Emergency Message Broadcasting Research Articles

Emergency Message Broadcast Mechanism in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks Based on Reinforcement Learning With Contention Estimation

Emergency Message Broadcast Mechanism in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks Based on Reinforcement Learning With Contention Estimation

Emergency message broadcasting scheme based on V2V and V2I

As an important part of the advanced Intelligent Traffic System (ITS) in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), Vehicle to everything (V2X) communication technology provides reliable end-to-end connection and efficient packet transmission. Currently, the main challenge is design and implementation of the multi-hop broadcast protocol. In particular, the network topology is constantly changing because of the high-speed vehicle and diversified road structure, which troubles the selection of forward nodes. Therefore, we propose an Emergency Message Broadcast Protocol (EMBP). In this method, we select the optimal relay node according to the directionality and mobility, channel fading, and link connectivity and apply a suboptimal relay node selection mechanism to guarantee the reliability of broadcast. Simulation results show that EMBP is more efficient and stable than part classical protocols. Due to the complex communication environment of urban roads, to better improve the reliability of emergency message transmission, a broadcasting scheme Roadside Unit (RSU) Emergency Message Broadcast Protocol (REMBP), based on Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Road (V2R) hybrid transmission of emergency messages is proposed on the basis of EMBP. Compared with EMBP, REMBP has better performance in terms of delivery rate, number of forwarding hops, end-to-end delay, average number of collisions, number of packet redundancy, and number of retransmissions.

An RSU-Assisted Hybrid Emergency Message Broadcasting Protocol for VANETs

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), emergency messages broadcasting has been considered as one of the important parts for safety related applications. The efficiency and reliability of the emergency message broadcasting are severely affected by the network structure, message redundancy, channel contention, etc. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose an RSUs-assisted hybrid emergency message broadcasting (RA-HEMB) protocol for two-way grid roads in urban VANETs. In doing so, the broadcasting target region is first generated based on the instantaneous traffic status and types of the emergency messages. To balance the deliver latency and the reliability, an adaptive forwarding nodes selection scheme based on position is proposed to dynamically determine the forwarding area according to different vehicle densities and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication ranges. Then, based on the forwarding nodes selection scheme and roadside unit (RSU) deployment, an RA-HEMB protocol is established by properly utilizing both the wired links via RSUs and the wireless links to broadcast the emergency message in hybrid vehicular networks. Simulation results show that the proposed RA-HEMB can greatly shorten the broadcasting time needed to notice the nodes within the target region performance compared to the benchmark protocols.

A new delay-based broadcast suppression mechanism for efficient emergency messages dissemination in CAVs environment

Network congestion is a major issue affecting communications in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) under high vehicle density scenarios. The common idea used by emergency message broadcast protocols to overcome this challenge is to reduce the number of retransmissions. This is achieved by suppressing redundant retransmissions while maintaining broadcast reliability. In this paper, we analyze the problem of inaccurate suppression of redundant retransmissions in delay-based broadcast protocols and propose uHBS (unHurried Broadcast Suppression), a new more efficient broadcast suppression mechanism. uHBS avoids inaccurate decisions to suppress or forward an emergency message by considering the occurrence of duplicate receptions of this message and using an indication about the channel’s busy status. Next, we use the proposed uHBS mechanism as a basis for designing uHBS-DP (uHBS based Dissemination Protocol), a novel delay-based protocol for broadcasting emergency messages in urban vehicular networks. The simulation results show that uHBS-DP, using the proposed broadcast suppression mechanism, significantly improves the efficiency of emergency message broadcasting by ensuring high reliability with low broadcasting overhead, compared to two other variants of uHBS-DP that use conventional suppression mechanisms. Furthermore, the results show a substantial improvement, compared to a well known protocol, in terms of reduced collision ratio (up to 36.57%), lower dissemination delay (up to 19.17%) and reduced broadcast overhead (up to 19.28%).

Adaptive scheduled partitioning technique for reliable emergency message broadcasting in VANET for intelligent transportation systems

This paper aims to enable accurate and reliable emergency message broadcast in Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). The VANET is the most common topology used in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), where changes in standard topology due to the mobility of nodes create challenges in broadcasting the emergency message and efficient data delivery in both highway and urban scenarios. The main problems in urban scenarios are channel contention, message redundancy and road structure. To obtain information, broadcast protocols for VANET typically use beacon messages, which are distributed among the vehicles. When multiple vehicles transmit messages at the same time, a broadcast storm occurs and vehicles experience message delivery failure. To address this problem, Adaptive Scheduled Partitioning and Broadcasting Technique (ASPBT) for emergency message broadcast and beacon retransmissions for message reliability were proposed. This protocol dynamically modifies several partitions and beacon periodicity to reduce the number of retransmissions. Later, the partition size is determined by estimating the network transmission density of each partition schedule via the Black Widow Optimization (BWO) algorithm is proposed. The simulation is carried out with different network densities at the vehicle speed of 110 km/h, a direct path length of 12 km under a four-way direction path and performance analysis was performed.

Secured Message Broadcasting in VANET using Blowfish Algorithm with Oppositional Deer Hunting Optimization

Emergency Message broadcasting is an important process in VANET. Security and reliable transmission are the two major concerns in message broadcasting. VANET is open to unauthorized nodes, hackers, misbehaving vehicles, malicious attackers etc without security. Without valid confirmation of authorized vehicles, these types of attacks may occur. To enhance the reliability in message broadcasting, some existing techniques are used. They transmit the data without much delay but they didn’t provide any trusted authentication. So hackers, malicious nodes, unauthorized vehicles may easily interrupt the emergency messages. Also Brute force attack, Man in Middle attack are not identified and eliminated. In this research, a trust based secured broadcasting mechanism is developed which ensures the metrics such as security, privacy, integrity, trust etc. The major intension of this research is to reduce latency and provide high reliable, secure and efficient communication over the vehicles. The data such as vehicle position, location, speed, and other traffic information’s are generated and stored in a separate table. A network is created with varying densities. A path is generated for message broadcasting between source and destination based on the specific gateway estimated. Here, Optimal Wireless Access in Vanet (OWAV) Protocol is employed to gather vehicle related information to reduce the delay. Blowfish encryption algorithm along with Oppositional Deer Hunting Optimization (ODHO) is used to store the trusted vehicles location to avoid unauthorized tracking. The performance of the proposed research is analyzed with various metrics such as Packet delivery ratio (PDR), transmission delay, encryption time, hroughput, computational overhead etc. The efficiency of the research is compared with other existing methods.

A Route Segmented Broadcast Protocol Based on RFID for Emergency Message Dissemination in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

Efficiency of position-based emergency message broadcast protocols of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) is affected by the position of vehicles that depends entirely on accuracy of the positioning system. In addition, GPS-based dissemination protocols encounter many challenges due to high-energy consumption, low accuracy, and the need for up-to-date maps for real-world automatic applications. In this paper, a Route Segmented Broadcast Protocol based on Radio Frequency identification technology (RSBP-RF) is proposed to eliminate GPS-based problems and increase the efficiency of emergency message broadcasting by improving the positioning accuracy. In this protocol, embedded passive RFID tags are used to segment the route and provide a position-aware technique. In RSBP-RF, each vehicle is informed of its position by crossing on the tags and immediately broadcasts a beacon to its neighbors. Moreover, the proposed protocol includes a proactive relay vehicle selection scheme that uses the received beacons to select the farthest neighboring node. The results of the conducted simulations in the NS-3 tool have validated the effectiveness of the proposed protocol in terms of end-to-end delay, delivery ratio, one-hop delay, collision ratio, relay node selection accuracy, and dissemination performance. Moreover, analysis of the time complexity and message complexity proves the lightness of the RSBP-RF protocol.

Lion optimization algorithm (LOA)-based reliable emergency message broadcasting system in VANET

In vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), the standard topology changes caused by the fast mobility of nodes create many challenges to the efficient data delivery in vehicular environment. The density-, mobility- and location-based dissemination technique can fulfill the needs of emergency message broadcasting. Emergency message broadcasting in both highway and urban scenarios has so many problems such as high reliability, low latency and scalability that remains unsolved. The road structure, message redundancy, channel contention are the major issues in urban scenarios. Usually, broadcast protocols for VANET use beacon messages, which is disseminated among the vehicles, in order to get neighborhood information. When the vehicles are next to each other trying to broadcast at the same time, this may lead to frequent contention and broadcast storms. On the other hand, in sparse density scenarios, vehicles have to face with failures in the message delivery. In our research, an adaptive scheduled partitioning and broadcasting technique (ASPBT) will be introduced for a reliable and efficient emergency message broadcasting. This protocol dynamically adjusts the number of partitions and beacon periodicity to reduce the number of retransmissions. In our proposed technique, partition sizes are determined using network density, and the transmission schedule for each partition is estimated using lion optimization algorithm (LOA). It is an optimization biologically inspired by the characteristics of lions. Its corporate and solitary behaviors such as prey capturing, roaming, mating and defense are helped to identify the optimal partition to broadcast the emergency messages first. To lower emergency message transmission delay and reduce message redundancy, ASPBT includes a novel forwarding node selection scheme that utilizes optimal partition, mini-slot and black burst to quickly select remote neighboring nodes, and a single forwarding node is successfully chosen by the asynchronous contention among them. Then, bidirectional broadcast, multi-directional broadcast and directional broadcast are designed according to the positions of the emergency message senders. ASPBT will work well in different network densities and both highway and urban scenarios. Our solid analytical evaluation and simulation results indicate that our proposed technique outperforms the existing broadcasting schemes in VANET in terms of efficiency, delay and reliability.

Markov-based Emergency Message Reduction Scheme for Roadside Assistance

Currently, almost every family has at least one car; thus, vehicle density is increasing annually. However, road capacity is finite; consequently, traffic accident frequency may increase due to increasing vehicle density. Typically, car accidents result in traffic congestion because vehicles behind the accident are not aware of the event and continue to follow the front queue. To address this problem, some emergency services, such as emergency message broadcasting, have been proposed. However, not all drivers want to receive such messages because they intend to exit the route prior to the accident scene, which means that communication resources may be wasted. In this paper, we propose a prediction model to forecast vehicles behavior based on a Markov chain and identify which vehicles require the emergency message. In addition, the proposed model includes an efficient policy based on the shortest path for police cars and ambulances such that they can attend the accident scene quickly and relieve traffic congestion. Simulation results show that the proposed method reduces unnecessary message transmission and increases road utilization efficiently.

Reception power quantization–based emergency message vehicle-to-vehicle multihop broadcast transmission scheme for vehicle accident prevention

In this article, an emergency message reception power quantization–based time-slot broadcast scheme is proposed for vehicle-to-vehicle multihop communications. The power quantization–based time-slot broadcast scheme derives the optimal reception power quantization size such that time-slot assignments can be made to minimize the average time delay to support quick multihop emergency message broadcasting. The mathematical and simulation performance analysis demonstrates that the proposed power quantization–based time-slot broadcast protocol can reduce the average time delay when compared to the infrastructure-less framework, binary-partition-assisted broadcast, and the trinary-partitioned black-burst-based broadcast schemes.

Cluster based emergency message broadcasting technique for vehicular ad hoc network

Broadcasting is one of the major emergency services of Vehicular ad hoc network, since the number of vehicles increases every day. Because of the high density of the vehicles, it is necessary to broadcast emergency messages to all the vehicles to avoid traffic jam and vehicle accidents. Reliable broadcasting of messages in self-organizing Ad hoc networks is a promising research field. In this paper a cluster based emergency message broadcasting algorithm is proposed. In this regard we have proposed cluster based architecture for emergency message dissemination and collision avoidance in VANET. In this paper, first the formation of cluster is done in such a way that it avoids any kind of collision. Once cluster head is selected it takes the responsibility of intra cluster management to avoid interference between the clusters. To increase the reliability during emergency message dissemination two MAC layer broadcasts protocol is used. This assures that message is delivered on time without any hazards. The proposed model is simulated for DSDV, AODV, and DSR protocols with the standards 802.11 and 802.11p in SHWM, Manhattan and freeway mobility models.

Dynamic spatial partition density-based emergency message dissemination in VANETs

Location and density based emergency message broadcasting has attracted researchers attention in vehicular ad-hoc networks. However, most of current approaches do not provide good performance, in terms of delay in both light and dense traffic scenarios. Reliability in message delivery is another significant performance metric, especially in dense traffic scenarios. In this paper, we have analyzed and implemented a reliable time-efficient and multi-hop broadcasting scheme, called Dynamic Partitioning Scheme (DPS), which works well in both dense and light traffic scenarios. Our solid analytical evaluation and simulation results indicate that our proposed scheme outperforms five efficient broadcasting protocols in VANETs in terms of delay and reliability in emergency message broadcasting.

A data dissemination mechanism for motorway environment in VANETs

An efficient data dissemination mechanism is very critical for traffic safety and inquiring path information. All vehicles go straight and do not consider the effect of traffic lights during its running in the motorway. But in view of characteristic of motorway, the fast moving of vehicles will cause the frequent changes of network topology, which is a challenge for data dissemination for motorway environment in Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). This paper proposes a novel data dissemination mechanism for VANETs which apply to broadcasting and on-demand unicast scenarios. We firstly propose a weighted K-nearest neighbors prediction algorithm with self-feedback to predict the current speed of a vehicle and construct a set of forwarders for emergency message broadcasting. To satisfy users’ personal demands, the paper also designs a unicast mechanism based on information urgent level and the improved Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol. The simulation results show that our proposed method can achieve better performance with higher delivery ratio, lower number of forwarders, and less copies of messages.

An Efficient Emergency Message Broadcasting Scheme in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Broadcasting of emergency message (EM) in the vehicular Ad hoc networks (VANETs) plays a significant role in safety applications, which require immediate broadcasting of EM to the relevant vehicles located in the risk zone (RZ). This paper proposes an efficient emergency message broadcasting (EEMB) scheme in VANETs. This scheme aims at avoiding multiple accidents and reducing traffic jams by broadcasting EM at high speed and with low overhead. When an accident takes place, the crashed vehicle (CV) will choose the best relayer(s) and broadcast the EM. The relayer will also choose the best next relayer(s) and rebroadcast the EM further. This process continues until the EM covers the whole RZ. The EEMB scheme reduces the overhead caused by beacons by using the prediction method. Our proposed scheme also overcomes the network fragmentation problem either by choosing the vehicles moving in the opposite direction as the relayer(s) if there are no vehicles in the same direction or by using the store-carry-forward (SCF) mechanism when there are no vehicles moving in both directions. The simulation results have shown that the proposed scheme has better performance in terms of the risk zone latency (RZL) and the beacons overhead (BCO).

An Effective Emergency Message Delivery Mechanism for VANET

VANETs can provide traffic warring service to help drivers drive safely based on the information of the traffic condition. The driver can drive safely through the warning service information provided by the VANET and know the traffic condition exactly more than through only the sight of driver. In this paper we suggest a new mechanism of updating the table to broadcast the message more rapidly based on the table driven method as the way of sending the emergency message in the VANETs. When updating the table, nodes sends only based on the message transmission success rate. In the result of simulation we could find that the suggested mechanism would reduce the delay time of the emergency message broadcast compared to the existing mechanism.