuel. As singled out, this policy is mainly motivated by the issues of limiting emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere from the combustion of oil products. In addition to a positive impact on the environment, this transformation should have a positive impact on the economy, since the use of alternative energy sources reduces transport costs, and construction of the necessary related infrastructure will create additional growth points for the economy.The objective of the study described in the article is to investigate the economic and environmental effects for the Russian Federation from the transfer of road transport to natural gas fuel.Main economic indicators analysed comprise subsidies that are necessary to create conditions for development of the relevant market, changes in budget revenues from the mineral extraction tax and excise duty on oil products, as well as additional gross value added due to multiplier effects in the economy. The study of environmental effects consists in assessing the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases and particulate matter into the atmosphere.The analysis of the effects for the Russian economy from the transfer of road transport to alternative energy sources has shown that due to the multiplier effect, for the period up to 2035, gross value added will increase by 3,6 trillion rubles, and investments in the necessary infrastructure will amount to about 2,7 trillion rubles, which is about 13 % of the projected investment in the road sector. Due to the use of gas motor fuel and electric vehicles, by 2035 СО2 (carbon dioxide) emissions will be reduced by 11 million tons annually, which represents only 0,5 % of nationwide emissions. This means that the transfer of road transport to alternative energy sources is not effective enough from the point of view of the existing motivation, and the motivation must be changed in favour of positive economic effects.

Comparative Assessment of the Prospects for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Today, road transport is one of the main environmental pollutants. It accounts for more than half of all emissions. In this regard, the issue of developing measures to reduce the impact of cars on the environment is gaining relevance. There are various approaches to solve this issue, but the most promising direction is the use of electric vehicles. It should be noted that we cannot talk about their absolute environmental friendliness, since there is still an indirect impact on the environment.The paper examines the prospects for the use and disadvantages of two types of electric vehicles powered, respectively, by battery or hydrogen fuel cells. Currently, production of battery electric vehicles is a more popular direction, which is largely due to development of technologies in the field of battery production. At the same time, one should not completely exclude other areas, such as hydrogenfuelled vehicles. Such vehicles are distinguished by good environmental friendliness, which is determined by the nature of the combustion product and the possibility of obtaining this type of resource. However, the use of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines is not relevant. Development of a car with an electrochemical generator is more promising. Today, a fairly large number of the world’s leading car manufacturing companies are advancing in this direction.The electric vehicles considered in the work have similar emissions of harmful substances, which, under equal conditions, approach zero. However, both types of vehicles leave a carbon footprint, the bulk of which comes from electricity generation and hydrogen production. The study carried out a comparative assessment of the quality characteristics, carbon footprint and operating costs of electric vehicles with various types of power plants under Russian operating conditions. Based on the comparison, the main advantages, and disadvantages of those types of electric vehicles have been identified. Actions are proposed to increase the environmental friendliness of electric vehicles and solve problems that complicate their operation.

Flue Gas Recirculation System for Biomass Heating Boilers—Research and Technical Applications for Reductions in Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions

The paper discusses the results of investigations of the change in thermal and emission-related parameters of a heating boiler fueled with biomass after a modification with a proprietary flue gas recirculation system made for this type of equipment. The results provide insight into the combustion process with a multistage flue gas recirculation that materially affected the boiler operation: a reduction in the mass concentration of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by reducing the combustion temperature. The authors also observed a reduction in the emission of particulate matters (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO). For the investigations, the authors used a heating boiler fitted with an automatic fuel feed (timber pellets) and a proprietary patented flue gas recirculation system (Polish patent Pat. 243395) for low power solid fuel heating boilers. Aside from the measurement of the mass concentration of the emitted pollutants, the research focused on the measurements of the temperature inside the combustion chamber, the temperature of the flue gas and the level of oxygen in the flue gas. The aim of the research was to confirm the validity of using the flue gas recirculation technique to reduce emissions of harmful substances from biomass heating boilers, as a technique not previously used for this group of devices. Moreover, the aim of the research was to test an original engineering solution, in the form of a flue gas distribution valve, and investigate its effect on reducing NOx emissions and improving other thermal and emission parameters of the boiler. The obtained research results confirm the validity of the chosen actions and provide a positive premise for the practical use of this technology in solid fuel heating boilers.

Photovoltaic panel and wind turbine as an electric energy source for water evaporation and desalination

The purpose of the article is to study the process of heating and desalination of seawater due to electricity from wind turbines and solar panels. This electric current is collected and transmitted through wires to be used to power electrical devices. The advantages of using solar panels as an alternative energy source include environmental cleanliness, long service life, no noise, low cost of operation and no emissions of harmful substances. Boiling water using wind turbine energy is a great way to use renewable wind energy to support daily activities. By placing a wind turbine in an area with a steady wind, the turbine can collect kinetic energy from the air and convert it into mechanical energy that can be used to rotate the generator. This generator can then convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, which can be used to power an electric boiler. The boiler can then use electrical energy to heat the water, producing steam to boil the water.

PROBLEM STATEMENT AND MODELING OF AN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM FOR THE JOINT PRODUCTION OF SULFURIC ACID AND CONDENSED SULFUR DIOXIDE

The article develops a mathematical model for the quantitative assessment of technological parameters of energy-technological systems for the production of sulfuric acid and condensed sulfur dioxide. When modeling, the system was considered as energy-technological, taking into account the need to reduce its negative impact on the environment, due to both industrial emissions of harmful substances and emissions of unused thermal energy. In this regard, it was envisaged to process part of the sulfur dioxide according to a cyclic scheme. To increase the intensity of the technological system and the processes occurring in it, the use of oxygen and the provision of a high concentration of sulfur dioxide in the gas mixture before the stage of its catalytic oxidation in the contact apparatus was envisaged. To reduce the total volume of reactants, an increase in pressure in the system was assumed. The carried out formalization and object-oriented decomposition of the simulated system made it possible to identify 6 functional subsystems (blocks), each of which can be modeled and investigated independently. The accepted high level of formalization made it possible to include a minimum set of real system parameters in the model. The model is capable of development and can be concretized by introducing additional parameters and mathematical models of technological functions into consideration. The developed model is recommended to be used for operational modeling of combined systems for the production of sulfuric acid and condensed sulfur dioxide in the preparation and optimization of initial data for their design. After testing and setting up the model in practice, it can be used in an automated process control system, including when creating adaptive control systems.