Emergency Monitoring System Research Articles

Assessing the Impact of Frailty on Infection Risk in Older Adults: Prospective Observational Cohort Study.

Infectious diseases are among the leading causes of death and disability and are recognized as a major cause of health loss globally. At the same time, frailty as a geriatric syndrome is a rapidly growing major public health problem. However, few studies have investigated the incidence and risk of infectious diseases in frail older people. Thus, research on frailty and infectious diseases is urgently needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between frailty and infectious diseases among older adults aged 65 years and older. In this prospective observational cohort study, we have analyzed the infectious disease prevalence outcomes of older adults aged 65 years and older who participated in frailty epidemiological surveys from March 1, 2018, to March 2023 in Dalang Town, Dongguan City, and from March 1, 2020, to March 2023 in Guancheng Street, Dongguan City. This study has an annual on-site follow-up. Incidence data for infectious diseases were collected through the Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System-Infectious Disease Monitoring and Public Health Emergency Monitoring System. A project-developed frailty assessment scale was used to assess the frailty status of study participants. We compared the incidence rate ratios (IRR) of each disease across frailty status, age, and gender to determine the associations among frailty, gender, age, and infectious diseases. Cox proportional hazards regression was conducted to identify the effect of frailty on the risk of demographic factors and frailty on the risk of infectious diseases, with estimations of the hazard ratio and 95% CI. A total of 235 cases of 12 infectious diseases were reported during the study period, with an incidence of 906.21/100,000 person-years in the frailty group. In the same age group, the risk of infection was higher in men than women. Frail older adults had a hazard ratio for infectious diseases of 1.50 (95% CI 1.14-1.97) compared with healthy older adults. We obtained the same result after sensitivity analyses. For respiratory tract-transmitted diseases (IRR 1.97, 95% CI 1.44-2.71) and gastrointestinal tract-transmitted diseases (IRR 3.67, 95% CI 1.39-10.74), frail older adults are at risk. Whereas no significant association was found for blood-borne, sexually transmitted, and contact-transmitted diseases (IRR 0.76, 95% CI 0.37-1.45). Our study provides additional evidence that frailty components are significantly associated with infectious diseases. Health care professionals must pay more attention to frailty in infectious disease prevention and control.

Case Study: Lightweight and Emergency Monitoring of a Post-disaster Bridge

In the realm of civil engineering, the health and integrity of infrastructural facilities are of paramount importance. Particularly in the aftermath of disasters, prompt and accurate structural assessments are crucial to ascertain the safety and functionality of structures. To this end, there is a pressing need for the design of such systems that can be rapidly deployed and provide accurate and reliable data in emergency situations. This paper presents a novel lightweight emergency monitoring system (LEMS) specifically tailored for a continuous rigid bridge in Anhui Province that had previously caught a fire, aimed at facilitating prompt post-disaster structural evaluations. We primarily aim to outline the design principles for such lightweight emergency monitoring system intended for post-disaster evaluations and to report the monitoring conditions and results gathered from years of data collection. Through the analysis of collected data, several significant insights have been derived, underscoring the effectiveness of the proposed LEMS in accurately representing the post-disaster structural behavior of the bridge, which provides invaluable insights for further inspections and evaluations. It contributes tangibly to the field of civil engineering and infrastructure maintenance by introducing a novel approach in the design and implementation of emergency monitoring systems specifically for post-disaster scenarios.

Architecture and Reliability Models of Hybrid Sensor Networks for Environmental and Emergency Monitoring Systems

Architecture and Reliability Models of Hybrid Sensor Networks for Environmental and Emergency Monitoring Systems

АРХІТЕКТУРА ТА МОДЕЛІ НАДІЙНОСТІ ГІБРИДНИХ СЕНСОРНИХ МЕРЕЖ СИСТЕМ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОГО ТА АВАРІЙНОГО МОНІТОРИНГУ

The authors study the aspects of developing and analyzing the hybrid sensor networks’ operability as subsystems of environmental and emergency monitoring systems for critical infrastructure. The proposed architecture of such a system is based on the technology of edge computing (EC) and combines stationary and mobile components, the first of which is implemented by a ground sensor network (GSN), and the second by a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles that form a flying EC network. The data collection algorithms, scaling problems, and optimization of the operation of the GSN and monitoring systems in general are analyzed. The reliability models of the GSN in the conditions of failure of one and groups of sensors are developed and investigated. Analytical dependencies of reliability indicators on different sizes of sensor failure clusters and their intensity are obtained. Recommendations for the design and implementation of hybrid sensor networks are given. Keywords: hybrid sensor networks, edge computing, reliability models, multiple failures, environmental monitoring systems, emergency monitoring systems.

Creating an automated system for monitoring emergency situations with a radiation factor in Bryansk region

The article describes the structure and composition of an automated emergency monitoring system (AEMS) with a radiation factor designed to perform prompt emergency rescue operations in radioactively contaminated territories (RCT) in Bryansk region and to localize emergency zones (EZ). The study analyzed scientifi publications and patents on radiation control and environmental monitoring in case of radiation emergencies. Territorial automated systems for monitoring radiation situations (ASMRS) and mobile means for monitoring radiation situations (RS) using unmanned aerial vehicles were explored. The integrated monitoring system for protecting the population (KSM-ZN), including in radioactively contaminated areas, in Bryansk region was described. Functions and structure of AEMS means were described. It was concluded that the AEMS can improve the effi ncy of response to radiation emergencies and decisionmaking in protecting the population and territory by transmitting real-time data on RS monitoring in the emergency zone and current assessment of the emergency and environmental situation for prompt notification about the danger.

Creating an automated system for monitoring emergency situations with a radiation factor in Bryansk region

The article describes the structure and composition of an automated emergency monitoring system (AEMS) with a radiation factor designed to perform prompt emergency rescue operations in radioactively contaminated territories (RCT) in Bryansk region and to localize emergency zones (EZ). The study analyzed scientifi publications and patents on radiation control and environmental monitoring in case of radiation emergencies. Territorial automated systems for monitoring radiation situations (ASMRS) and mobile means for monitoring radiation situations (RS) using unmanned aerial vehicles were explored. The integrated monitoring system for protecting the population (KSM-ZN), including in radioactively contaminated areas, in Bryansk region was described. Functions and structure of AEMS means were described. It was concluded that the AEMS can improve the effi ncy of response to radiation emergencies and decisionmaking in protecting the population and territory by transmitting real-time data on RS monitoring in the emergency zone and current assessment of the emergency and environmental situation for prompt notification about the danger.

재난 시 소셜미디어 사용지침(ISO 22329: 2021) 국제표준의 활용방안 연구

This study aimed to investigate how to utilize ISO international standard (i.e., Guidelines for Using Social Media in Emergency: ISO 22329) in Korea. The research method was systematic literature review. In so doing, the paper initiated to examine the Framework Act on Korean Disaster and Safety Management, the requirements of ISO 22329, and other disaster management laws in the nation. The result was that Korea could not address the process of emergency operation, appropriate procedure establishment, and emergency monitoring system. In addition, the extent of cooperation among social media experts was not satisfactory. Hence, this paper strongly advocated for the importance of social media standards during the occurrence of various emergencies. In the future, we hope than research on imporving emergency response by using social media standards will continue.

Real-Time and Continuous Tracking of Total Phosphorus Using a Ground-Based Hyperspectral Proximal Sensing System

Total phosphorus (TP) is the main limiting factor of eutrophication for most inland waters globally. However, the combination of the limited temporal-spatial ranges of traditional manual sampling, poor spectral resolutions, and weather-vulnerable satellite observations, have yielded great data gaps in TP dynamics in short-lived, extreme episodic, or unpredictable pollution. Hence, a novel ground-based hyperspectral proximal sensing system (GHPSs) with a maximum observation frequency of 20 s and a spectral resolution of 1 nm between 400 and 900 nm was developed for automatic, real-time and continuous observation of TP. Focusing on the GHRSs, a TP machine learning model was developed and validated with ideal accuracy (R2 = 0.97, RMSE = 0.017 mg·L−1, MAPE = 12.8%) using 377 pairs of in situ TP measurements collected from Fuchunjiang Reservoir (FR), Liangxi River (LR), and Lake Taihu (LT). Second-scale TP results showed a low-value stable period followed by a sharp change period in LT during 29–31 October and 1–3 November, respectively. The exponential increase (R2 = 0.65, p < 0.05) on 1 November and the two complete variations with peak values of 0.32 mg·L−1 and 0.42 mg·L−1 were recorded in LT on 2 and 3 November, respectively. Simultaneously, a significant decrease (R2 = 0.57, p < 0.05) over the observation days was observed in LR and no obvious change was observed in FR. High consistency between the GHPSs spectrum data standardized at 574 nm and the measured reflectance in different weather demonstrated the accuracy of the GHPSs spectrum data (R2 > 0.99, slop = 0.98). Short and rapid TP changes were observed within one day in LT and LR based on GHPSs minute scale monitoring, which highlighted the importance of high frequency observations of TP. Several advantages of real-time, high accuracy and wide applicability to complex weather were highlighted for the GHPSs for TP monitoring compared to traditional equipment. Therefore, there are potential applications of the GHPSs in the integrated space-air-ground TP monitoring, as well as emergency monitoring and early-warning systems in the future, and it can raise our awareness of the dynamics and driving mechanisms of water quality for inland waters.

The CNRIEEEMC: A communication-navigation-remote sensing-integrated ecological environment emergency monitoring chain for tailings areas

Pollution from tailings areas often introduces serious animal- and plant-associated ecological disasters and can even endanger human health. Communication-navigation-remote sensing (CNR)-integrated monitoring is expected to play a key role in the assessment of ecological environments in tailings areas, but CNR integration has long been a challenge for emergency monitoring systems. To address this challenge, in this paper, a CNR-integrated ecological environment emergency monitoring chain (CNRIEEEMC) for a tailings area in Northwest China is proposed, designed and constructed. This study included (1) a summary of the ecological environment monitoring content in the tailings area and a proposal for the CNRIEEEMC mechanism; (2) a design of the execution model of the CNRIEEEMC for driving the integration of CNR resources to execute ecological environment monitoring tasks; and (3) a formal description method of CNRIEEEMC execution logic to implement routine and emergency monitoring in the tailings area. An experiment was carried out in a tailings area to verify the effectiveness of the proposed CNRIEEEMC method. This method provides a feasible framework for optimizing emergency monitoring schemes based on the integration of CNR resources and offer a basic structure for future automatic, intelligent ecological environment emergency monitoring, and also with important implications for emergency monitoring systems in other fields.

The use of a risk‐orientated approach in comprehensive assessment of natural and technogenic emergency situations in the Kashirsky Municipal District of the Voronezh Region, Russia

The article reviews methodological approaches to risk assessment based on a comprehensive analysis of the frequency of natural and technological hazards in the territory of the Kashirsky Municipal District of the Voronezh Region. Aim . The purpose of this article is to assess and calculate the risks of emergency situations, based on a comprehensive analysis of the frequency of occurrence of natural and technological hazards in the Kashirsky Municipal District of the Voronezh Region, Russia. Methods . The risk assessment methods employed were based on the combined characteristics of damage and frequency of occurrence of negative environmental or man‐caused processes or hazardous events. Events associated with certain losses or people impacted upon by dangers were considered as negative processes. Results . The Kashirsky Municipal District is exposed to high risks of flooding, wildfires, biological and social processes, hazards associated with certain housing and communal service regimes and transportation accidents. There are also hydraulic structures and potentially hazardous facilities which increase risks of property damage in the area. Conclusion . It is necessary to reduce the level of social risk by carrying out preventive activities aimed at minimizing casualties. All scheduled maintenance requirements should be complied with in order to prevent a rise of risk of accident in life sustaining systems and infrastructures. The development of governmental departmental emergency monitoring systems, quarantine procedures and timely observational measures are recommended with the objective of reducing potential biological and social emergencies.

DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENCY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ALPHA-PARTICLE-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES IN THE AIR.

During the early phase of a nuclear accident, major radioactive materials are released into the environment, necessitating the prompt deployment of various protective actions to avoid or reduce radiation exposure. To implement these actions, the levels of radioactivity in the environment should be determined. However, the radioactivity concentrations of artificial alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides such as plutonium are difficult to measure in airborne samples, because they are interfered with natural radionuclides such as uranium decay products. Therefore, chemical separation is required to measure the concentrations. This study presents a new emergency monitoring system for airborne samples, which performs multiple-pulse time-interval analysis (MTA) without chemical separation. The system is used in conjunction with an alpha/beta-particle survey meter and adopted an analysis method focusing on the detected time interval of each particle. Its features are that a short time to output measurement result, easy handling and nondestructive. The estimated detection limit of the system was 9.5×10-2Bqm-3. The MTA-based monitoring system could be useful in situations requiring prompt measurement and screening of samples.

Epidemiological characteristics of 32 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 in Liaoning

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis and clinical outcomes of asymptomatic patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and we provide theoretical basis for the formulation of epidemic prevention and control strategies. Methods Follow-up survey of 32 asymptomatic carriers with COVID-19 were conducted in Liaoning Province. Demographic information, contact with confirmed cases, diagnosis time, clinical outcomes, etc were collected through the Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System-Infectious Disease Monitoring and Public Health Emergency Monitoring System. Results Of the 32 asymptomatic patients reported, 28 cases were the close contacts. 20 cases(62.5%) were confirmed, and the clinical outcomes were mainly general and mild type (95.0%); 27 cases (84.37%) were clustered in families. The median time from diagnosis to confirmed cases was 2 days, the longest interval was 11 days, the shortest was the very day; The duration of infection ranged from 5 to 27 days, with a median of 16 days. Epidemiological evidence of four chains of transmission suggests incubation period transmission. Conclusion The condition of asymptomatic carriers with COVID-19 in our province is mild after being converted to confirmed cases, but the communicable period is relatively long, and most of them are family clustering. It is urgent to monitor the close contacts through multiple nucleic acid screening to control the potential outbreaks. 摘要： 目的 探讨新冠肺炎无症状感染者流行病学特征、发病进程及临床结局，为制定疫情防控策略提供理论依 据。 方法 对辽宁省 32 例新冠肺炎无症状感染者追踪调查，通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统-传染病监测、突发公共 卫生事件监测系统及流行病学调查报告收集人口学信息、接触情况、诊断时间、临床转归情况等。 结果 累计报告的 32 例无症状感染者中，28 例为辽宁省报告确诊病例的密切接触者，20 例(62.5%)转为确诊病例，临床结局以普通型、轻 型为主(95.0%)；27 例(84.37%)为家庭聚集性发病。无症状感染者诊断至转为确诊病例的中位时间为 2 d，最长 11 d， 最短当日；传染期的范围 5~27 d，中位时间为 16 d。有 4 个传播链的流行病学证据提示为潜伏期传播。 结论 辽宁省 无症状感染者转为确诊病例病情轻微，但传染期较长，多为家庭聚集性发病。亟待通过核酸筛查严格监控密切接触 者，以控制潜在疫情暴发。

Workshop as a method of training future experts in techogenic and environmental safety

The article contains the results of the research in the field of application of the workshop in training future technogenic and environmental safety specialists. The urgency of the method in the context of training competent and competitive specialists in the Ukrainian labor market has been proved. As a result of the research, the main components of the workshop have been identified and characterized as a method of practice oriented training of specialists. It has been determined, that the process of creating a workshop on the topic Emergency Monitoring should consist of three subsystems: preparatory and target, organizational and methodical, analytical and prеdictive. Its main methodological components have been presented.We have developed the workshop on Emergency Monitoring for future specialists in specialty 183 Environmental Technologies. The purpose is to create an emergency monitoring system on the example of a certain object and to develop possible scenarios for preventing and eliminating the consequences of an accident. It has been proved, that the workshop method will provide students with the opportunity to apply the previously acquired knowledge and skills in environmental monitoring and environmental safety. In addition, this method will provide students with the analysis of possible emergency scenarios in a particular region. It will help to create a system of crisis monitoring of the environmental components as well as to develop practical guidelines for an accident response and prevention. It has been determined, that during the workshop, the invited stakeholders have the opportunity to find employees. It has been proved, that training technogenic and ecological safety experts, using the workshop, ensures training of competent and competitive specialists, ready to work for specific domestic employers, whose cases have been worked upon during the classes. In future it will stop the outflow of specialists from Ukraine

Quantitative Risk Analysis of a Rainfall-Induced Complex Landslide in Wanzhou County, Three Gorges Reservoir, China

On 4 April 2013, a 1.5 million cubic meter landslide occurred in Sunjia Town, Wanzhou County, Three Gorges Reservoir, China. After initiation, the Sunjia landslide traveled about 30 m toward the northeast and destroyed most of the infrastructure in its path. The landslide was triggered by heavy rainfall and previous slope excavations, but this slope also displayed a complicated failure process: the overlying earth slope first deformed and then induced sliding along underlying rock surfaces. Surface displacements that resulted from continuous creeping of the post-event slope were observed by an emergency monitoring system that revealed the disequilibrium state of the slope. To discuss the stability and future movements of the remaining unstable debris deposits, we developed a geotechnical model of the post-slide slope, calculated how it can slide again in an extreme rainfall scenario, and estimated the potential runout distance using the Tsunami Squares method. We then estimated the number of people and the value of the infrastructure threatened by this potential landslide. Lastly, we analyzed the vulnerability of elements at risk and quantitatively evaluated the hazard risk associated with the most dangerous scenario. This quantitative risk analysis provides a better understanding of, and technical routes for, hazard mitigation of rainfall-induced complex landslides.

EA-MAC: A QoS Aware Emergency Adaptive MAC Protocol for Intelligent Scheduling of Packets in Smart Emergency Monitoring Applications

The evolution of the wireless sensor network (WSN) in recent years has reached its greatest heights and applications are increasing day by day, one such application is Smart Emergency Monitoring Systems (SMESs) which is in vision of implementation in every urban and rural areas. The implementation of WSN architecture in the Smart Monitoring Systems needs an intelligent scheduling mechanism that efficiently handles the high traffic load as well as the emergency traffic load without sacrificing the energy efficiency of the network. However, the traditional scheduling algorithms such as First Come First Served (FCFS), Round Robin, and Shortest Job First (SJF) cannot meet the requirements of high traffic load in SMESs. To address these shortcomings, this paper presents Emergency Adaptive Medium Access Control protocol (EA-MAC), a fuzzy priority scheduling based Quality-of-service (QoS)-aware medium access control (MAC) protocol for hierarchical WSNs. EA-MAC protocol employs the most powerful fuzzy logics to schedule the sensor nodes with both normal and emergency traffic load without any data congestion, and packet loss and maintaining the better QoS which is considered to be more important in SMESs applications. Moreover, a novel rank-based clustering mechanism in EA-MAC protocol prolongs the network lifetime by minimizing the distance between the Cluster Head (CH) and the Base Station (BS). Both analytical and simulation models demonstrate the superiority of the EA-MAC protocol in terms of energy consumption, transmission delay and data throughput when compared with the existing Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) based MAC protocols such as LEACH protocol and Cluster Head Election Mechanism-Based On Fuzzy Logic (CHEF) protocol.

An Online Contaminant Classification Method Based on MF-DCCA Using Conventional Water Quality Indicators

Emergent contamination warning systems are critical to ensure drinking water supply security. After detecting the existence of contaminants, identifying the types of contaminants is conducive to taking remediation measures. An online classification method for contaminants, which explored abnormal fluctuation information and the correlation between 12 water quality indicators adequately, is proposed to realize comprehensive and accurate discrimination of contaminants. Firstly, the paper utilized multi-fractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) to select indicators with abnormal fluctuation, used multi-fractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MF-DCCA) to measure the cross-correlation between indicators. Subsequently, the algorithm fused the abnormal probability of each indicator and constructed the abnormal probability matrix to further judge the abnormal fluctuation of indicators using D–S evidence theory. Finally, the singularity index of the cross-correlation function and the selected indicators were used to classification by cosine distance. Experiments of five chemical contaminants at three concentration levels were implemented, and analysis results show the method can weaken disturbance of water quality background noise and other interfering factors. It effectively improved the classification accuracy at low concentrations compared with another three methods, including methods using triple standard deviation threshold and single indicator fluctuation analysis-only methods without fluctuation analysis. This can be applied to water quality emergency monitoring systems to reduce contaminant misclassification.

Research on natural disaster emergency monitoring system

Monitoring is the main emergency information and intelligence department. The natural disaster emergency rescue decision is made on the basis of disaster monitoring information. Obtaining timely and accurate disaster information is the fundamental guarantee for emergency and rapid rescue. Based on the research status of natural disaster emergency monitoring system, this paper proposes the establishment of sky-ground integrated natural disaster emergency monitoring system based on the research method of system management theory, and analyses quantitatively the system performance. Finally, it points out the operation mode and guarantee of the system. The mechanism provides reference for the construction of a scientific and perfect natural disaster emergency monitoring system, which really shortens the time of 'black box' and 'grey box', solves the 'vacuum' of rescue and realises rapid rescue.

Research on natural disaster emergency monitoring system

Monitoring is the main emergency information and intelligence department. The natural disaster emergency rescue decision is made on the basis of disaster monitoring information. Obtaining timely and accurate disaster information is the fundamental guarantee for emergency and rapid rescue. Based on the research status of natural disaster emergency monitoring system, this paper proposes the establishment of sky-ground integrated natural disaster emergency monitoring system based on the research method of system management theory, and analyses quantitatively the system performance. Finally, it points out the operation mode and guarantee of the system. The mechanism provides reference for the construction of a scientific and perfect natural disaster emergency monitoring system, which really shortens the time of 'black box' and 'grey box', solves the 'vacuum' of rescue and realises rapid rescue.

Research on the hydrological emergency monitoring system of high-risk Barrier Lake based on PDCA theory

In recent years, there have been some barrier lakes formed by earthquakes or landslides in China, such as the Tangjiashan barrier lake in 2008 and the Baige barrier lakes (twice) in 2018. The barrier lake often brings huge destructive risks to the upstream and downstream affected areas. In order to protect the lives and property of the people, it is necessary to carry out corresponding scientific disposal. The premise of disposal is to obtain detailed and reliable dynamic monitoring information. And hydrological monitoring information is the basis of various types of information. Therefore, hydrological emergency monitoring must be carried out to obtain the information. This paper summarizes and puts forward the design of the high-risk barrier lake hydrological emergency monitoring system based on PDCA theory, which can provide support and guidance for the implementation of hydrological emergency monitoring in the future, and it has a strong practical significance.

Back Analysis of a Recent Progressive Failure in China Three Gorges Reservoir Area: Shanshucao Landslide

Abstract The Shanshucao landslide is a recent landslide that occurred in the China Three Gorges Reservoir area. It is next to the Daling Hydropower Station landslide, one of the geological hazard professional monitoring points in the China Three Gorges Reservoir. The Shanshucao landslide had not shown a significant deformation during recent decades until September 2nd, 2014. On that day, the Shanshucao landslide abruptly started to move at around 9 a.m. local time, stopped at 13:19 p.m., and caused a 43.2 × 104m3 landslide mass which slipped into the Luogudong River, the secondary branch of Yangtze River. Fortunately, the local government gave an efficient early warning and organized a successful emergency evacuation. Nobody was injured or killed in this landslide failure event. The Daling Hydropower Station and its attached buildings were eradicated by the landslide. Posterior to the failure, a newborn free surface occurred on the dip slope. The remaining body of the landslide poses a great threat to the safety of both the village and the Three Gorges Reservoir operation. Subsequently, an emergency monitoring system has been placed on the slope to observe any subsequent deformation. By applying the kinematic model, this article will give a general outlook on the failure event and investigate the geological features which caused the slope instability. Also, the two inclined blocks models are introduced in the back analysis and show a good comparison to the site observation results. This article will provide guidance and suggestion for the stability analysis of similar highly weathered bedded landslides in the China Three Gorges Reservoir area.