Emirate Of Bukhara Research Articles

THE ORIGINS OF GANCH COMPOSITIONS WITH OYNAVAND-O’UMA IN THE INTERIORS OF UZBEKISTAN AND GEORGIA

Ganch (fired clay ceramics with gypsum) has long been an integral part of the interior and exterior decoration for appropriate buildings to make them stand out. First of all, these are classy palaces, Buddhist traditional harem-type buildings in Western and Central Asia and other mosques, madrasas, mausoleums and minarets in some Oriental cultures associated with Islam. In particular, in the territories of Khorasan (now a part of modern Uzbekistan, was Iran, referred to as some kingdoms sort of the Bukhara emirate). The goal is to establish the origins of oynavand-o’uma, (stucco network decorations made of alumina with coloured powders and shiny pearl or mirror elements), which are genetically related to monuments in Uzbekistan and Georgia of the 5th/7th–19th centuries. The following methods were used in this study: analysis, generalisation and systematisation. The study highlighted that in the pre-Arabic period of the Iranian-speaking tribes of the Eftalites and Bukharhudates, who were simultaneously influenced by Buddhist and Greco-Byzantine cultures, the phenomenon of a local plastic canon was formed, which laid the foundation for the development of carved alabaster and plaster, which further developed without a figurative component during the Muslim era and spread to Asian lands until the time of the Turkic-Persian Qajar dynasty, reaching not only Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but also Georgia. The study also discussed the specific features of art education in the context of preserving and developing the cultural heritage of the regions. The findings of this study can be used by specialists in the field of studying the evolution of the plastic canon of monumental and decorative art of certain Eastern countries, experts in the scientific restoration and reconstruction of oriental visions of the synthesis of painting with ganch and mirrors, as well as teachers of the history of oriental culture.

REVIVAL OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE SAMARKAND PROVINCE DURING THE MANGIT DYNASTY IN THE EMIRATE OF BUKHARA

While describing the Samarkand kingdom in the 18th-19th centuries in the Bukhara Emirate, we can first of all see that during the Ashtarkhanid dynasty, Samarkand lost a lot of its previous influence, in economic relations, the economic relations of the old Middle Ages were preserved, and in the field of production, the production of traditional handicrafts we need to emphasize that it was superior. There were several areas in the economic life of the city. Based on the analysis of these areas, it will be possible to describe the economic life of the city.

Peculiarities of the Irrigation System in the Surkhan Oasis During the Rule of the Bukhara Emirate

In this article, the reforms implemented in the irrigation system of the Surkhan oasis during the rule of the Bukhara Emirate and its results are researched based on archival documents, sources and scientific literature.

SOME COMMENTS ON THE RELATIONS OF THE BUKHARA EMIRATE WITH THE OTTOMAN STATE IN THE 1950S AND 1960S

This article examines the diplomatic and political relations between the Bukhara Emirate and the Ottoman State during the 1950s and 1960s. Despite significant geopolitical changes in the mid-20th century, these relations were characterized by a mix of traditional alliances and modern strategic interests. The study explores key diplomatic exchanges, trade agreements, and cultural interactions that defined the bilateral relations of this period. By analyzing historical documents, treaties, and correspondences, the article sheds light on the motivations and implications of the Bukhara Emirate's foreign policy towards the Ottoman State. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of these relations on regional stability and the broader geopolitical landscape. Through this investigation, the article contributes to a deeper understanding of the historical dynamics that influenced the interactions between these two significant political entities in the mid-20th century.

Пятая колонна? Национальные и религиозные меньшинства в Бухаре до и после установления российского протектората

Article devoted to analysis of Russian and Western travelers, who visited the Emirate of Bukhara, on national and religious minorities. The evolution of their legal status before and after the establishing of the Russian protectorate, attitude toward authorities of the Emirate and the Empire, place in the social system of the state, professions they occupied (had right to occupy).

The Emir of Bukhara Seyid Abdullahad-Khan in Saint Petersburg (1898)

The article presents documentary materials from the Russian State Military Historical Archive (Moscow) related to the history of the organization of the visit of the Emir of Bukhara Seyid Abdullahad Khan to Saint Petersburg in 1898. They contain unique information about the details of the preparation and conduct of this visit, about the program of the emir’s stay in Petersburg, about the financial costs of receiving the Bukhara delegation as well. Of great interest are the data on the gifts that were presented to the emir and his retinue during the visit, since some of them could be preserved in museum collections. Archival materials also make it possible to compare the organization and, above all, the financing of the 1898 visit with the previous visits of Emir Abdullahad Khan — 1893 and 1896, demonstrating a gradual reduction in the costs of their conduct. This indirectly testified to the strengthening of Russia’s position in Central Asia, which resulted in a weakening of attention to the personal contacts of the rulers, who in the time of Alexander III played a significant role in regulating relations between the Russian Empire and the Emirate of Bukhara.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BUKHARA PEOPLE'S SOVIET REPUBLIC AND THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN IT

The article is devoted to the structure of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic (BPSR) and its management system. In the first quarter of the twentieth century, important events took place in the life of the Uzbek people. At this time, our people, who lived under the colonial regime of the Russian Empire and the Bukhara Emirate under the monarchical regime, came up with the ideas of freedom and independence. On September 2, 1920, in Bukhara, the Emirati system was overthrown by red soldiers by force of arms. On September 14, 1920, at the general meeting of the Bukhara Council of People's Observers, the Revolutionary Committee and the Central Committee of the Bukhara Communist Party, the All-Bukhara Revolutionary Committee and the Republican Government - 11 members of the Council of People's Observers. were formed. On October 6-8, 1920, the First Congress of People's Representatives of Bukhara took place. At the congress, the formation of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic was solemnly announced. Based on archival documents, the fact is analyzed that the Bolsheviks, who came to Bukhara under the guise of helping to create a democratic state, intervened here in political and socio-economic life and tried to turn it in the interests of Russia.

MANG'IT AMIRLARI DAVRIDA MADRASALAR

This article provides information about the work done by the rulers of Bukhara Emirate forthe development of science and madrasahs

“We are the Turkestan Rothschilds”: Jewish Firms and Trading Houses in the Turkestan General-Government

The entrepreneurial activity of the Jews flourished in the Turkestan region after the conquest of the territory of Kokand and part of the Bukhara khanates by the Russian Empire. Starting from the 1870s, Jews who had long lived on the territory of the Bukhara Emirate began to move to the Samarkand and Fergana valleys. The main actors in the economy of Turkestan were the “national” groups of merchants who controlled the entire economic life of the region. On the eve of the conquest of the Turkestan region by Russian troops, Bukharan Jews and the so-called “Sartian” merchants played a significant role in international and domestic trade in the Khanates. In fact, the entire international trade of the khanates was in the hands of intermediaries – Bukharan Jews. With the arrival of the Russians in the region, they stepped up their activities in the newly created Turkestan and tried to take all the threads of the economy into their own hands. The main emphasis is on the activities of Jewish firms and trading houses and their role in the Central Asian economy. For the first time, archival documents are introduced into academic circulation, covering the trading operations of Jewish firms and trading houses in Russian Turkestan. The article also attempts to prove that the adoption of restrictive laws did not affect the successful development of the substantial Bukharan-Jewish capital in the Turkestan region. Based on archival documents, the author demonstrates that the imperial authorities, institutions, and structures actively interacted with substantial Jewish capital in the imperial periphery.

TRADE RELATIONS OF THE BUKHARA EMPIRE WITH RUSSIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY - THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY

In the article, the intensive trade relations of the Bukhara kingdom with Russia in the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century are highlighted. It was also analyzed that there was a high demand for commercial products made in Russia in the Emirate of Bukhara, and that Bukhara products were popular in Russia.

TRADE RELATIONS IN SAMARKAND ON THE EVE OF THE CONQUEST OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

It has been studied that Samarkand region, as one of the rich regions of Bukhara Emirate, played a major role in internal and external trade. Also, as a result of regions' specialization in certain types of economy and production of products, the formationof local markets, which are the center of trade, has been revealed.

“Railway justice” in the Processes of Acculturation in the Frontier Zones of Asian Russia in the Late 19th — early 20th Century (Bukhara Emirate and Northern Manchuria)

The article is a comparative study of two variants of the “railway justice”, i.e. justice systems in the Russian exclaves in the Emirate of Bukhara and the Northern Manchuria at the end of 19th — beginning of 20th century. Basic mechanisms of integration and acculturation of both territories and their population was railway infrastructure (Central Asia and Chinese Eastern Railways) and judicial institution connected with it. The research is based on the wide circle of sources: archival materials of court cases, legal acts of central and regional authorities, hand-books, analytical woks and contemporary memories. The correlation of Russian jurisdictions of different levels is studied. The special attention is paid to court practice of the Russian political agency and lay justice in Bukhara and mixed Russian-Chinese courts in the Northern Manchuria. Authors found that Russian justice in both exclaves on the one hand were based on the imperial post-reform legal rules and on the other hand were adopted for the specific interstate context, ethno-confessional diversity of territories, local legal culture. Russian courts were succeeded in the provision pf basic law and order and promote the processes of cultural legal integration of the studied regions and their varied population. Distinctions of two justice models are connected with difference competence of the Russian post-reform courts in the Emirate of Bukhara and Northern Manchuria. Central authorities and administration of the Chinese Eastern Railway took into account and discussed the Bukharan experience of deeper justice integration, but saved the wide latitude of mixed Russian-Chinese courts.

Pedagogical views of jadids on healthy lifestyle

This article covers the history of the school education system in Bukhara (late 19th -early 20th centuries). In the emirate of Bukhara, the issues of traditional schools, Tatar schools, new method schools, Russian-tuzem schools are covered in detail. The issues of school buildings, their maintenance, lessons and textbooks of this period, salaries and benefits that teachers were given to them, material condition and maintenance of teachers and students were described. Information about classrooms, classrooms, classes taught, subjects and sciences, examination processes is described. The article presents the views of the enlightened jadids on school issues. Information is given on the enlighteners who opened the new method schools. Issues of reformism in school education are covered in every possible way.

Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Khiva on the Russian Cotton Trade Market: Legal Aspects

Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Khiva on the Russian Cotton Trade Market: Legal Aspects

Trends in Intellectual Life in Central Asia in the 19th Century (Based on the Works of Nadira, Dilshod Barno and Ahmad Donish)

This article will analyse trends in the development of intellectual life in Central Asia in the 19th century, based on the legacy of three writers. It will provide an overview of the state of the Central Asian khanates in the 19th century, as well as certain historico-political factors, which led to the emergence of the so-called Central Asian intellectual renaissance. Elements of social criticism are already present in Nadira’s (1792–1842) and Dilshod Barno’s (1800–1905) works. Furthermore, in the case of the latter, she produced not only poetry, but also prose, including her famous “Ta’rikhi muhojiron”, where she discussed the period of feudal wars between the Central Asian khanates. The second part of the article is dedicated to the legacy of Ahmad Donish (1827–1897), an intellectual who took part in three Bukharan embassies sent to Saint Petersburg. Special attention is paid to Donish’s most famous work – “Navodir ul-vaqoe’”, as well as to one of its chapters – “Risola dar nazmi tamaddun va taovun”, written in the ‘Mirrors for Princes’ genre. Donish’s “Risola yo mukhtasare az ta’rikhi saltanati khonadoni manghitiya” is also considered in this article. Both works demonstrate that Donish’s criticism of the political and social state of the Emirate of Bukhara was significant. His concept of progress was based on the correct interpretation of Sharia and on the observance of main Islamic traditions. Overall, this article will demonstrate the development of social criticism in the works of certain Central Asian writers who lived in the 19th century.

PARTICIPATION OF THE TURKESTAN MILITARY DISTRICT IN THE COLONIAL POLICY CONDUCTED IN THE BUKHARA EMIRATE AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS

In the second half of the 19th century -the beginning of the 20th century, in order to end the opposition and resistance movements dissatisfied with the colonial system, and to prevent popular movements from spreading to the territory of the Turkestan General Governorate, the troops of the Turkestan military district constantly interfered in the political processes in the Bukhara Emirate and sent many military units to their placed in the area. The presence of the colonial armed forces in the territory of the emirate led to the fact that the independence of this state in internal politics became a relative concept.

Artillery in the khanates of Central Asia in the 18th — early 20th centuries according to memoir sources and travel sketches

The article is devoted to the formation of artillery in the khanates of Central Asia in the period of the middle of the 18th – early 20th centuries. The references to cannons and the development of artillery and auxiliary industries in the Khiva and Kokand khanates, as well as in the Emirate of Bukhara, according to written sources from the since the beginning of the 18th century, have been studied. The memoirs of officers of the Russian Empire about the use of artillery in the armies of the khanates of Central Asia are analyzed.

Demographic Processes in Turkestan Region at the End of the XIX - Beginning of the XX Centuries

This article highlights and analyzes the issues of the policy of colonization and resettlement of the Russian Empire and its impact on the demographic processes of the population in the southern oases of the Bukhara Emirate and draws appropriate conclusions.

National-Territorial Delimitation in Central Asia in the 1920s: the Emergence of Border Disputes

The formation of the administrative borders of the Central Asian republics is connected with the historical events of the 1920s, the Bolshevik policy of division, or national-territorial demarcation of this vast Islamized region in the center of Eurasia. The Central Asian states that existed during the imperial period (Bukhara Emirate, Khiva and Kokand khanates), as well as during the initial period of Sovietization of the region (Turkestan ASSR, Bukhara NSR and Khorezm NSR) were not national entities. After the end of the Civil War, the Bolsheviks, within the framework of the "policy of self-determination of peoples", assumed that each state was to unite the population within a single nation, defined primarily by ethnicity. However, the implementation of these guidelines ran up against the lack of clear ethnic boundaries and the multiculturalism of the region; conflicts over the distribution of water, pasture, and minerals were not uncommon in the delimitation of borders. The territorial delimitation in the Fergana Valley, perceived by the Bolsheviks as a stronghold of the antiSoviet movement in Central Asia under the slogans of Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turkism, was especially difficult. It is no coincidence that the Fergana Valley, which was a single economic, cultural and historical complex, turned out to be divided between three state formations, the border disputes between which have not yet been finally resolved.

Traditional Farming in the Economic Culture of the Uzbek People: on the Example of the Surkhan Oasis (Historical and Ethnological Analysis)

This article is devoted to learning long traditions of Surkhan valley agriculture. It was proved by ethnographical field materials and archive documents in this article that Surkhan valley was surrounded by mountains covering 3 sides, only southern side was open to Amu-Darya, and this geographical position was very comfortable for agriculture. It was scientifically determined that Surkhan valley was not only high-tempered area, but also very convenient land with sunny weather. New kinds of the crops of Surkhan valley agriculture were augmented according to local position at the period of Bukhara emirate. Creating special kinds of land products and cereals suitable for valley climate were written based on archive sources. Changes happening on sowing crops in the valley influencing political, economic and ethnographical processes resulted by Bukhara emirate’s being dependent to Russian empire were given based on scientific literature, archive materials, and statistics. As well as stretching cotton-growing lands, traditions of agriculture, and transformation processes were analyzed by many historical-ethnographical sources for this time.