Emergency Route Research Articles

Graph Theory Applications in Optimizing Emergency Response Logistics

This study explores the utilization of graph theory and optimization methods to improve the effectiveness of emergency response logistics. The study devises and evaluates multiple algorithms with the objective of enhancing the efficiency of emergency routes and resource distributions, showcasing advancements compared to conventional approaches. The findings demonstrate substantial decreases in response times, operational expenses, and improvements in resource utilization rates. This study provides reliable and powerful resources for emergency managers to enhance their ability to strategize and carry out response operations with more efficiency. Furthermore, the models introduced in this work are versatile and may be utilized in different emergency situations to guarantee the most efficient allocation of resources and response times. The results emphasize the practical significance of graph theory in emergency logistics, establishing a solid basis for additional advancement and practical implementation.

Efficient and Reliable Emergency Routing for Wireless Body Area Networks

AbstractThe development of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is currently in progress with the aim of facilitating communication among small body sensors. This data can be employed to offer prompt or timely aid to individuals who are not just in a critical state but also those who are unable to promptly commute to medical facilities due to physical limitations, congested roadways, or their place of residence. Another crucial requirement for WBAN is their capability to deliver quality of service for diverse forms of network traffic. Privacy and system security are crucial to protecting patient records throughout use and storage by healthcare providers. This study introduces a novel emergency data handling method for emergency healthcare communication networks. Furthermore, the proposed system provides Reliable Emergency Routing to ensure secure transfer of emergency and non‐emergency WBAN data rewards are used to establish routes to securely transmit non‐emergency and emergency data in highly exposed situations while minimizing data loss and delay. Simulations showed that the recommended approach outperformed current protocols in energy consumption, latency, packet delivery ratio throughput, and communication overhead.

Assessment of Emergency Response in the Incident of Building Collapse in Selected Location in Lagos State

The incidence of building collapse is one of the emergency events that requires urgent attention due to the loss of lives that usually accompany its occurrence. The study aims at examining the response time and challenges impacting emergency events like building collapses in Lagos. A questionnaire survey was adopted, and a total of eighty (80) respondents were drawn from construction professionals using cluster and purposive sampling techniques. Sixty-one (61) questionnaires were completed and returned, representing a 76% response rate. The data generated were subjected to descriptive analysis using mean scores and inferential statistical analysis using ANOVA. The findings from the study indicated that 30–120 minutes are rated as the appropriate response time to emergency events like building collapses to forestall the loss of lives. The results also indicate that among the top barriers slowing down emergency response, the incidence of collapse includes poor resources and funding, a complex network of governing bodies, poor road and network issues, and a lack of emergency toll-free lines. The results further revealed that none of the factors limiting emergency response is more significant than the others. Hence, the study recommends that to ensure prompt emergency response to the incidence of building failures in Lagos State, every local government area should have an emergency management office with a well-equipped team. It also recommends that the government should not only provide infrastructural facilities such as a good road network; they should also create emergency routes to aid ease of accessibility in the incidence of emergency events like building collapses. Also, the use of ICT like drones and robotics, among others, should be deployed in managing rescue operations in building collapses.

Navigating uncertain distribution problem: a new approach for resolution optimization of transportation with several objectives under uncertainty

Amidst uncertainty, decision-making in manufacturing becomes a central focus due to its complexity. This study explores complex transportation constraints and uses novel ways to guide manufacturers. The Multi-objective Stochastic Linear Fractional Transportation Problem (MOSLFTP) is a crucial tool for managing supply chains, manufacturing operations, energy distribution, emergency routes, healthcare logistics, and other related areas. It adeptly addresses uncertainty, transforming efficiency and effectiveness in several domains. Stochastic programming is the process of converting theoretical probabilities into concrete certainties. The artistic compromise programming technique acts as a proficient mediator, reconciling opposing objectives and enabling equitable decision-making. This novel approach also addresses the Multi-objective Stochastic Linear plus Linear Fractional Transportation Problem (MOSLPLFTP), which involves two interconnected issues. The effectiveness of these principles is clearly shown with the help of the LINGO® 18 optimization solver. This study uses a ranking method to compare the similar methods to solve the current problems. A meticulously designed example acts as a significant achievement, shedding light on our method in a practical setting. It serves as a distinctive instrument, leading manufacturers through the maze of uncertainty and assisting them in determining the most advantageous course of action. This journey involves subtle interactions between complexity and simplicity, uncertainty is overcome by decisiveness, and invention is predominant.

Time to Diagnosis and Presenting Symptoms of Patients Diagnosed With Cancer Through Emergency and Nonemergency Routes: A Large Retrospective Study From a High-Volume Center.

The symptoms with which a patient with cancer presents and the route taken to diagnosis (emergency v nonemergency) may affect the speed with which the diagnosis of cancer is made, thereby affecting outcomes. We examined time to diagnosis by symptom for cancers diagnosed through emergency and nonemergency routes (NERs). We performed a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with 10 solid cancers at Hospital Clínic of Barcelona between March 2013 and June 2023. Cancers were diagnosed through emergency presentation and admission (inpatient emergency route [IER]), emergency presentation and outpatient referral (outpatient emergency route [OER]), and primary care presentation and outpatient referral (NER). We assessed the effect of diagnostic routes on intervals to diagnosis for 19 cancer symptoms. A total of 5,174 and 1,607 patients were diagnosed with cancer through emergency routes and NERs, respectively. Over 85% of patients presenting with alarm (localizing) symptoms such as hematuria through emergency routes were diagnosed with the expected cancer, whereas those with nonlocalizing symptoms such as abdominal pain had a more heterogeneous cancer-site composition. Median intervals were shorter for alarm than nonlocalizing symptoms and tended to be shorter in IERs than OERs. However, for most symptoms, intervals in both routes were invariably shorter than in the NER. For example, diagnostic intervals for hematuria and abdominal pain were 3 and 5 days shorter in IERs than OERs, but they were 5-8 and 17-22 days shorter than in the NER, respectively. For patients with alarm symptoms, intervals were shorter than for those with nonlocalizing symptoms and, for most symptoms, intervals were shorter when patients were evaluated by emergency routes rather than NERs.

An Overview of Emergency Logistics Routing and Location: Models and Future Research Directions

Emergency logistics refers to the transportation, storage, and distribution of materials to ensure the safety of people’s lives and property and social stability in an emergency or disaster. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the state and society have paid more attention to constructing emergency logistics systems. In recent years, the research on route optimization and location selection of emergency logistics has also increased. The study of emergency logistics location and routing is significant for improving emergency logistics efficiency, optimizing resource allocation, improving emergency response capabilities, and reducing emergency risks. It can provide scientific decision-making support for emergency management departments and logistics enterprises, promote social emergency management level improvement, and ensure the safety of people’s lives and property. This article studies relevant literature on domestic and international emergency logistics routing and location issues in recent years, summarizes the main models and related algorithms to solve this problem, analyzes the current research status in recent years, and looks forward to future research directions.

A mobile application enabled emergency routing algorithm for large-scale events

A mobile application enabled emergency routing algorithm for large-scale events

Risk assessment of emergency route damage induced by soil liquefaction

Risk assessment of emergency route damage induced by soil liquefaction

BaO, ZnO, B2O3, PbO, and SiC effects on phosphorescent afterglow damping and thermal stability of SrAl2O4 base pigments at industrial glazes

Phosphorescent glazes are usually used in direction signs of emergency routes. That is why afterglow damping and thermal stability of phosphorescent pigments are the most decisive factors of phosphorescent glazes. This study aims to choose a suitable glaze to enhance the time and intensity of the afterglow. For this reason, the effects of BaO, ZnO, B2O3, and PbO additives on the afterglow intensity and lifetime of reference industrial glaze containing SrAl2O4 phosphorescent material were investigated. 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20 %wt SrAl2O4 phosphorescence powder was mixed with base industrial glaze to recognize the optimum component. Samples were fired at 1040 °C for 40 min in the same conditions and then were analyzed by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Results showed that increasing the SrAl2O4 proportion increased samples afterglow damping time, and 10 %wt SrAl2O4 was chosen as the optimum amount. Also, BaO is more efficient for increasing the intensity and afterglow lifetime. Moreover, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.1 %wt SiC were added to the reference industrial glaze containing 10 %wt SrAl2O4 to investigate the reduction firing conditions on the glaze afterglow. Increasing the SiC ratio up to 0.02 %wt increased the afterglow lifetime from 5 ± 0.4 to 27 ± 1.7 min, but the afterglow intensity was decreased. Despite this, adding 0.03, 0.05, and 0.1 %wt SiC darkened the glaze and reduced the intensity and afterglow lifetime. The sample containing 0.1 %wt SiC did not melt properly, and this sample did not have any afterglow. Furthermore, the temperature required for firing affects the afterglow of the samples. On the other hand, to investigate the effect of temperature, the base industrial glaze containing 10 %wt SrAl2O4 was fired at 1040, 1120, and 1140 °C to determine thermal stability. The sample fired at 1140 °C had almost no phosphorescent afterglow. Also, dilatometry tests at the temperature of 600 °C and hot-stage microscope analysis were performed to determine the linear coefficient of thermal expansion and the melting point of the samples, respectively. The results showed the linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the industrial glaze with 10 %wt SrAl2O4 was 73.3 × 10−7 1/°C, and it could be changed between 58.5 × 10−7 1/°C by adding 10 %wt B2O3 to 73.5 × 10−7 1/°C by adding 10 %wt BaO. The melting point of the pure industrial glaze was 1130 °C, and adding 10 %wt, SrAl2O4 decreased it to 1076 °C. Also, by adding 10 %wt BaO, ZnO, B2O3, and PbO to phosphorescent glaze, melting point was obtained 1128 °C, 1020 °C, 1030 °C, and 974 °C respectively. The same sample with 0.02 %wt SiC melted at 1154 °C.

A reinforcement learning-based routing algorithm for large street networks

Evacuation planning and emergency routing systems are crucial in saving lives during disasters. Traditional emergency routing systems, despite their best efforts, often struggle to accurately capture the dynamic nature of flood conditions, road closures, and other real-time changes inherent in urban disaster logistics. This paper introduces the ReinforceRouting model, a novel approach to optimizing evacuation routes using reinforcement learning (RL). The model incorporates a unique RL environment that considers multiple criteria, such as traffic conditions, hazardous situations, and the availability of safe routes. The RL agent in this model learns optimal actions through interaction with the environment, receiving feedback in the form of rewards or penalties. The ReinforceRouting model excels in executing prompt and accurate route planning on large road networks, outperforming traditional RL algorithms and shortest-path-based algorithms. A higher safety score and episode reward of the model are demonstrated when compared to these classical methods. This innovative approach to disaster evacuation planning offers a promising avenue for enhancing the efficiency, safety, and reliability of emergency responses in dynamic urban environments.

Quantum spider prioritized routing and Cramer Shoup cryptosecured data transmission in wireless body area network

The wireless body area network (WBAN) offers healthcare applications for remote patient monitoring. In healthcare, prioritizing patient data has a high impact on the energy usage, delays, and congestion involved in routing. Energy usage, battery life, and absorption rates are current research obstacles in WBAN. The path loss ratio and residual energy were generally the focus of attention during data transfer. Despite this, compromised transaction security caused serious problems with the delivery of vital health data. The Quantum Spider Cramer Shoup Public Key Cryptosystem (QS-CSPKC), which is proposed in this study, is an optimized priority-aware (for many patients) and transaction security technique for vital sensed data in WBAN, selects the optimum energy efficient and reliable path to assure secure data transfer. The proposed QS-CSPKC method employs Dual Contention Access Periods (DCAPs) for managing regular data (i.e., normal sensed or low priority data) and life-threatening data (i.e., abnormal sensed data or high priority data). After prioritizing, the Quantum Spider Monkey Optimized Routing algorithm is used to allocate an optimal shortest route for normal low priority data (i.e., with 0 as the quantum value) and an energy-efficient emergency route for critical high priority data (i.e., with 1 as the quantum value). In addition, to prevent illegal access during transmission, security keys are generated using the Cramer Shoup public key cryptosystem. By using this model, only legitimate users have access to information for which they are authorized. The evaluation results were validated through simulations, showing that the proposed QS-CSPKC method performs efficient routing and secure data transmission better than conventional techniques in terms of throughput, packet loss, average power consumption, and energy use.

Diagnosis, treatment, and survival from kidney cancer: real-world National Health Service England data between 2013 and 2019.

To report the NHS Digital (NHSD) data for patients diagnosed with kidney cancer (KC) in England. We explore the incidence, route to diagnosis (RTD), treatment, and survival patterns from 2013 to 2019. Data was extracted from the Cancer Data NHSD portal for International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition coded KC; this included Cancer Registry data, Hospital Episode Statistics, and cancer waiting times data. Registrations included 66 696 individuals with KC. Incidence of new KC diagnoses increased (8998 in 2013, to 10 232 in 2019), but the age-standardised rates were stable (18.7-19.4/100 000 population). Almost half of patients (30 340 [45.5%]) were aged 0-70 years and the cohort were most frequently diagnosed with Stage 1-2 KC (n = 26 297 [39.4%]). Most patients were diagnosed through non-urgent general practitioner referrals (n = 16 814 [30.4%]), followed by 2-week-wait (n = 15 472 [28.0%]) and emergency routes (n = 11 796 [21.3%]), with older patients (aged ≥70 years), Stage 4 KCs, and patients with non-specified renal cell carcinoma being significantly more likely to present through the emergency route (all P < 0.001). Invasive treatment (surgery or ablation), radiotherapy, or systemic anti-cancer therapy use varied with disease stage, patient factors, and treatment network (Cancer Alliance). Survival outcomes differed by Stage, histological subtype, and social deprivation class (P < 0.001). Age-standardised mortality rates did not change over the study duration, although immunotherapy usage is likely not captured in this study timeline. The NHSD resource provides useful insight about the incidence, diagnostic pathways, treatment, and survival of patients with KC in England and a useful benchmark for the upcoming commissioned National Kidney Cancer Audit. The RTD data may be limited by incidental diagnoses, which could confound the high proportion of 'emergency' diagnoses. Importantly, survival outcomes remained relatively unchanged.

Evaluation and Classification of Supraorbital Nerve Emerging Patterns.

Numerous significant variations in the supraorbital nerve (SON) pass through the notches and foramina. During endoscopic forehead lifting, the passage and the location of the nerve against the frontal bone render it susceptible to injury, resulting in diminished or absent sensation in the corresponding location. We attempted to obtain accurate knowledge of the SON emergence routes. Data of patients who underwent an endoscopic forehead lift in a plastic surgery clinic between November 2015 and August 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Deep and superficial branch pathways of SONs were identified and compared according to side and gender. We also classified the nerve patterns into six types. Altogether, 942 patients (1884 SON cases) were evaluated. Out of the patients, 86 patients were male, and 856 were female. The overall mean age was 48.6 (± 13.1) years. In the deep branches, 49% came from the notch, and 51% came from the foramen. In the superficial branches, 67% came from the notch, and 33% of superficial branches came from the foramen. Unlike the deep branch, superficial branches from the notch were significant. Deep and superficial branches of male patients were much more notched than those of female patients. Branches emerged together in 56% and separately in 44% of the cases. The absolute number of SON notches was higher than that of SON foramina. This study with the largest number of SON cases will help surgeons understand the variation and course of SON. This journal requires that authors 38 assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full 39 description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, 40 please refer to the Table of Contents or the online 41 Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Phenothiazine- and Carbazole-Cyanochalcones as Dual Inhibitors of Tubulin Polymerization and Human Farnesyltransferase.

In the search for innovative approaches to cancer chemotherapy, a chemical library of 49 cyanochalcones, 1a-r, 2a-o, and 3a-p, was designed as dual inhibitors of human farnesyltransferase (FTIs) and tubulin polymerization (MTIs) (FTIs/MTIs), two important biological targets in oncology. This approach is innovative since the same molecule would be able to interfere with two different mitotic events of the cancer cells and prevent these cells from developing an emergency route and becoming resistant to anticancer agents. Compounds were synthesized by the Claisen-Schmidt condensation of aldehydes with N-3-oxo-propanenitriles under classical magnetic stirring and under sonication. Newly synthesized compounds were screened for their potential to inhibit human farnesyltransferase, tubulin polymerization, and cancer cell growth in vitro. This study allowed for the identification of 22 FTIs and 8 dual FTIs/MTIs inhibitors. The most effective molecule was carbazole-cyanochalcone 3a, bearing a 4-dimethylaminophenyl group (IC50 (h-FTase) = 0.12 µM; IC50 (tubulin) = 0.24 µM) with better antitubulin activity than the known inhibitors that were previously reported, phenstatin and (-)-desoxypodophyllotoxin. The docking of the dual inhibitors was realized in both the active site of FTase and in the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Such compounds with a dual inhibitory profile are excellent clinical candidates for the treatment of human cancers and offer new research perspectives in the search for new anti-cancer drugs.

Compulsory Psychotropic Medication in the California State Prison System.

In Washington v. Harper, the U.S. Supreme Court established that an administrative review conducted by prison staff was the minimum constitutionally appropriate due process for the administration of compulsory nonemergent antipsychotic medication. California's current process, Penal Code section 2602 (PC2602), uses a judicial review allowing for either emergent (medication beginning with application) or nonemergent routes. This article describes the history culminating with PC2602, beginning with the notion of civil death enacted in 1850, followed by the 1986 Keyhea injunction. Framed by problems that emerged, PC2602 was enacted in 2011, which is described from both legal-administrative and clinical perspectives.

Disparities in care and outcomes for primary liver cancer in England during 2008-2018: a cohort study of 8.52 million primary care population using the QResearch database.

Liver cancer has one of the fastest rising incidence and mortality rates among all cancers in the UK, but it receives little attention. This study aims to understand the disparities in epidemiology and clinical pathways of primary liver cancer and identify the gaps for early detection and diagnosis of liver cancer in England. This study used a dynamic English primary care cohort of 8.52 million individuals aged ≥25 years in the QResearch database during 2008-2018, followed up to June 2021. The crude and age-standardised incidence rates, and the observed survival duration were calculated by sex and three liver cancer subtypes, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and other specified/unspecified primary liver cancer. Regression models were used to investigate factors associated with an incident diagnosis of liver cancer, emergency presentation, late stage at diagnosis, receiving treatments, and survival duration after diagnosis by subtype. 7331 patients were diagnosed with primary liver cancer during follow-up. The age-standardised incidence rates increased over the study period, particularly for HCC in men (increased by 60%). Age, sex, socioeconomic deprivation, ethnicity, and geographical regions were all significantly associated with liver cancer incidence in the English primary care population. People aged ≥80 years were more likely to be diagnosed through emergency presentation and in late stages, less likely to receive treatments and had poorer survival than those aged <60 years. Men had a higher risk of being diagnosed with liver cancer than women, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.9 (95% confidence interval 3.6-4.2) for HCC, 1.2 (1.1-1.3) for CCA, and 1.7 (1.5-2.0) for other specified/unspecified liver cancer. Compared with white British, Asians and Black Africans were more likely to be diagnosed with HCC. Patients with higher socioeconomic deprivation were more likely to be diagnosed through the emergency route. Survival rates were poor overall. Patients diagnosed with HCC had better survival rates (14.5% at 10-year survival, 13.1%-16.0%) compared to CCA (4.4%, 3.4%-5.6%) and other specified/unspecified liver cancer (12.5%, 10.1%-15.2%). For 62.7% of patients with missing/unknown stage in liver cancer, their survival outcomes were between those diagnosed in Stages III and IV. This study provides an overview of the current epidemiology and the disparities in clinical pathways of primary liver cancer in England between 2008 and 2018. A complex public health approach is needed to tackle the rapid increase in incidence and the poor survival of liver cancer. Further studies are urgently needed to address the gaps in early detection and diagnosis of liver cancer in England. The Early Detection of Hepatocellular Liver Cancer (DeLIVER) project is funded by Cancer Research UK (Early Detection Programme Award, grant reference: C30358/A29725).

Time intervals in the pathway to emergency cancer diagnosis

Aim: Evidence on time-based metrics for cancers diagnosed through emergency presentation is lacking. We examined the duration of intervals from first symptoms to cancer diagnosis in the emergency versus primary care (PC) presentation route. Methods: Retrospective study of outpatients diagnosed with 15 solid cancers over 5 years. The outcome was the length of prediagnostic intervals by diagnostic route. Results: Median intervals in emergency presenters (n=3167) were shorter than in PC presenters (n=2215). However, intervals in emergency presenters with three or more prior PC consultations were similar to PC but remarkably longer than in those with one or two and no consultations. Conclusion: As we provide new interval measures for the emergency diagnostic pathway, results highlight the contribution of prior consultations to interval lengths.

Scenario-based earthquake damage assessment of highway bridge networks

In earthquake-prone regions, the evaluation of seismic impacts on bridges is crucial to mitigation, emergency, and recovery planning for highway networks. The degree of bridge damage determines the cost and time required for repairs and the level of post-earthquake functionality including disruption of transportation network, increased costs due to reduction of traffic flow and restricted access to emergency routes. The article presents the methodological development and implementation of an interactive web application for rapid geospatial assessment and visualisation of earthquake damage scenarios of municipal highway bridge networks based on open access datasets. The proposed framework consists of the following successive models: hazard, inventory, damage, and impact. The seismic hazard model generates spatial distribution of the shaking intensity for earthquake scenarios in terms of ground motion intensity measure using ground motion prediction equations based on seismic hazard model for Eastern Canada. The shaking intensities are then modified with local site amplification factors based on the Canadian highway bridge design code values. The inventory model provides a database of existing bridges based on open-access data which are then classified according to their seismic vulnerability. The damage model assesses seismic performance of classes of bridges by applying respective fragility functions represented as probabilistic relationships between the intensity measure and the degree of expected damage. The impact model evaluates the post-earthquake traffic-carrying capacity of the highway network based on the predicted damage including repair cost as a percentage of replacement cost of bridges and inspection priority. The web-application is demonstrated with a bridge network in Quebec City including 117 bridges subjected to 180 earthquake scenarios. The proposed methodology is particularly useful to facilitate direct communication of potential impacts to emergency managers and city transport officials.

Emergency Routing and Structural Optimization of E-commerce Logistics Network for Parcel Transportation Based on Multiple Models

Emergency Routing and Structural Optimization of E-commerce Logistics Network for Parcel Transportation Based on Multiple Models

Domination in hesitancy fuzzy graphs

Hesitant fuzzy sets (HFS) are introduced by author Torra which is a novel and recent extension of fuzzy sets that aims to model the uncertainty originated by the hesitation to arise in the assignment of membership degrees of the elements to a fuzzy set. Hesitancy fuzzy graphs (HFG) are introduced to capture the common intricacy that occurs during a selection of membership degree of an element from some possible values that makes one to hesitate. HFG are used to choose a time minimised emergency route (TiMER) to transport accident victims. This paper addresses the study of domination in hesitancy fuzzy graphs. By using the concept of strength of a path, strength of connectedness and strong arc, domination set is established. The necessary and sufficient condition for the minimum domination set of HFG is investigated. Further some properties of independent domination number of HFG are obtained and the proposed concepts are described with suitable examples.