Emission Disclosure Research Articles

Emissions Disclosures and Energy Use Reporting by Hospitals in the United States

Emissions Disclosures and Energy Use Reporting by Hospitals in the United States

Determinants of Tax Regulations Referring to ESG Principles on Company Performance in Indonesia

Purpose: This study examines ESG integration in Indonesia's tax regulations and their impact on financial performance, focusing on green investments.Method: This study uses a qualitative case study method to analyze ESG integration in Indonesia's tax regulations, focusing on policies, carbon tax effectiveness, and emissions disclosure. The research is based on corporate legitimacy and institutional theories to explore the relationship between tax regulations and sustainable practices.Findings: The study's findings reveal significant growth in green investments in Indonesia, largely driven by supportive ESG-oriented tax policies. Despite this progress, challenges such as limited corporate awareness and data availability remain barriers to fully realizing the potential of these policies. The analysis also highlights the importance of these regulations in fostering sustainable business practices, particularly in industries like palm oil that are crucial for addressing climate change.Novelty: This research uniquely examines the impact of ESG-focused tax regulations on green investments and sustainable practices in Indonesia, using corporate legitimacy and institutional theories. It fills a literature gap by exploring how tax regulations drive ESG integration in the business sector of a developing country.Implications: The study has important implications for policymakers, businesses, and stakeholders in Indonesia and similar economies. It shows that ESG-focused tax policies positively impact green investments, suggesting that refining and implementing these policies could strengthen sustainable business practices and support environmental goals. The study also emphasizes the need for greater corporate awareness and better data collection to address challenges and ensure effective ESG integration in the corporate sector.

Nicotine information disclosed online by e-cigarette brands popular with young people.

E-cigarette use is most prevalent among adolescents and young adults - and there are often misperceptions about product risk. The purpose of this study was to determine what nicotine information is provided on e-cigarette brand websites. Based on national and local surveys, we identified 44 e-cigarette brands commonly used in the US by adolescents and young adults. For each of these brands, their associated websites were analyzed for disclosed nicotine information. Specifically, for each brand's website, we coded whether there was information on nicotine concentration (recorded if a numerical value was provided such as '5% nicotine'), nicotine form (free-base, nicotine salts, or not stated), and nicotine type (tobacco-derived, synthetically derived, or not stated). Coding allowed for both lay (e.g. 'nic salts') as well as scientific (e.g. 'isomers') terms. Of the 44 brands examined, all provided basic information on nicotine concentration (e.g. '5% nicotine'). However, 23% of brands did not disclose information on nicotine form (i.e. nicotine salt vs free-base), and 66% of brands did not disclose information on nicotine type (i.e. synthetic vs tobacco-derived). Overall, these results suggest that the e-cigarette industry is not fully informing its consumers about the nicotine in their products. Given that nicotine form and type have implications for e-cigarette addiction potential, these findings highlight a public health concern. There is a need for more comprehensive national regulations for mandating product constituents and emissions disclosures.

Structural attribution of emissions along the global supply chain and implications for climate policy

AbstractTo develop and implement effective policies to mitigate climate change, it is important to understand the emission profile of sectors that comprise the network of global supply chains. Focusing on the relationship between sectors’ positions in the global supply chain, this study develops a structural position analysis framework based on input–output analysis. Our framework reveals the highest‐priority sectors and transactions, and the best strategies for CO2 emission reduction in the global supply chain. The strategies identified focus on cross‐border transactions and highlight the need for inter‐sectoral and international collaboration. The results indicate that the United States and China have different priorities and characteristics (even vis‐à‐vis the same industry), and that joint emission reduction policies should be coordinated to take advantage of each country's emission reduction potential. Our findings suggest that, in the United States and Europe, policies to promote the reduction of direct emissions from production of goods for exports through carbon taxes are important. Contrarily, in Asian countries, carbon emissions originate mainly from intermediate goods trades, suggesting the need for mandatory life cycle assessment reporting and emissions disclosure. Our analytical framework thus proposes specific policies that could effectively reduce specific sectors' and transactions’ carbon footprints.

Navigating the “performing-organizing” paradox: tensions between supply chain transparency, coordination, and scope 3 GHG emissions performance

PurposeDrawing on paradox theory and the category of the “performing-organizing” paradox, the study investigates the tensions firms experience in the context of organizing the processes involved in managing their indirect GHG emissions.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop hypotheses to explain why the paradox elements of supply chain transparency and supply chain coordination affect firms' ability to reduce their indirect supply chains GHG emissions. Using a two-stage method based on data from Refinitiv and CDP for 2002 to 2021, the authors test this study’s hypotheses through panel regression analyses.FindingsWhile greater transparency experience with scope 3 emissions disclosure, GSCM practices and broader supply chain engagement are all associated with higher levels of scope 3 emissions levels, both long-term transparency experience and GSCM practices are also associated with relative reductions in scope 3 emissions over time.Practical implicationsGiven growing pressures on firms to demonstrate both transparency and legitimacy regarding their scope 3 emissions, firms must understand the characteristics of this paradox as this has implications for how emissions performance is perceived and managed. This study's results suggested that firms need to take both a long-term perspective and effectively communicate the differences involved in reporting their emissions performance to avoid unwarranted criticism.Originality/valueFilling a gap in sustainable OSCM studies by providing large-scale quantitative insights into the relationships between organizing and performing, the authors demonstrate that the processes involved in firms' efforts of measuring and managing their indirect scope 3 emissions are paradoxically affected by whether performance outcomes are specified as annual absolute levels of scope 3 emissions, or relative changes over time.

Green Accounting Practices and Shareholders’ Value of Listed Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria

The severity of environmental degradation has its adverse impact on the quality of lives. Measures are being taken both at the national and international level to reduce and mitigate its impact on the environment, social, economic, and political sphere. This study investigated the effect of green accounting practices on shareholders’ value in Nigeria by drawing samples from listed consumer goods firms on the floor of the Nigerian Exchange Group from 2012 to 2021. Ex post facto design was used, secondary data were employed and least square dummy variable regression was used in analyzing the data. A sample size of 20 companies were determined using Tato Yamane formula and these companies were selected using simple random sampling technique. Green accounting being the dependent variable was proxied by biodiversity disclosure, emission disclosure, waste disclosure, water & effluents disclosure, and compliance to environmental laws & regulations disclosure. The dependent variable of this study was shareholders’ value proxied by shareholders’ value added (SHVA). The result showed that biodiversity disclosure and compliance to environmental laws disclosures have a positive significant effect on shareholders’ value added; water & effluents disclosures have a positive significant effect on shareholders’ value added of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria during the period under study. It was thus concluded that green accounting practices have significant effect on shareholders’ value added of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Therefore, it was recommended among others that compliance to green accounting practices should be made mandatory for all companies because standard green accounting disclosures are signals to all stakeholders that the companies are ‘green’ and eco- friendly companies and this in turn boost shareholders value.

Emissions Disclosures in Global Supply Chains

Emissions Disclosures in Global Supply Chains

Executive Compensation, Disclosure of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Firm Value

<p><em>This study aims to determine the effect of executive compensation on firm value through greenhouse gas emissions disclosure as a mediation variable. Population in this research are firms listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and published sustainability reports for the period 2015 to 2019. The sample determination in this study used a purposive sampling method and obtained 150 companies. The data analysis technique in this research is using Partial Least Square (PLS) test. </em><em>This study shows that executive compensation has a significant positive effect on firm value but does not affect greenhouse gas emissions disclosure. Greenhouse gas emissions disclosure has no significant effect on firm value. </em><em>This research contributes to the relationship of literature about the greenhouse gas emissions being able to mediate partially the effect of executive compensation on firm value. Furthermore, it also addresses greenhouse gas emission and executive compensation using company samples and periods that have not been explored previously.</em></p>

CEO Overconfidence and Voluntary Disclosure of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: With a Focus on the Role of Corporate Governance

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between overconfident CEOs, voluntary disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions and firm value, and whether corporate (internal and external) governance affects this association. Using logistic regression and a firm-fixed effect model, I analyzed a sample of voluntary disclosing firms with the fiscal year in December that are listed in the Korean stock market for the period from 2011 to 2019, measuring corporate governance based on female representation within boards and industry-level competition. As a result, this study finds that, on average, CEO overconfidence is positively related to voluntary disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, in firms with more female representation on boards, the positive relationship between CEO overconfidence, voluntary disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, and firm value is more pronounced, implying that women directors effectively monitor overconfident CEOs. Similarly, this positive relationship is also strengthened according to the degree of industry-level competition, which indicates that the external governance role of competition can alleviate CEO overconfidence. This study is meaningful as the first study to examine the effect of voluntary greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions disclosure on investors’ valuation in the Korean capital market, taking the characteristics of managers and governance structure into account.

Do The CSR Mission And Emissions Disclosure Characterize The Company’s Success?

In the current global warming situation, disclosure of emissions in annual reports is a necessity. Legitimacy from the public is a strategic key to future success. The bottom line of disclosing emissions in annual reports is global sustainability. However, there are doubts about the correlation between disclosure of emissions and future success. If the company does not have a CSR mission, the disclosure of emissions is only of short-term interest and is not correlated with global sustainability. This study reveals the characteristics of successful and non-successful companies associated with the CSR mission and disclosure of carbon emissions in the annual report. By using a sample of 114 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, this study shows that successful companies are characterized by having a strong CSR mission and commitment to disclosing emissions.

Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Pengungkapan Emisi Karbon pada Perusahaan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Global warming is one of the environmental problems that causes climate change, especially related to corporate carbon emissions. This study aims to examine the factors that influence the disclosure of carbon emissions. This research was conducted on all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange that revealed information related to carbon emissions in the annual report in 2018. The sample in this research was selected purposively, producing samples with 37 companies. The data analysis technique in this research is multiple linear regression. The analysis shows that company the type of industry and good corporate governance has a positive effect, while leverage has a negative effect on disclosure of carbon emissions. Company size and profitability do no affect carbon emissions disclosure.
 Keywords: Global Warming; Climate Change; Carbon Emission Disclosures.

In the Name of COVID-19: Is the ECB Fuelling the Climate Crisis?

We offer preliminary evidence drawing on a novel dataset of corporate bonds issued in the European energy sector since January 2020 in combination with the European Central Bank’s (ECB) purchases under the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) in response to COVID-19. We show that the likelihood of an European energy company bond to be bought as part of the ECB’s programme increases with the greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of the bond issuing firm. We also find weaker evidence that the ECB’s PEPP portfolio during the pandemic is likely to become tilted towards companies with anti-climate lobbying activities and companies with less transparent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions disclosure. Our findings imply that, at later stages of the COVID-19 recovery, an in-depth analysis maybe necessary to understand if and if yes, why the ECB fuelled the climate crisis.

Carbon Emissions Disclosure, Environmental Management System, and Environmental Performance: Evidence from the Plantation Industries in Indonesia

This study aims to examine the relationships between the environmental management system, environmental performance, and carbon emissions disclosure in Indonesia, a country with rich natural resources. The study focuses on the plantation industries so as to better capture the disclosure behavior of companies directly engaged in natural resources. They were all registered on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2013 to 2017. The testing of the hypotheses uses multiple linear regressions. Test-F shows a model that is stable and significant. The research results show two variables that have been proven to be insignificant with regard to carbon emissions, namely the environmental management system and leverage. Research further proves that ISO 14001 and leverage did not affect the commitment to express carbon emissions. Environmental performance and age firms in this research have affected positive and significant impacts on disclosure of carbon emissions in the plantation industries. This demonstrates that companies that receive the PROPER Awards from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry are those with good environmental performance in accordance with government regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

The Effect of Corporate Governance, Green Strategy and Carbon Risk Management Toward Carbon Emission Disclosure (Listed Company in and Out on Calculation Indeks Sri Kehati in IDX Periode 2016 – 2017 )

The object of this study is to investigate the influence of the effect of carbon emissions disclosure whether corporate governance characteristics impact, and green strategy. This empirical study was conducted out in three part. The relationship between corporate governance and carbon emission disclosure, the relationship between green strategy and carbon emission disclosure and the relationship between carbon risk management and carbon emission disclosure.This study uses samples obtained through annual sustainability reports and annual reports from the Sri Kehati Index listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2016-2017. The research sample are 30 firms with 60 observations which listed companies listed on IDX during 2016-2017. In order to meet the objective of this research, researcher has used double declined regression model to explore the implication and correlation in both assumptions. This research differs from previous research with the addition of a sustainability committee and green strategy in the component of corporate governance. The results of this empirical study show that corporate governance issues with diversity boards, board independence, board size, and sustainability committees have a positive influence on disclosure of carbon emissions and add to this disclosure and carbon risk management has a positive impact on carbon emissions disclosure. This study provides empirical evidence about various factors that can affect carbon emissions disclosure, which can be useful for stakeholders both companies and investors. The importance of this research can contribute so that companies are able to take policies in order to reduce carbon gas emissions in climate pollution. Carbon risk management in this study discusses carbon efficiency and carbon emissions in the future, and also future carbon that can be done or planned that is designed to manage the risks of carbon emissions effectively and efficiently. This research discusses the influence of relationship between corporate governance, green strategy and carbon risk management that is needed by companies to see the impact on disclosure of carbon emissions specifically. Keywords : Corporate Governance, Board diversity, Board Size, Board Independence Board diversity, Sustanability Committee, Green Strategy, Carbon Emission Disclosures, and Cabon risk management. DOI : 10.7176/EJBM/11-23-06 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

Concentrations of nicotine, nitrosamines, and humectants in legal and illegal cigarettes in Mexico

BackgroundArticle 10 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control states the need for industry disclosure of tobacco contents and emissions. Currently, the profiles of key tobacco compounds in legal and illegal cigarettes are largely unknown. We aimed to analyze and compare concentrations of nicotine, nitrosamines, and humectants in legal and illegal cigarettes collected from a representative sample of smokers.MethodsParticipants of the International Tobacco Control cohort provided a cigarette pack of the brand they smoked during the 2014 wave. Brands were classified as legal or illegal according to the Mexican legislation. Nicotine, nitrosamines, glycerol, propylene glycol, and pH were quantified in seven randomly selected packs of each brand. All analyses were done blinded to legality status. Average concentrations per brand and global averages for legal and illegal brands were calculated. Comparisons between legal and illegal brands were conducted using t tests.ResultsParticipants provided 76 different brands, from which 6.8% were illegal. Legal brands had higher nicotine (15.05 ± 1.89 mg/g vs 12.09 ± 2.69 mg/g; p < 0001), glycerol (12.98 ± 8.03 vs 2.93 ± 1.96 mg/g; p < 0.001), and N-nitrosanatabine (NAT) (1087.5 ± 127.0 vs 738.5 ± 338 ng/g; p = 0.006) concentrations compared to illegal brands. For all other compounds, legal and illegal brands had similar concentrations.ConclusionCompared to illegal cigarettes, legal brands seem to have higher concentrations of nicotine, NAT, and glycerol. Efforts must be made to implement and enforce Article 10 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to provide transparent information to consumers, regulators, and policy-makers; and to limit cigarette engineering from the tobacco industry.

Evidenciação de emissões ambientais em empresas brasileiras

RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou analisar como ocorre a evidenciação de emissões ambientais em empresas brasileiras. Dessa forma realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva, documental e com abordagem qualitativa. A população do estudo foi composta por 100 empresas brasileiras listadas no IBrX100 da BM&amp;FBovespa e a amostra compreendeu 31 empresas no ano de 2010, 33 em 2011 e 43 em 2012. Analisou-se o conteúdo referente às emissões ambientais dos Relatórios de Sustentabilidade e, ainda, foi realizado um ranking do nível de evidenciação de emissões ambientais das empresas analisadas. Os resultados demonstraram que a maioria das empresas brasileiras não possui Relatórios de Sustentabilidade disponíveis, sendo que àquelas que possuíam os relatórios disponíveis, no que tange às emissões, a maioria divulga dados na forma descritiva e quantitativa. Em relação aos rankings , a empresa P. Açúcar foi a que mais se destacou, pois se preocupa com o meio ambiente e divulga informações sobre as emissões ambientais. A maioria das empresas evidencia informações sobre as emissões destruidoras da Camada de Ozônio e emissões de Nox e Sox. Por fim, a maioria das empresas brasileiras não divulgam dados sobre a redução dessas emissões.

Corporate Disclosure of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Context of Stakeholder Pressures: An Empirical Analysis of Reporting Activity and Completeness

In this study, we shed light on the practice of disclosure of quantitative Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by companies in Europe. We develop a classification of reporting completeness based on three dominant voluntary reporting guidelines. We find that from 2005 through 2009 only 15 percent of companies that disclose GHG emissions report them in a manner that we consider complete with respect to scope of emissions, type of emissions, and reporting boundary. We subsequently examine whether proxies for exposure to climate change concerns from different stakeholder groups influence the existence and, separately, the completeness of quantitative GHG emissions disclosure. Controlling for factors representing companies’ resources to report, the results of our logistic regression analyses provide evidence that while external stakeholder pressure is a determinant of the existence of GHG emissions disclosure, it is not substantially related to the disclosure completeness. Our findings are consistent with stakeholder theory in that companies appear to respond to stakeholder pressure to report GHG emissions. Results are also consistent with legitimacy theory arguments in that firms may be using incomplete reporting of GHG data, presumably due to the voluntary nature of the disclosure practice, as a symbolic act to maintain legitimacy in the face of the exposures. We conclude that bringing corporate GHG emissions disclosure in line with recommended guidelines will require either more direct stakeholder pressure or, perhaps, a mandated disclosure regime.

IMPROVING THE COMPLETENESS OF PRODUCT CARBON FOOTPRINTS USING A GLOBAL LINK INPUT–OUTPUT MODEL: THE CASE OF JAPAN

This paper is concerned with the main activities of Japan's ‘Disclosure of CO2 emissions’ programme, aimed at illustrating the CO2 emissions associated with consumer products as a ‘carbon footprint’ (CF). Although the current, provisional guidelines for calculating product carbon footprints specify that only the bottom-up approach is to be used for this purpose, this paper presents useful applications of input–output analysis that can improve the reliability of the method considerably, by taking full advantage of the strengths of input–output analysis. To this end, we first estimated the global carbon footprint (GCF) of food and consumables in Japan, using a global link input–output (GLIO) model comprising 804 economic sectors in Japan and 230 foreign countries and regions. By visualizing the GCF on a world map, the global distribution (including Middle East and African countries) of the induced CO2 emissions of each of the Japanese sectors were identified. To investigate the scope for reducing the data collection burden for CF practitioners, GCFs were compared with CFs obtained using a single-region input–output model. This showed that there are certain commodity groups with a CF equating to 70% to over 90% of the corresponding GCF, even if the imported goods used for producing a Japanese domestic product are considered environmentally equivalent to their domestically produced counterparts. Furthermore, it was identified which data should preferably be collected by the bottom-up approach to secure CO2 emissions coverage greater than a certain predefined level and keep data and labour costs at a minimum.