Problem Of Emigration Research Articles

Образовательная эмиграция белорусов: социально-политические аспекты

The subject of the study is the problem of mass emigration of young people and students from the Republic of Belarus. The analysis of the current situation in Belarus, as well as the results of the survey of Belarusian students studying in Poland, show that a special role in the educational emigration of Belarusian youth is played not by economic factors, but more by political and social factors. Educational emigration subsequently turns into channels for Belarusian youth to leave for permanent residence. The country loses the future intellectual elite of society: highly educated people, future scientists, highly professional specialists in all spheres of the national economy. Emigration has acquired impressive scale, which leads to a huge crisis in Belarusian education and society as a whole. For receiving countries, educational migration serves as a tool to increase the country’s competitiveness in the world market.

Emigration from Ukraine to Germany in the Context of the Russian-Ukrainian War

A new topic is submitted in the article, namely the study of changes in the social structure of modern Ukrainian society, in particular, forced migration processes in Ukraine and abroad, caused by the active phase of the Russian-Ukrainian war started on February 24, 2022. The adaptation mechanisms in Germany, where the second in number largest group of the forced migrants stay are considered in the work. The main issues include granting a residence permit in Germany with refugee status, state support, housing, material and medical assistance, educational services, employment, etc. Also the activities of Ukrainian public organizations in FRG, in particular diplomatic, confessional, volunteer, scouting, etc. are described. The paper is aimed at the conducting an analytical ethnological study of socio-cultural aspects, systematization of the statistical data on the emigration of the population from Ukraine to Germany from various sources (scientific literature, Internet resources, mass media, own field notes and illustrative materials from the participants of these processes, etc.). The main researcher’s attention is paid to the adaptation period of the war refugees, their adjustment to the new realities of life in Germany and the negative consequences of migration processes for Ukraine, both demographic, economic and ethnopolitical, ethnocultural. The emigration problem is extremely important and sensitive for modern society, requiring constant statistical updates, analysis and generalisation, therefore its relevance is obvious and timely. The general scientific methods and special ethnological ones are used in the study: system analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, classification (to reveal the subject of the article, structure it and summarise information in a single semantic wholeness). Interviews and audio recording of field material are used among the special methods (to replenish the factual base and clarify the current state of the problem). The method of critical discourse analysis has been used to analyse the interview texts. It provides the most complete picture of the migrant’s condition and adaptation in foreign and unusual surroundings. The scientific novelty of the submitted topic lies in the generalised analysis of statistical and demographic data on the scale of forced emigration of Ukrainians, which has and will continue to have a negative impact on the gene pool of our country.

FEATURES OF THE LABOR MARKET IN UKRAINE DURING THE WAR

The article highlights the functioning of the modern labor market in Ukraine. The analysis of employment and unemployment indicators, the level of the economically active and unemployed population of Ukraine was carried out. Based on the materials of the state statistical reporting of Ukraine, the general situation in the labor market of Ukraine for the period from March 2022 to January 1, 2023 was considered. The main indicators characteristic of the labor market were studied - employment and unemployment. The causes of unemployment are singled out, the methods of struggle and ways to overcome unemployment are substantiated. The problems of labor migration and emigration in the conditions of martial law are considered. It's done the forecast of the level of unemployment in Ukraine for the coming years. Measures to improve the quality of financial support of the labor market are given. Ways to overcome disparities in the labor market and measures to increase the quality of the national workforce are proposed forces, the demand for labor in general and will ensure a decrease in the unemployment rate in Ukraine.

Challenges of international migration in Georgia

In the era of globalization, international migration has become massive. International labor and education markets allow people to study and work in a country of their choice. The right to move freely between countries is an essential human rights element. However, if migration processes are illegal, it can turn into a severe problem. Evaluating the political, cultural, and socio-economic consequences of international migration processes, promoting legal migration, developing a migration policy tailored to the country's interests, and creating the legal basis for its implementation are significant priorities of the state policy in any country. The paper identifies the main challenges of international migration in Georgia and discusses the legislation regulating migration processes. The dynamics of international migration, its positive and negative aspects, and the socio-economic problems of emigration and immigration are analyzed based on statistical-quantitative research methods. Opinions are expressed to perfect migration policy and overcome its challenges.

Personality Features of a High School Student — a Potential Emigrant

In Russia during the Soviet Union, the problem of emigration did not arise, because there was practically no emigration. In Russia, after the restoration of capitalism, there was emigration, but there was no problem of emigration, since everyone who wanted and could leave freely, and the image of a “citizen of the world” had positive connotations. Everything changed dramatically with the start of a special military operation, and our study of the potential reasons for the emigration of young people from Russia in 2021–2022 looks especially relevant now. The purpose of the study is to identify the reasons that contribute to the formation of emigrant moods in the stratum of schoolchildren of sixteen to eighteen years old, students of senior classes of general education schools. The design of the study involved a comparison of the psychological structure of the personality of high school students, carriers of a different, negative and positive, image of Russia and the psychological portrait corresponding to this image. The study involved 70 people, including 27 boys and 43 girls, all students of prestigious schools in Yekaterinburg. An analysis of the relationship between the variables Negative Image of Russia and Desire to Emigrate with the variables that form the psychological portrait of a person showed an obvious difference between these portraits. It was revealed that the desire to emigrate is determined by the negative image of Russia that exists in the mind of a high school student, which is a causal factor that forms the personality traits of a potential emigrant.

American Theme in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s and Grigori Machtet’s Works

The article examines the image of the “New World” and the problem of emigration in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s and Grigori Machtet’s “American” works. It is stated that the main historical and literary context of both authors is the ideology and philosophy of positivism. The similarity between the worldview of Sienkiewicz and Machtet is determined by the fact that both writers traveled to America, and the comprehension of themes considering American culture played a key role in their creative evolution. The image of America in “Letters from a Journey to America” by Sienkiewicz and “Travel Pictures” by Machtet are compared. Similarities and differences are found in the artistic interpretation of the image of an Indian in Senkevich’s “Sachem” and Mactet’s “Black Ingratitude”. The main attention is paid to the relationship between the theme of emigration and the problem of hope in the stories of Sienkiewicz “For Daily Bread “ and Machtet’s “Prodigal Son”. The author concludes that the difference between the analyzed works considering the plot is established by the social identity of the characters (the image of the intellectual in Machtet’s story and the images of peasants in Sienkiewicz’s tale). It is concluded that there is an antinomic relationship between the motif of hope as an integral part of human life and the statement of the hopelessness of the situation of peasants in America in the story by Sienkiewicz. Machtet’s story is also characterized by the motives of disappointment - the hero’s unfulfilled hopes for self-realization in America, and at the same time, the motives of revival of hope and finding the purpose of life in work on land. The ideological similarity of both texts is determined by the program of „economic patriotism” preached by the writers of the positivist direction.

An artistic look at the history of Slovenians and their future (on the material of I. Cankar's prose)

In the article discusses the following several key themes in the works of I. Cankar (1876–1918) (primarily in his prose of the early 20th century), giving an idea of his vision of the historical path of the Slovenian people, among them are peasant uprisings, the problem of emigration and the First World War. Another important task of the study is to identify the writer’s ideas about the future of Slovenes, expressed in artistic form, through the components of the Slovenian World Model (SMM), to characterize the features of which two concepts are chosen: road / path and house. The analysis of the prose of the outstanding Slovenian writer, dedicated to the important stages of the historical path of the Slovenian people, as well as the artistic embodiment of the central concepts of the Slovenian model of the world, leads to the conclusion that I. Cankar, based on mythopoetic and religious traditions, was able to express the main ideas that unite the Slovenians and explain them centripetal tendencies, as well as to outline the vector of movement for the future.

“Silenced Generation”: South African Emigrant Writers and Their Fates (1950–1960s)

The article is devoted to the problem of emigration of writers from South Africa in the 1950s–1960s. Using the example of the fates of three South African writers – Peter Abrahams, Nat Nakasa and Arthur Nortier – the author raises the following questions: what were the reasons that forced the creative intelligentsia to leave their country? What was the state policy towards emigrants in the 1950s and 1960s? Why did emigration become an opportunity for some writers to gain political and creative freedom, while for others it became a path to self-destruction, loneliness and death? The problem of emigration and emigrant literature of South Africa is almost unexplored both in South Africa and in foreign historiography. However, the study of the fate of South African emigration sheds light on similar processes and problems in the history of other countries: the causes of emigration of intellectuals, the relations between writers and authorities, the problem of self-identification of representatives of various diasporas abroad, as well as the problem of intercultural and interracial dialogue both in literature and everyday life.

Феномен «знекорінення» – «укорінення» української еміграції на теренах міжвоєнної Чехословаччини (1918–1939): оцінка в часі

To this day, the semantic content of the term "emigration" and its derivatives remains undefined and is perceived in society in different ways: from principledness to treason, social outsiderness, earning money to the search for adventure, adventurism. Therefore, the problem of emigration still requires a more detailed and in-depth study. In particular, the so far unexplored emigration everyday life needs attention. The proposed article deals with the phenomenon of "uprooting (UPR) – rooting (CSR)" of Ukrainian political emigrants on the territory of interwar Czechoslovakia. Modern researchers read everyday history in two planes, which can be conventionally called "technology of life" or "level of life" (tools and ways of ensuring the sphere of everyday needs: what to eat and wear, where to live, what to move around, what to use in work, study, leisure, how to take care of health) and "axiology of life" or "life style" (meaningful content, system of life guidelines (how and for what to live: values, morals, habits, priorities, tastes)). In the epicenter of our attention is the value plane. The concept of "uprooting" includes "being-from-the-edges", hence hopelessness, political-social, cultural-economic alienation. Whereas the concept of "rooting") – "being-for-oneself") – cultural, political fullness of life, self-actualization and self-realization of all emigration essential forces, opportunities, abilities, meanings of culture, goals and values, manifestations of spirituality, creativity, freedom, sovereignty and responsibility.

Причины эмиграции граждан стран Центрально-Восточной Европы и Балтии в Великобританию (1990–2004 гг.)

Importance. In recent years, historiography, mass media, and representatives of the political elite show a growing interest in the causes of Brexit, which led to Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union. In this context, research into the Central-Eastern European and Baltic Countries Citizens Emigration to Great Britain, which contributed to the growth of anti-emigrant sentiment in the United Kingdom, is of particular importance. An important place in the study of emigration problems is occupied by analyzing the reasons for emigration and its perception by citizens of the region countries Research Methods. The historical and genetic method is used, which allowed to consider emigration in dynamics, reveal its causes, the main characteristics of migration flows and the perception of this process by different social groups. Results and Discussion. The socialist system collapse in Central-Eastern Europe and the Baltic States required the new governments to destroy the planned socialist economy and create new national economy organization principles. Its liberalization and integration into the world economy led at first to a decline in Gross Domestic Product, inflation, structural changes in the labor market and an increase in unemployment, especially in the difficult situation of young people. The gap in the level and quality of life between the Western Europe and Central-Eastern Europe and the Baltic states made the Eastern Europeans departure to the Great Britain attractive. Most potential emigrants according to sociological surveys and analytical research, including the commission of K. Dastman considered short-term emigration as a behavioral strategy. Conclusions. Difficulties in the Central-Eastern Europe and the Baltic States transition to a market economy result to an increase in migration attitudes among citizens. The main reason for emigration from Central-Eastern Europe and the Baltic states to Great Britain, as well as to other Western European countries, is economic reasons; the political factor did not play a significant role in all region countries.

Attitudes towards Emigration in Vincas Kudirka’s and Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas’s Journalism

Mass emigration to the United States of America began in the last decades of the 19th century. It has been estimated that about 500 thousand people left Lithuania before WWI. Lithuanian elite of that time perceived emigration as a problem. The article examines the views on emigration and its dangers for the individual and the country, as expressed in the articles of two of the most prominent intellectuals of the late 19th century who had a decisive influence on the formation of the national and civic consciousness, Vincas Kudirka and Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas. It discusses the themes and problems of emigration highlighted by Kudirka and Vaižgantas, as well as similarities and differences in their attitudes towards emigration. Using the premise of cognitive linguistics that any type of discourse reflects the linguistic, social, ideological, and psychological attitudes of the author, the article shows that the language of Kudirka’s and Vaižgantas’s journalism is inseparable from their thinking and imagination, because language, as it exists in human consciousness, reveals the specificity of reasoning and the way of understanding the world. It concludes that the opposed worldviews of Kudirka and Vaižgantas determined the differences of the value-based attitude towards emigration manifested in their articles.

Немцы Калмыкии: вехи истории — вехи судьбы

Introduction. The 260-year history of Russia Germans is still of interest to researchers. The Germans of Kalmykia, their history, life and culture remain somewhat understudied. Goals. The work aims at revealing circumstances to have surrouned the arrival and strengthening of Germans in Kalmykia, analyzes available sources for an overview of historical milestones experienced by the ethnic group in the Republic. To facilitate this, the paper shall consider reasons of the German immigration to Russia, provide a comprehensive description of the latter, reveal causes of the subsequent deportation and problems of rehabilitation and emigration. Materials. The study investigates archival sources, publications dealing with the history of Russia Germans, periodicals and author’s field data. Results. The analysis of sources yields a history of Kalmykia Germans from their arrival in nomadic territories of Bolshederbetovsky Ulus to the modern era. The perestroika witnessed mass migrations of Kalmykia Germans back to Germany to have resulted from the loss of mother tongue, and harsh economic conditions.

Немцы Калмыкии: вехи истории — вехи судьбы

Introduction. The 260-year history of Russia Germans is still of interest to researchers. The Germans of Kalmykia, their history, life and culture remain somewhat understudied. Goals. The work aims at revealing circumstances to have surrouned the arrival and strengthening of Germans in Kalmykia, analyzes available sources for an overview of historical milestones experienced by the ethnic group in the Republic. To facilitate this, the paper shall consider reasons of the German immigration to Russia, provide a comprehensive description of the latter, reveal causes of the subsequent deportation and problems of rehabilitation and emigration. Materials. The study investigates archival sources, publications dealing with the history of Russia Germans, periodicals and author’s field data. Results. The analysis of sources yields a history of Kalmykia Germans from their arrival in nomadic territories of Bolshederbetovsky Ulus to the modern era. The perestroika witnessed mass migrations of Kalmykia Germans back to Germany to have resulted from the loss of mother tongue, and harsh economic conditions.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF EMIGRATION AND POSSIBILITIES FOR THEIR SOLUTION

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF EMIGRATION AND POSSIBILITIES FOR THEIR SOLUTION Ekaterina Slavnay candidate of psychological sciences, teacher departments of Clinical Psychology, Non-governmental educational private institution of higher professional

Intellectuals and the Cold War Exile – Framework of Analysis

This article is devoted to the problem of political emigration in the Cold War period. This problem has been studied by a large group of intellectuals-thinkers, writers, and academics. The author of the article focuses on the individual strategies of sentiments among Central and Eastern European intellectuals. Their decisions were as much the result of an impulse and reaction to circumstances as the rational premise that the outside world was a place where they would be safer with their family and friends, and where they would not have to succumb to political pressure in their work and research. The author relies on conceptual developments among specialists in the field of the analysis of behavioral patterns of intellectuals. Particular attention is paid to the example of Adam Ulam, whose personality combined the specific features of emigrants from Russia and Eastern Europe. Much attention is paid to the theoretical and methodological aspects of the problem of intellectuals in Central and Eastern Europe. The author analyzes the approaches of researchers to the problem of the formation of the Polish intelligentsia. As a result of the study, it has been shown that, during the Cold War, intellectuals were mobilized on both sides of the Iron Curtain. Some of them played an important role, such as in US Cold War strategies, especially within the so-called Cultural Cold War. Сonclusions drawn from such study are of a more universal nature and allow one to pose a question about the specificity of the intellectual émigré as an important element of global intellectual history.

The Impact of International Labor Migration on Business Activities

Labor migration has gained momentum and has become an intensive and difficult process to manage. The problem of emigration is evidenced by the particularly high flows of people leaving to work and live abroad (Akerman, 2007). As migration processes intensify, there are risks of an economic, socio-cultural and political-managerial nature. Population migration takes place in all countries of the world, but the extent of population migration and the impact on the country's economy and business vary. The work summarizes the theories and concepts of international labor migration, explains the causes of international labor migration and the positive and negative consequences for business. Two countries were selected to assess international labor migration impact on businesses activities. Lithuania was the first choice because its economic and political and institutional and technological was growing from time to time. Egypt was the second choice because it was suffereing after the two revolutions and its indicators had negatively affected except technological sector .The business environment of selected countries were examined. The business environment of selected countries was also examined, and the impact of international labor migration on the activities of companies was determined (Böcker, 2019).

Создание национальных районов как средство обеспечения прав и свобод российских немцев: на примере Азовского немецкого национального района

Maintaining political stability and unity of the territory of the state is an important task for any government. It becomes especially relevant in cases where different territories of the state have ethnically different populations. Areas with mixed populations, especially those driven by migration, are potential areas of stress. Reasonable implementation of the rights and freedoms of citizens in economic and cultural terms, freedom of movement, is a guarantee of stable development or at least peaceful migration. An analysis of the history of the creation of German national regions in the USSR shows a picture of the gradual assimilation of the German population or its migration outside the country. The article discusses the creation of a Azovsky Nemetsky (German) National District to ensure economic and cultural rights. The work is carried out on the basis of multifaceted sources. As a result of the fulfillment of the goal of the study — the reconstruction of the history of the region’s reconstruction against the background of the development of the German national movement and the influence of its international obligations on the country’s leadership, the following conclusions can be drawn. The creation of the Azovsky Nemetsky (German) National District is culturally, economically and politically expedient. Of interest there are also the conclusions about the possibilities within the framework of the Azovsky Nemetsky (German) National District to resolve the problems of emigration and migration, as well as the issues of raising the standard of living of the population.

«Омская группа» в эмиграции в Маньчжурии

Based on unpublished sources and emigrant memoirs, the work analyzes the issue of social adaptation to the conditions of emigration in Manchuria by representatives of the «Omsk group», which consisted of former members of the anti-Bolshevik Siberian governments during the Civil War. Based on the theory of social adaptation and the anthropological approach, the article focuses on such aspects of the biography of this category of figures as behavioral strategies, service on the Chinese Eastern Railway, and the choice of citizenship. The study of the destiny of the “Omichi” in Harbin is necessary to present the activities of Russian public and political figures after the Civil War, to understand the problems of emigration in Manchuria and the peculiarities of the existence of the liberal intelligentsia.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ВІДНОСИН УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to consideration of modern directions, features of the transformation of international economic relations of Ukraine (IERU), the content of which is defined as the process of restructuring, implementation of structural changes, introduction of innovative forms, methods, tools of functioning of the world economic relations of our state. The main prerequisites for the transformation of the IERU have been studied: a) globalization of the world economy; b) challenges of scientific and technical progress; c) the consequences of the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. In the theoretical aspect, the approach to the content of the dialectical interaction of the IERU and the foreign economic activity of Ukraine (FEAU), which, respectively, are considered as the essence and form of a single integral phenomenon - the system of international economic relations of our state. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the transformation of the following components of the IERU: a) foreign trade relations; b) problems of emigration of labor resources; c) adaptation to the conditions of the world labor market. Modern features of the transformation of foreign trade are noted, in the process of which the existing parameters of export-import operations, regional displacement of foreign trade volumes are taken into account. The directions of the transformation of IERU related to the domestic demographic situation are highlighted. They are characterized by a reduction in the active component of labor resources; employed in the field of foreign trade; termination of entrepreneurial activity by a part of the private sector, oriented towards international business; reduction of currency transfers from workers abroad; expenses related to the social security of immigrants in Ukraine and abroad. The effect of international economic sanctions against the Russian Federation is considered as a factor in the transformation of the IER. As promising directions of research into the transformation of IERU, it is proposed to consider: a) features of the accelerated development of external relations in the field of information and communication services; b) specifics of implementation of digital technologies in enterprises of the export sector; c) use of innovative forms of international cooperation in the global digital space.

Fellow Citizens or Aliens? Galician Refugees during the First World War in Hungary

The outbreak of the First World War (1914–1918) forced the countless civilians to leave their homes and to become war refugees. This topic has remained largely unexplored by the historians. The number of refugees from the multinational Galicia in the years 1914–1918 was large in many parts of the former Austria-Hungary, which finds its reflection in archival materials scattered over various archives and over an extensive territory. This paper presents the issue of the Galician war refugees who found themselves in the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. It also outlines the general problem of emigration as well as describes relations between the refugees and the local people. It was not only due to antagonisms but also due to the administrative decisions of the Hungarian authorities that the Galician refugees remained alien to the locals, despite the fact they all were citizens of the same Habsburg Monarchy.