Emergence Of Strategies Research Articles

A metamodel for sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in the modeling of loss of life due to dam failures

ABSTRACT Estimating the loss of life resulting from dam failures is required for devising emergency action plans and strategies for alert issuance and evacuation. However, current models for simulating fatalities are computationally expensive, forced by highly uncertain variables, and not readily interpretable, which may limit their use in engineering and research. For circumventing these problems, we utilize the polynomial chaos expansion technique (PCE) for approximating the loss of life as obtained from the agent-based model LifeSim and propagating uncertainty of inputs, namely, alerted population, mobilized population, alert issuance, and hazard identification, to the model responses. We also benefit from the PCE spectral representation for assessing the effects of each input in the loss of life associated with the dam failure in an urban area in Brazil, considering efficient and inefficient scenarios for alert and evacuation. The PCE error ranged from 10–3 to 10–2, and the mean squared error between the metamodel output and LifeSim was between two fatalities. In global sensitivity analysis, the variables alert issuance and hazard identification contributed the most to the number of fatalities. These findings provide objective guidelines for implementing more effective safety measures, potentially reducing loss of life resulting from a dam break in the study area.

Moderated mediation role of trust in authorities by the Kahramanmaras earthquake survivors

ABSTRACT This article examines the moderated mediation role of trust in authorities in the direct and indirect effects of earthquake exposure on psychological distress symptoms (depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms) through somatic fear (sleep loss and increased heart rates). Convenience and snowball sampling methods were used to collect survey data from 552 adult participants (221 men, 331 women) living in the earthquake zone. The independent variable is earthquake exposure, the mediating variable is somatic fear, and the moderating variable is trust in authorities (emergency plans and strategies, government policies, and media information). Factor analysis using structural equation modelling confirmed one factor for fear of earthquake and trust in authorities and three factors for symptoms of psychological distress. Regression results showed that disaster survivors had low trust in authorities in Turkiye. Mediation and moderated mediation results based on the bootstrap method showed that somatic fear mediated the effect of earthquake exposure on depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and stress symptoms, and trust in authorities moderated the indirect effects of earthquake exposure on stress symptoms through somatic fear. Increased trust in authorities in Turkiye would alleviate psychological distress symptoms among the Kahramanmaras earthquake survivors.

Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates from Poultry Sources in China.

Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen, of which poultry products are important reservoirs. This study analyzed the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and characterization of Salmonella from broiler and laying hen sources in China. A total of 138 (12.27%) strains of Salmonella were isolated from 1125 samples from broiler slaughterhouses (20.66%, 44/213), broiler farms (18.21%, 55/302), and laying hen farms (6.39%, 39/610). Multiplex PCR was used to identify the serotypes. Antibiotic susceptibility testing to a set of 21 antibiotics was performed and all strains were screened by PCR for 24 selected antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). In addition, 24 strains of Salmonella were screened out by whole-genome sequencing together with 65 released Salmonella genomes to evaluate phylogenetic characteristics, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and plasmid carriage percentages. A total of 11 different serotypes were identified, with the dominance of S. Enteritidis (43/138, 31.16%), S. Newport (30/138, 21.74%), and S. Indiana (19/138, 13.77%). The results showed that S. Enteritidis (34.34%, 34/99) and S. Newport (51.28%, 20/39) were the dominant serotypes of isolates from broilers and laying hens, respectively. The 138 isolates showed the highest resistance to sulfisoxazole (SXZ, 100%), nalidixic acid (NAL, 54.35%), tetracycline (TET, 47.83%), streptomycin (STR, 39.86%), ampicillin (AMP, 39.13%), and chloramphenicol (CHL, 30.43%), while all the strains were sensitive to both tigacycline (TIG) and colistin (COL). A total of 45.65% (63/138) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, and most of them (61/63, 96.83%) were from broiler sources. The results of PCR assays revealed that 63.77% of the isolates were carrying the quinolone resistance gene qnrD, followed by gyrB (58.70%) and the trimethoprim resistance gene dfrA12 (52.17%). Moreover, a total of thirty-four ARGs, eighty-nine virulence genes, and eight plasmid replicons were detected in the twenty-four screened Salmonella strains, among which S. Indiana was detected to carry the most ARGs and the fewest plasmid replicons and virulence genes compared to the other serotypes. This study revealed a high percentage of multidrug-resistant Salmonella from poultry sources, stressing the importance of continuous monitoring of Salmonella serotypes and antimicrobial resistance in the poultry chain, and emergency strategies should be implemented to address this problem.

State Analysis and Emergency Control of Planetary Rover with Faulty Drive Wheel

Wheel failure is one of the worst problems for a planetary rover working on Mars or the Moon, which may lead to the interruption of the exploration mission and even the loss of mobility. In this study, a driving test of a planetary rover prototype with a faulty drive wheel was conducted, and state analysis and dynamics modeling were carried out. The drag motion relationship between the faulty drive wheel and the normal wheels on the same suspension was established based on the targeted single wheel test (faulty wheel-soil bin). In order to maintain the subsequent basic detection capability of the planetary rover, an emergency control system is proposed that integrates the path planning strategy with faulty wheel priority and the motion control method of correcting heading and coordinating allocation. The experimental results and emergency strategies of this study on simulating Martian soil and terrain can provide researchers with ideas to solve such problems.

Impact of Unconditional Support to Reduce Food Insecurity During the Pandemic of Covid 19

Vulnerable populations are always highly affected by any disaster. They have deficient coping capacity as they depend on daily income activities and need a diversified source of income. So, those people are highly impacted by any disease. The result of such a disaster may lead to food insecurity. Methods: For the survey, 1,598 people who got unconditional support were under consideration. Out of the total population, 317 samples were surveyed using proportionate random sampling for the study. The research methodology is a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) with a Pretest-Posttest Design. A smart survey through KOBO tools was done using trained local enumerators. Data collected through the survey was downloaded to Excel and analysed using Excel. Results: Cereals (99%) was the most consumed food type, while white tuber and root (2.2%) were the least consumed. Food consumed in four or more types increased from 42% to 87%. Livelihood Coping Strategies indicator (L-CSI) was used as a descriptor of a household’s coping capacity alongside the R-CSI. The responses were categorized into stress, crisis, and emergency strategies. The number of HHs under the crisis category reduced from 15.4% to 4.1%. Similarly, the number of households under the Emergency category reduced from 12.3% to 3.8%, and the number of crises reduced from 58.2 % to 6.8% Conclusion: The study showed from the calculation R-CS that conditional support of the vulnerable people increased by nearly one-third (35%) within a month of support and helped them with coping strategies.

Primary breast lymphoma mimicking triple-negative breast cancer: a case report with clinical and pathological implications

BackgroundPrimary breast lymphoma (PBL) is a rare type of extranodal lymphoma, the diagnostic process for which presents significant challenges owing to an overlap in clinical and pathological features with those observed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the current literature reveals a paucity of information regarding the ramifications of potential diagnostic errors, particularly in the context of emergent therapeutic strategies for TNBC. Thus, we present a unique report of a case of PBL.Case presentationA 76-year-old female with no past medical or family history presented to the hospital with the chief complaint of a mass in the right breast. Two masses were palpated in the right breast: one 56 mm mass (No. 1) located at 10 o'clock, and a 21 mm large, elastic, hard mass (No. 2) at 4 o'clock. Needle biopsy was performed only on the larger 56 mm mass (No. 1). The results showed invasive carcinoma that was negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2. The preoperative diagnosis was right breast cancer (T3N0M0 Stage IIB) of the TNBC subtype. The patient refused the preoperative chemotherapy recommended by the treatment team; therefore, right breast mastectomy and sentinel lymph-node biopsy were performed instead. The histopathological diagnosis of the first mass was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); that of the second mass (No. 2) was an invasive breast carcinoma of no special type. Postoperative treatment consisted of endocrine therapy (letrozole) for breast cancer, while the DLBCL was treated with chemotherapy and three courses of intrathecal chemotherapy. At the time of this report, the patient is still living, and neither tumor had recurred in the 2 years following surgery.ConclusionsOn rare occasions, PBL can preoperatively mimic TNBC. While this case did not lead to serious consequences, because surgery was eventually selected as the first therapy, clinicians should be aware that the diagnosis of PBL is challenging using only a core-needle biopsy and can often be misdiagnosed as TNBC.

Syphilis testing, incidence, and reinfection among gay and bisexual men in Australia over a decade spanning HIV PrEP implementation: an analysis of surveillance data from 2012 to 2022

Gay and bisexual men (GBM) remain overrepresented among syphilis diagnoses in Australia and globally. The extent to which changes in sexual networks associated with HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and treatment as prevention (TasP) may have influenced syphilis transmission among GBM at the population-level is poorly understood. We describe trends in syphilis testing and incidence among GBM in Australia over eleven years spanning widespread uptake of HIV PrEP and TasP. We analysed linked clinical data from GBM aged 16 years or older across a sentinel surveillance network in Australia from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2022. Individuals with at least two clinic visits and with at least two syphilis tests during the observations period were included in testing and incidence analyses, respectively. Annual rates of testing and infectious syphilis incidence from 2012 to 2022 were disaggregated by HIV status and PrEP use (record of PrEP prescription; retrospectively categorised as ever or never-PrEP user). Cox regression explored associations between demographics, PrEP use and history of bacterial sexually transmissible infections (STIs) and infectious syphilis diagnosis. Among 129,278 GBM (mean age, 34.6 years [SD, 12.2]) included in testing rate analyses, 7.4% were living with HIV at entry and 31.1% were prescribed PrEP at least once during the study period. Overall syphilis testing rate was 114.0/100 person-years (py) and highest among GBM with HIV (168.4/100 py). Syphilis testing increased from 72.8/100 py to 151.8/100 py; driven largely by increases among ever-PrEP users. Among 94,710 GBM included in incidence analyses, there were 14,710 syphilis infections diagnosed over 451,560 person-years (incidence rate=3.3/100 py). Syphilis incidence was highest among GBM with HIV (6.5/100 py), followed by ever-PrEP users (3.5/100 py) and never-PrEP users (1.4/100 py). From 2012 to 2022, syphilis incidence increased among ever-PrEP users from 1.3/100 py to 5.1/100 py, and fluctuated between 5.4/100 py and 6.6/100 py among GBM with HIV. In multivariable Cox regression, previous syphilis diagnosis (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=1.98, 95% CI=1.83-2.14), living with HIV (aHR=1.83, 95% CI=1.12-1.25) and recent (past 12m) prescription of PrEP (aHR=1.78, 95% CI=1.61-1.97) were associated with syphilis diagnosis. Syphilis trends between GBM with HIV and GBM with evidence of PrEP use have converged over the past decade in Australia. Our findings recommend targeting emergent syphilis control strategies (e.g. doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis) to GBM with prior syphilis diagnoses, using HIV PrEP or who are living with HIV. Australian Department of Health and Aged Care, National Health and Medical Research Council.

Silicon, An Emergent Strategy to Lighten the Effects of (A)Biotic Stresses on Crops: A Review

ABSTRACTSilicon (Si) has emerged as a pivotal element influencing various aspects of plant growth and development. This review explores the multifaceted effects of Si on plants, encompassing both biotic and abiotic dimensions. Si, primarily absorbed by plants in the form of orthosilicic acid, demonstrates a diverse range of roles in enhancing plant resistance to environmental stresses. Biotic stresses, including pathogen attacks and insect infestations, are notably mitigated by the deposition of Si in plant tissues, fortifying cell walls and triggering defence mechanisms. Furthermore, Si plays a crucial role in alleviating abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and metal toxicity, imparting resilience to plants in challenging environments. The interaction between Si and plant physiology involves intricate mechanisms, impacting nutrient uptake, photosynthesis and hormonal regulation. As research in this field advances, a comprehensive understanding of the nuanced effects of Si on plants emerges, paving the way for innovative agricultural practices and the development of stress‐resistant crop varieties. This review delves into the contemporary knowledge surrounding the effects of Si on plants, underscoring its significance in promoting plant resilience and sustainable agriculture.

Agile work and gender gap in Italy. An empirical sociological study on downsides and future scenarios

AbstractThe article discusses an empirical study on agile work (remote working) in Italy, with a sociological perspective. As is well known, the COVID‐19 pandemic shock has led to a significant increase in the attention paid to this issue, as long as it has “forced” millions of people to experience this kind of work. This great social experimentation has also triggered a reconsideration of important concepts of everyday life such as those of time and space, among many others. Starting from this preliminary assumption, a national empirical study on agile work was conducted at the Department of Human Sciences at the Italian University of L’Aquila resorting to a qualitative approach. The research was achieved by conducting 64 in‐depth interviews with women across the country, highlighting and exploring the multiple critical elements and strengths of the agile work experience from March 2020 lockdown to September 2021. It is clear from the research that emergency strategies on the topic of agile working are not adequate: a paradigm shift is needed.

“Akili zetu ziwe moja / Let our minds be one”: Emergent strategy for adapting to seafood insecurity in coastal Kenyan fishing communities

Small-scale fisheries provide food sovereignty and capital for millions globally. However, coastal Kenyan communities who harvest reef fishery resources are often still food insecure, especially due to the detrimental effects of climate change and overfishing in their communities. This study aims to understand the environmental perceptions and priorities of fishing families in Kilifi County, Kenya, and how these relate to both food security and sustainable development policy. We rely on qualitative methods including interviews with household caregivers from 42 fishing families to provide insights not only on fishery sustainability but also on the additional aspects of reproductive labor related to fish food security, including the food securing aspects of availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. Our findings highlight the complex challenges that environmental change places on families in this situation: lack of fish availability, seasonal food inaccessibility, shifting baselines, and experiences of loss in the food system are markedly a prevalent result. Despite these struggles, we see emergent strategies to address food needs unfold in a variety of resilient and opportunistic ways, including adaptation, trust, and multimodal networks of support. Further policy support must be given to communities to practice food sovereignty in their own contexts, especially as climate changes continue and these strategies become salient adaptive practices elsewhere.

Viral plasticity facilitates host diversity in challenging environments

The antagonistic coevolution of microbes and viruses influences fundamentally the diversity of microbial communities. Information on how environmental variables interact with emergent defense-counterdefense strategies and community composition is, however, still scarce. Following biological intuition, diversity should increase with improved growth conditions, which offset evolutionary costs; however, laboratory and regional data suggest that microbial diversity decreases in nutrient-rich conditions. Moreover, global oceanic data show that microbial and viral diversity decline for high latitudes, although the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This article addresses these gaps by introducing an eco-evolutionary model for bacteria-virus antagonistic coevolution. The theory presented here harmonizes the observations above and identifies negative density dependence and viral plasticity (dependence of virus performance on host physiological state) as key drivers: environmental conditions selecting for slow host growth also limit viral performance, facilitating the survival of a diverse host community; host diversity, in turn, enables viral portfolio effects and bet-hedging strategies that sustain viral diversity. From marine microbes to phage therapy against antibiotic-resistant bacteria or cancer cells, the ubiquity of antagonistic coevolution highlights the need to consider eco-evolutionary interactions across a gradient of growth conditions.

STEP-organizing a major project to tackle significant uncertainty.

This article describes why Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) has been launched, what it aims to achieve (benefits) and, principally, how the whole programme will be delivered (strategy). The article draws on the work of major project delivery and organization design (OD) and applies this to the context of STEP, which is dominated by significant uncertainty in all dimensions (technical, financial, commercial and programmatic), where there is embryonic delivery capability, but where there are also global-scale opportunities. This leads to an approach based on securing and organizing the correct capability from both public and private sectors to work in a collaborative arrangement with a single purpose and, critically, in an operating model designed to manage uncertainty and emerging risks and to exploit opportunities. Placing adaptability at the core of the OD, particularly the ability to deliver emergent strategy through guided empowerment in pursuit of an ambitious aim, is a further development beyond much of the current thinking in major projects. The article concludes with an appendix that translates that programme approach into principles for managing the engineering design work.This article is part of the theme issue 'Delivering Fusion Energy - The Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP)'.

Emergence and Growth Strategy of Entrepreneurial Firms: Evidence Based on Large-Scale Data

Emergence and Growth Strategy of Entrepreneurial Firms: Evidence Based on Large-Scale Data

Pharmaceutical Communication Strategies for Increasing Marketing Outreach During Covid 19 Pandemic

COVID-19 virus proved to be very contagious resulting in a public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO), posing overall public health system and governance challenges. Amid the pandemic period and the unprecedented increase in healthcare demands, pharmacy services are an important mainstay to combat the COVID-19 virus pandemic. However, not all pharmacies have inventive and adaptive pharmacist practices, particularly pharmacists working in rural areas. In the present article, we observed how pharmaceutical swiftly acted response in to marketing during the COVID-19 period. The populations of focus were employees in marketing divisions with an emphasis on product sales. The data were obtained through in depth interviews and documentative observations. The findings showed, that the communication transition from offline to online is the emergent strategy followed by establishing and promoting remote pharmacy services. The information and suggestions offered in this manuscript could help in the restructuring of existing pharmacy services by governments, public health bodies, and policymakers in response to a pandemic.

A qualitative study to understand the barriers and facilitators in smoking cessation practices among oncology health care practitioners in one health system.

Despite the benefits of quitting smoking for those who have cancer, including improved health outcomes and reduced therapeutic toxicities, it is unclear how many people are supported in quit attempts during this time. Variations in the availability and provision of smoking cessation (SC) services are reported, with little understanding of the challenges and solutions. This co-designed study aimed to understand the perspectives of health care professionals (HCPs) working in oncology settings to engage in SC practices and identify recommendations for developing an SC pathway. This was a qualitative study. Eighteen HCPs participated in semi-structured interviews from July 2021 to May 2022. We used thematic analysis approaches to code data and present four emergent themes and SC strategies at micro, meso and organizational levels. Four themes emerged specifically: 1) timing and knowledge, 2) building a relationship, 3) frequent asking with infrequent action, and 4) removing the barriers and tailoring the system. While HCPs discuss SC, there are variations in documentation and when conversations occur. Primarily, HCPs value the time to build therapeutic relationships with patients and thus may limit SC discussions in preference to treatment in clinical interactions. The role of structural barriers, including prescriptive authority for nurses, hinders active SC processes, as it is the lack of continuity and embedding of services supported by a clinical champion for SC. The study suggests re-evaluating the status quo in SC service, highlighting service gaps and suggesting opportunities at organizational levels to reduce structural barriers. Variations in smoking cessation services exist in designated cancer centres. The data from this study can be used to inform a real time health systems approach for SC services in oncology settings. Developing tailored smoking cessation services and interventions that are patient-centred and informed by their experiences are required. The data in this study suggests developing specialist education and training to upskill HCPs for equitable engagement if we are to meet EU and Moonshot goals for cancer reduction.

Strategic crises management in Finland: government responses to COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeThis article examines the strategy formation in the Finnish government’s pandemic management during the COVID-19 pandemic, addressing a research gap by exploring the possibilities for strategy formation in guiding government policy formation.Design/methodology/approachUtilizing perspective of strategic planning and emergent strategies influenced by the authorizing environment, the article emphasizes the importance of strategy development in government. The management of COVID-19 pandemic serves as a case study for investigating public strategies in policy formation, underscoring the significance of the authorizing environment in integrating predefined strategic plans with emergent strategic avenues.FindingsThe management of pandemics has led to changes in legislation and modes of government decision-making, resulting in learnings for coordinating subnational governments and allocation of resources. The government actions evolved from extracting components from predefined strategic plans and drawing on the experiences of other countries. The emergent properties emerged from amalgamating these elements into an umbrella strategy with a variety of new responses.Research limitations/implicationsThe examination focuses on the view from the nexus of government. Although, informed by the subnational developments and stakeholder responses, the study adopts a bird’s eye view on the COVID-19 management.Practical implicationsThe examination raises needs for legislative changes, improvement of cross-sectoral coordination within central government and improvement for the decision-making capability within subnational government.Originality/valueBy focusing on the Finnish government’s measures in pandemic management, this article contributes to the discourse on pandemic management. The findings provide insights for strategic crisis management in the public sector.

Leadership Philosophies and Team Dynamics: A Qualitative Exploration of Lived Experiences of Educational Leaders in Karachi

The study aims to understand the philosophy of leadership through the lens of school principals and to understand the strategies used by principals to foster a culture of collaboration and teamwork in their organization. The qualitative phenomenological study was utilized. The data was collected by interviewing the ten school leaders through a semi-structured interview questionnaire. The sample encompassed leaders from diverse socio-economic backgrounds to ensure comprehensive representation. The data was analyzed through thematic analysis. The major leadership approaches that emerged are the hybrid approach and the humanistic approach, and the emergent thematic strategies for collaboration and teamwork are shared vision and an empathetic ear. Based on the findings, recommendations were proposed for educational institutions to develop an environment of collaboration and teamwork for students. Additionally, strategies were suggested for educators to integrate these qualities into their teaching practices, fostering a supportive learning environment conducive to a teamwork culture.

Flood risk zoning of cascade reservoir dam break based on a 1D-2D coupled hydrodynamic model: A case study on the Jinsha-Yalong River

Large-scale earthquakes and huge landslide surges may cause the failure of cascade reservoirs, resulting in massive downstream flooding. The flood risk zoning of cascade reservoir dam breaks is crucial for local governments to formulate emergency plans and for individuals to garner their awareness of the flood risks. This paper presents a flood risk zoning approach based on a one-dimensional and two-dimensional coupled hydrodynamic model. The flooding area simulated by the coupled hydrodynamic model was divided into a Deadly Zone (D-zone) and an Escape Zone based on whether there is sufficient time for the public to evacuate the danger area under a specific evacuation generation time (EGT). A case study was conducted on the Jinsha-Yalong River (JYR), a confluence river located in Panzhihua City, to map the risk zones. This study considered a dam-break flood in Yalong River encountering two river flood scenarios in Jinsha River (scenario A: the annual average flow; scenario B: a 1000-year return period flood). Two evacuation scenarios (EGT of 30 and 60 min) were also considered; thereafter, four combined evacuation scenarios (A-EGT30, A-EGT60, B-EGT30, and B-EGT60) were simulated. The coupled hydrodynamic model is demonstrated to be effective through the analysis of water balance and hydrographs of special section discharge. The results show that: (1) in comparison to scenario A, scenario B reached its maximum flood extent approximately 5 min earlier, signifying that flood spread speed increases with the increase in flood magnitude; (2) the D-zone area was 127.7 % larger in scenario A-EGT60 compared to A-EGT30 and 120.8 % larger in scenario B-EGT60 compared to B-EGT30. These findings underscore the importance of flood scenarios and EGT on flood risk zones. The proposed risk zoning method can help government agencies in the JYR and major river regions worldwide with flood management and emergency strategy development.

An Emergency Strategy for Intersectoral Local Government Responses to COVID-19 in Long-term Care Facilities in Western Cape Province, South Africa

An Emergency Strategy for Intersectoral Local Government Responses to COVID-19 in Long-term Care Facilities in Western Cape Province, South Africa

Food democracy as food security strategy: The case of a Costa Rican tourism town

Tourism communities such as Monteverde, Costa Rica, the site of this study, have been profoundly impacted by the loss of tourism revenue during COVID-19. Faced with intensified food insecurity caused by the cascading impacts of this pandemic, the community has organized initiatives to stimu­late local, sustainable food production to increase food security during the COVID-19 economic recovery. This paper adopts a food democracy framework to analyze restaurants’ regional food purchases, barriers to local purchasing, and tour­ists’ interest in and ability to identify local food products. Our findings show that nearly all restaurant owners identified benefits of purchasing regional food but reported multiple barriers to buying locally. Tourists reported high interest in eating locally produced food but do not have enough information to identify farm-to-fork options. Local food initiative stakeholder inter­views show that emergent strategies demonstrate a move toward food democracy actions by promot­ing communication and co-learning between res­taurants, food producers, and tourists to rein­force principles of food democracy. Based on our find­ings, we recommend (a) strengthening producer-to-restaurant networks, (b) enhancing communication of local food production benefits and responsi­bilities to restaurants, and (c) promot­ing the locally made certification for restaurants to strengthen localized food networks and direct tourists to transformative food strategies underway in Monteverde.