Group Of Emigrants Research Articles

‘The loneliest of the war’s victims’: wives and families of Italian emigrant soldiers in the First World War

ABSTRACT Women’s experiences during the First World War have received considerable scholarly attention but the fates of emigrant women have remained understudied. This article focuses on Italian emigrant women in the Americas, Europe and North Africa and uncovers how their experiences differed both from those of women in Italy and from those of other women in their adopted countries. The female emigrants most affected by the war were the wives of the 300,000 reservists who returned to Italy for their military service, which plunged many families into crisis. The difficulties faced by all wives of mobilised soldiers were exacerbated for female Italian emigrants. As Italian men had been the only emigrant group to depart en masse for service at home, the case of Italian women is unique. As non-citizens, they were generally not entitled to state aid. In addition, the Italian government subsidy was entirely insufficient abroad and many families were ineligible for support. This article thus explores how the Italian government and private charity abroad responded to this unfolding crisis in Italian emigrant communities and how the women themselves experienced the war and the new challenges of being an emigrant on a foreign home front.

Physiological Status of Rice Leaf-Roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Adults Trapped by Sex Pheromone and Floral Odor.

The rice leaf-roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is an important migratory pest of rice. We conducted a study to determine the physiological status of adults trapped by a sex pheromone and floral odor. In the immigrant group, the number of males trapped by the floral odor was greater than the number caught by sex pheromone trapping. The volume of testes was similar in the above two trapping methods but was smaller than in the sweep net method. The ovary developmental grade, mating rate, and number of matings of females caught in floral odor trap were higher than in those caught in the sweep net. In the local breeding group, the number of males trapped by sex pheromones was greater than the number trapped by the floral odor. The volume of testes was smaller in the floral odor trap compared to the pheromone trap group, with the largest in the sweep net group. The ovarian developmental grade, mating rate, and number of matings of females were significantly higher in the floral odor trap group than in the sweep net group. In the emigrant group, the adult olfactory response to the sex pheromone and floral odor was low. The volume of testes was larger in the sweep net group compared to the moths caught by floral odor trapping. The number of eggs laid by female immigrants trapped by the floral odor and sweep net was similar, while the number in the local breeding group was greater in moths caught with the sweep net in comparison with those caught by the floral odor trap. The difference in egg hatchability between the two trapping methods in both immigrants and local breedings was not significant.

On intra-urban differences in the destinations of emigrants from the Municipality of Malaga (Spain): An approximation based on the municipal register of inhabitants

Emigrants who left the Municipality of Malaga in the 2017–2021 period went to multiple destinations, mostly municipalities located in the province of Malaga itself, more specifically in its metropolitan area. Average housing prices in these metropolitan municipalities are highly variable, and, in this context, it is reasonable to assume that there will be a relationship between the income levels of emigrants and their destination. Based on a special processing of the Municipal Register of Inhabitants of the Municipality of Malaga, we show how a relationship can effectively be found between the average household income (AHI) of the census tract of origin of the emigrants and the average price of housing in the destination municipality, both for the whole group of emigrants and for selected age groups – children and young adults. A relationship that points to an overrepresentation of municipalities with high housing prices in the sections with the highest income, and vice versa.

SRPSKI ISELjENICI U JUŽNOJ AMERICI NAKON DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA I NjIHOV ODNOS PREMA NOVIM VLASTIMA U JUGOSLAVIJI

Many Serbian royalists and various opposition groups to the Communist Party of Yugoslavia administration sought safety in South America following World War II. While many of them settled in Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Argentina, the majority of them escaped to Argentina. Numerous clubs and organizations were established in those nations, such as the “Srpski klub̊ˮ from Sao Paolo, the “Srpski patriotski blok̴ˮ from Montevideo, the Argentian Serbs society ˮVelika Srbijaˮ from Buenos Aires, and others.These groups published publications and pamphlets, debated domestic politics, and conducted meetings. Diplomacy from Socialist Yugoslavia closely followed the operations of those groups. The Serbian community in Argentina started the journal “Srpska zastavaˮ with the goal of uniting all Serbs.Although they disapproved of the “bad experienceˮ of Yugoslavia, they also lauded Serbia for its medieval history and early 20th-century modern sovereignty. Despite not holding an official position in any emigrant group, Milan Stojadinović, the former Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, was a prominent figure among Serbian emigrants in Argentina. Rather, he served as a consultant for both the biggest newspaper in the country, “Srpska zastavaˮ, and the group “Velika Srbijaˮ. Although the efforts of Serbian expatriates in South America following World War II did not result in significant changes in their home country, they occasionally posed a challenge to Titoʼs regimeʼs propaganda efforts.

Comparative assessment of erythrocyte sphingolipid levels as potential cardiovascular health markers in women from Libya and Serbia: a small-scale study

ABSTRACT Aim: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide including Libya, where they account for 43% of all deaths. Sphingolipids are involved in the pathology of numerous diseases including cardiovascular diseases and are proposed as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular health that could be more effective compared to traditional clinical biomarkers. The aim of this study was to determine the sphingolipid content in the erythrocyte membrane of Libyan migrant and Serbian resident women. In addition, to examine if sphingolipid levels could be used as a novel indicator of cardiovascular risk, we evaluated possible correlations with some well-established biomarkers of cardiovascular health. Materials and Methods: A total of 13 Libyan and 15 Serbian healthy women participated in the study. The high-performance version thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) using the image analysis tool JustTLC was applied for quantification of erythrocytes’ sphingolipids. Results: Lower mean values of erythrocytes’ sphingolipids and cholesterol concentrations were found in the group of Libyan emigrants compared to Serbian resident women. Besides, in this group of apparently healthy women (n = 28), the sphingolipid content of erythrocytes was inversely related to the Omega-3 index (r =-0.492, p = 0.008) and directly linked to vitamin D status (r = 0.433, p = 0.021) and membrane cholesterol levels (r = 0.474, p = 0.011). Conclusion: The erythrocytes’ sphingolipid levels should be measured/assessed as an additional biomarker of CV health, by applying a simple and routine method. Still, further investigation in a larger population-specific context is warranted.

ANALYSIS OF THE AMPHIPOD FAUNA OF CONTINENTAL RESERVOIRS IN THE NORTHWEST OF RUSSIA’S EUROPEAN PART

The faunal composition of Amphipoda crustaceans of mainland water bodies in northwestern Russia is analyzed. To compile a checklist of amphipod species, data from original collections made in 1998–2021, the collections of the Zoological Institute, and literary information are used. To date, 29 species of amphipods have been recorded from the continental waters of the region. An arealogical analysis of the faunal composition reveals six groups or distribution patterns: Holarctic, West Palearctic, and North Atlantic estuaries, and further three groups of emigrants (settlers) from the Baikal-Siberian, Ponto-Caspian, and Arctic regions. The greatest species richness is recorded in estuarine sections of Baltic Sea rivers in the territories of the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions, as well as fresh water bodies of the Republic of Karelia. In terms of species richness, estuarine species amphi-Atlantic in distribution and representatives of allochthonous faunas (invasive species) from the Ponto-Caspian basin dominate the region. The most common in the region are representatives of Holarctic and Palearctic patterns, as well as species of Arctic and Baikal-Siberian origins. Among them, the following species are most often to be recorded in lakes: Gammarus lacustris, Monoporeia affinis, Palaseopsis quadrispinosa and Gmelinoides fasciatus, vs G. zaddachi, G. oceanicus, G. tigrinus and Pontogammarus robustoides in estuarine brackish waters. Human-mediated introductions, both intentional and accidental, must have facilitated the appearance of invasive species in the fauna of Russia’s northwestern region. In the future, an increase in species richness in the region can be expected to occur in two ways: through the introduction of marine species into fresh waters and due to speciation.

INTERNATIONAL PROCESSES IN THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST IN THE MID-1940S - MID-1960S IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF CONTEMPORARIES-RUSSIAN EMIGRANTS

The purpose of the article is to analyze the perception by Russian emigrants of the international processes of the Cold War era in the Middle East. The author focuses on the situation in the region in the mid-1940s - mid-1960s, when the foundations of inter-bloc confrontation were being formed. The source base for the study was the materials of the Russian émigré press published in Paris, Frankfurt am Main, New York and other cities of the world. An analysis of historical sources makes it possible to single out two main groups of Russian emigrants from the Cold War era. Some representatives of the Russian emigration sympathized with the Soviet Union and supported its efforts in the international arena, including in the Near and Middle East. However, the most active were those emigrant publicists who belonged to the anti-communist camp. It has been proven that they blamed the Soviet Union for the escalation of tension in various regions of the world, negatively assessed those political regimes of the countries of the region that were oriented towards the USSR. The conclusion is substantiated that the Russian emigration did not ignore the factor of contradictions within the Western bloc in the Cold War, showing how they were embodied in the policies of the USA, Great Britain and France in the Middle East.

Comparative criminal law: illegal migration

Migration is the movement of a person or a group of people, either by crossing an international border or within the same state. It is a population movement, which includes all types of movement of people. Regardless of distance, composition of the emigrant group and causes, it includes the migration of refugees, displaced persons, economic migrants and persons moving for other reasons, including family reunification. Illegal migration, through the lens of the criminal law, is clearly defined as a criminal activity, but this norm does not always achieve its goal of preventing and combating this phenomenon, and the criminal, effectively using, most of the time, the migrant’s state of vulnerability, it sometimes causes irreversible damage to human rights, with the risk of corrupting public financiers, compromising trust in state structures.

Migrant associations, other social networks of Portuguese Diaspora, and the modern political engagement of non-resident citizens

Portuguese emigration has a long global history and, in recent decades, has increased substantially and diversified its range of destinations. Recent emigration, predominantly to the European Union and Lusophone countries in Africa, complemented the traditional 19th to twentieth centuries’ waves of emigration to the Americas. The Portuguese Diaspora is multigenerational and globally distributed, although diverse. How are those generations of migrants organized within the local spaces of the Diaspora? Based on an innovative survey of more than 500 Portuguese Diaspora organisations, this paper shows how migrant engagement policies and practices are evolving and dealing with the new types of Diaspora relations, organisations and institutions. The main output of this research is an exploratory typology of the contemporary apparatuses of these Portuguese Diaspora systems and their nodes. This typology characterises the modern political engagement of non-resident citizens through their participation in associations and other social networks. With this pioneering paper, we intend to open a discussion regarding the means and forms available to mobilise current and past emigrant groups within a meaningful Diaspora policy.

Memorandum of the Leader of the “Workers’ Opposition” Gavriil Myasnikov to the Central Committee of the RCP(b): Source Study Potential

Using the methods of interpreting historical sources, the article analyzes the memorandum of one of the leaders of the “Workers’ Opposition” G. I. Myasnikov, sent to the Central Committee of the RCP(b) on the eve of the X Party Congress. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that referring to the source analysis of the memorandum allows us to expand the chronological framework of the initial stage of the formation of the workers’ opposition movement within the RCP(b), to attribute its origin to the middle of 1920, about six months before the end of the X Party Congress, at which, As you know, factional activity in the RCP(b) was officially banned. In the memorandum of G. I. Myasnikov, according to the researcher, various aspects of the intra-party struggle for power between a group of emigrants led by V. I. Lenin and those members of the RCP(b) with pre-revolutionary experience who were subjected to repression for revolutionary activities in the Russian Empire are reflected, served their sentences in prisons and hard labor. The study reveals the desire of the opposition leader to enlist support not only within the ruling RCP(b), but also outside it, among the “deprived” of power working class. In the memorandum of G. I. Myasnikov, according to the researcher, various aspects of the intra-party struggle for power between a group of emigrants led by V. I. Lenin and those members of the RCP(b) with pre-revolutionary experience who were subjected to repression for revolutionary activities in the Russian Empire are reflected, served their sentences in prisons and hard labor.

Осередок УАПЦ у Подєбрадах міжвоєнної ЧСР (1924-1939 рр.)

Th e purpose of the study is to characterize the activities of the Podebrady centre of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine in interwar Czechoslovakia. Th e research methodology is based on the principles of concrete-historical, problem-chronological approaches, objectivity, and integrity, as well as the use of methods of analysis and synthesis. Th e scientifi c novelty lies in refl ecting the solution of Ukrainian emigration to the issue of the Ukrainianization of the Church. Conclusions. Th e Podebrady Ukrainian Orthodox movement was represented by three separate groups of believers. Th e fi rst belonged to the canonical ju- risdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church under Archbishop Gorazd (Pavlika, 1879–1942). The second, mostly “autocephalists”, – the Supreme Church Council of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church for emigration on the territory of the Czechoslovak Republic, headed by the famous politician Serhii Shelukhin (1864–1938) and the connoisseur of Ukrainian church life, specialist historian Vasyl Bidnov (1874–1935) – it was subordinate to the Constantinople to the patriarch. Archbishop Savvatii was the head of the group of “Ukrainian Praguers” (Vrabets, 1880–1952). Th e third group of Ukrainian emigrants joined the Russian Orthodox parish and recognized the authority of Bishop Serhii (Korolyova, 1881–1952). Th e emigration “autocephalous” centre arose in the resort town of Podebrady, 20 km from Prague, and had 182 Ukrainian Academy of Economics students and 51 teachers. From 1924 to 1939, Hryhoriy Melnyk (1893 – aft er 1939) was the Podebrady “autocephalists” pastor. Th e members of the Orthodox Brotherhood, named aft er Saints Cyril and Methodius, were active participants in the life of the Ukrainian emigration community in interwar Czechoslovakia. Th ey left the most noticeable mark not only in main- taining high morale but also in the material support of other exiles and their families in the fi ght against drunkenness, suicide, and eugenics.

Voice of the Silenced Peoples in the Global Cold War: The Assembly of Captive European Nations, 1954–1972

Voice of the Silenced Peoples in the Global Cold War: The Assembly of Captive European Nations, 1954–1972

From Robert Keayne to Angola, Richard, and Grace: Bernard Bailyn and New England's Place in an Atlantic World

From Robert Keayne to Angola, Richard, and Grace: Bernard Bailyn and New England's Place in an Atlantic World

Na pograniczu narodów i kultur: Polska–Europa–Ameryka [At the borderlands of nations and cultures: Poland—Europe—America

<i>Na pograniczu narodów i kultur: Polska–Europa–Ameryka</i> [At the borderlands of nations and cultures: Poland—Europe—America

Кaliningrаd Oblast’ Image In Migrants’ Narratives

The image of a region is an interdisciplinary research subject both at the international level of analysis and in domestic works there features conceptually contradictory approaches and the need for sociological support vs results obtained. This article aims to demonstrate theoretical and methodological value and empirical potential of the research object - the Kaliningrad oblast’, information about which is formed mainly from the mass media due to its special territorial location. The subject of the research is reproduction of images of the Kaliningrad region in the discursive consciousness of two social groups for which information about the region is directly incorporated into social practices: immigrants and emigrants. Research methods: content analysis of media publications and in-depth interviews. Through the Medialogia platform, the entire universe of Russian media reports about the region 2014 through 2020 was downloaded (N = 7000), the sample consisted of 2577 publications. In-depth interviews with immigrants (n = 45) and emigrants (n = 15) were analyzed via program Atlas.ti. The structure of the information field of the Kaliningrad region is described. In the group of immigrants the dominant image of the Kaliningrad region is a tourist attracting region of international cooperation. The image of a tourist region with a developing infrastructure prevails in the group of emigrants. It is concluded that there is a high potential for interdisciplinary research of the region's image, by which we propose to understand the system of recursive constitution and reproduction of images (ideas) and social practices (relations), depending on the type of resources (information sources) used and the social group of actors (target audience).

The Turkestan Political Émigré Community: Its Influence on the Foreign Policy of the Turkish Republic and the Soviet-Turkish Relations in the 1920s

In this article the author examines the historical circumstances of the formation of the Central Asian (Turkestan) political emigrant community in the territory of the Republic of Turkey in the first half of the 1920s, as well as its political activities aimed at organisational and ideological unification and attempts to gain political support from the Turkish leadership. The study draws on memoirs, reminiscences, and published notes of prominent representatives of the Turkestan emigration (both in Russian and Turkish), collections of documents published in the USSR, as well as recently declassified archival materials covering the foreign policy of Soviet Russia and neighbouring countries. Despite the cultural and ethnic affinity and pan-Turkic convictions of some members of the Turkish political leadership, Turkey provided only limited assistance to representatives of the Turkmen anti-Soviet emigration. Consequently, emigrant groups and associations were forced to seek political support from Eastern European governments. The author concludes that it was futile to encourage the creation of independent political entities on Soviet territory solely by supporting local anti-Soviet protests from abroad. The viability of such entities required internal objective conditions.

The “Storms and Turns of History”: Emigration Narratives in the 20th Century in Polish and Hungarian History Textbooks

History textbooks are special sources, reflecting on the era in which they were published. They play a role in formation of national identity and shape students’ perception of the past and their relation to the present. Central Europe’s recent media have given considerable attention to emigration. How do history textbooks narrate migration? This paper explores how the current history textbooks in Hungary and Poland narrate mass emigration. Findings reveal several reasons for the mass migration named by the textbooks, which include a desire for improved economic and living conditions. The treatment of emigrant groups as transnational populations in both Hungarian and Polish narratives suggests that they are separated from their home country’s national history and in a way ‘step out’ of its flow – however, the narratives appearing in the Polish textbooks deal with the overall neglected groups in greater depth. In addition, this research explores how these textbooks treat these transnational populations.

William Kurelek’s “Multicultu-ralism”: author’s creative method

The purpose of the study — to analyze the phenomenon of the author’s style “multiculturalism” in the painting of the Canadian-Ukrainian artist W. Kurelek, as well as to characterize the unique author’s artistic technique.&#x0D; The methodology. Symbolic-metaphysical and philosophical aspects of the artist’s work are studied on the basis of art analysis of individual paintings. The method of formal and stylistic analysis helped to identify the appearance of individual works, characterized the artistic processes that took place in the Canadian-Ukrainian environment, which had a significant impact on the work of W. Kurelek. This method effectively helped in the stylistic characterization of the canvas, in particular in identifying the formal organization of the work: space, time, color, light, rhythm, composition, perspective.&#x0D; The scientific topicality. The role of W. Kurelek in the formation of the multicultural process in Canada is proved, in particular the importance of his art — chronicles of the formation and development of Canadian emigrants (Frenchmen, Irishmen, Ukrainians, Jews, Poles), as well as the first comprehensive study of the author’s creative method “multiculturalism”.&#x0D; The practical significance. Theoretical material can be used in scientific art and cultural studies, as well as for teaching courses in: history of Ukrainian culture in the diaspora, art of the Ukrainian diaspora, the development of Ukrainian art in Canada, in the preparation of textbooks and manuals.&#x0D; The conclusions. The author’s creative method “multiculturalism” of the Canadian artist, the grandson of the first Ukrainian emigrants W. Ku-relek has been studied. The uniqueness of this creative method lies in the system of abilities of the artist. First of all, it is a comparative approach to the selection of ideas and thematic outlines of works, which was based on a long analysis of the historical context, socio-cultural environment and futuristic predictions, which the artist observed and tried not just narratively capture in his work.&#x0D; From childhood, from his first emigrant grandparents, and later from his own experience of “dual” identity, it was very important for the artist to record in painting the presence and contribution of each emigrant group that was a member of multicultural Canadian society. In order to properly crystallize the author’s style, W. Kurelek traveled to all twelve provinces of Canada, capturing the geopolitical, climatic, natural and social characteristics of each province. He studied the histories of the aboriginal tribes, the arrival of the first emigrants, and the stages of the “multiplication” and integration of the various waves of emigrants on Canadian land. The uniqueness of this style was that the artist did not generalize the standard image of “Frenchman”, “Irishman”, “Pole”, but went by inductive method, studying the history of a person, his life, as well as the history of a country, its art , traditions, music, literature, customs, even cooking.&#x0D; The unique artistic author’s “mixed” technique obtained by long-term experiments and the influence of Nikolaides’ artistic method on the compositional structure of W. Kurelek’s work are also analyzed.

Remittance Houses and Transnational Citizenship: Mapping Eritrea’s Diaspora–State Relationships

Can diaspora houses be used as a site to explore transnational citizenship? Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Eritrea, this article shows that different kinds of remittance houses reify different categories of transnational citizens with various sets of rights and duties. Drawing on studies on state–diaspora relations and remittance houses, I illustrate the key role that housing plays in the Eritrean state’s efforts to build a loyal diaspora. By looking at housing projects (state-led and individual) over the last thirty years, the article shows how different groups of emigrants – based on their relationship to the state of origin as well as their status in their country of residence – have been more or less able to realise their aspirations to build a house back home. By doing this, I show the importance of considering remittance houses as not only transnational cultural artefacts but also political claims to membership.

Croatian Peasant Party in Italy from 1945 to 1947

The aim of this paper is to present and analyse the hitherto poorly researched activities of the Croatian Peasant Party (CPP) in Italy from June 1945 to mid-1947, based on archival sources of the Yugoslav Secret Service, CPP emigrant media and relevant literature. This is a period that marks the arrival and departure of prominent CPP members from Italy. The paper analyses the mutual relationship of CPP members in the party and their attitude towards other emigrant groups and Croatian refugees. During the observed period, most of the CPP’s pre-war MPs who found themselves in exile resided in Italy, and Italy was then one of the most important party centres of activity.