Emergency Management Center Research Articles

The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on work-related rumination and job fatigue of medical emergency and accident management center staff: an experimental study

BackgroundWorking in accident management centers and medical emergencies makes employees face psychological tensions and leads to a decrease in their work quality and endangering the lives of patients. Therefore, any solution to reduce their tension will be valuable. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of acceptance and commitment-based therapy (ACT) on work-related rumination and job fatigue among the employees of the Emergency and Medical Accident Management Center of Alborz Province, Iran.MethodsThis study is an experimental research with intervention and control groups conducted between January 16, 2019, and July 8, 2019. Sixty-four employees were selected based on the entry criteria and randomly assigned to two groups. People in the intervention group participated in 8 sessions of 2-hour therapy based on acceptance and commitment. Questionnaires for demographic information, work-related rumination, and occupational recovery/exhaustion were used to collect data. The intervention was conducted with univariate and multivariate covariance analysis.ResultsThe findings showed that the average job fatigue reached 16.78\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\\pm\\:$$\\end{document} 11.44 from 37.06 ± 16.70 in the pre-test with a decrease of 20.28 points. Also, the average of all rumination dimensions related to work decreased in the post-test. The findings showed that the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment therapy was confirmed on job fatigue and all its components and all dimensions of work-related rumination (p < 0.05). The partial eta square index was greater than 0.14 in all cases and showed the significant effectiveness of the intervention on all components of work-related rumination and job fatigue.ConclusionTreatment based on acceptance and commitment reduced rumination and job fatigue. It is recommended to practice this intervention to improve personnel’s mental health and the quality of services provided to patients.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

Volunteer dispatch considering fatigue effect and satisfaction in emergency situation

Rescue organization scheduling is a hot issue in the field of emergency management, in which the participation of volunteer rescue organizations, a social force, is of great significance to improve the efficiency of emergency rescue. In the case of known rescue services required by the affected place and the information of rescue services provided by volunteer rescue organizations, the goal is to maximize the satisfaction of the victims and minimize the fatigue of the volunteer rescue organizations. The volunteer rescue organization scheduling problem is an NP-hard problem. To solve the studied problem model, two multi-objective optimization algorithms are applied in this article. With the goal of improving the overall rescue efficiency of volunteer rescue organizations implementing rescue at the disaster site during a single emergency, this study analyzes the practical problems related to emergency rescue, taking into account the effects of the time sensitivity of the disaster victims, the preference of the rescue services, the fatigue accumulation rate of the volunteer rescue organizations, and the matching of the rescue skills. Finally, this article distills some scheduling strategies applicable to emergency volunteer rescue organizations, hoping to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the Emergency Management Center and related emergency management departments to better configure and optimize emergency human resource scheduling problems.

A study on the establishment of database for local government disaster response and decision support system in the nuclear accidents

ABSTRACT Radiological disasters have been recognized as a prominent societal catastrophe worldwide since the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011. In order to cope with such disasters, efforts have been made to improve disaster response plans and systems based on the lessons learned from the Fukushima accident. Particularly, as demonstrated by the Fukushima case, radiological disasters require the assumption of large-scale evacuation of residents. Thus, it is essential for prompt and accurate decision-making to take place at the local government’s Emergency Management Center (EMC), enabling smooth execution of the missions assigned to personnel at the field. This is crucial for protecting the lives of residents and ensuring their safety. However, the existing systems for effective response to radiological disasters are relatively inadequate compared to other types of disasters. To overcome these limitations, this study aims to develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) that are optimized for radiological disaster response by standardizing the Field Measure Motion Manual at nuclear safety for local governments. Based on these SOPs, The Resident Protection Measures Support System (RPMS) will be proposed, which enables the timely dissemination of specific missions and information to personnel, while providing real-time information on the situation at the field to the EMC, supporting decision-making and facilitating effective situation management.

The Relationship Between Resilience and Conflict Management Styles from the Perspective of the Prehospital Emergency Medicine Operational Staff: A Cross-sectional Descriptive Study

Background: The numerous pre-hospital emergency medicine operational staff interactions with different people cause many conflicts. In addition to affecting their physical and mental health, these conflicts lead to severe problems for the health of society and patients. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between resilience and conflict management styles from the perspective of pre-hospital emergency medicine operational staff of the Medical Emergency and Accident Management Center in Golestan Province in 2022. Methods: This descriptive correlational study recruited 200 operational staff working in the pre-hospital emergency center in Golestan Province. They were selected using a stratified sampling method with proportional allocation. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (ROCI-II). Results: Pearson correlation results demonstrated a direct and significant relationship between resilience and conflict management styles (P = 0.011, r = 0.180); the resilience score increased with an increase in the score of conflict management styles. In addition, resilience was directly associated with compromising (P = 0.012, r = 0.178) and integrating styles (P = 0.001, r = 0.276). Finally, a direct and significant relationship existed between job interest and resilience (P = 0.01). The linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the resilience score and the score of conflict management styles (β = 0.17). Conclusions: Resilience can improve the conflict management styles of pre-hospital emergency medicine operational staff. Moreover, job interest can enhance resilience, indirectly affecting conflict management. Pre-hospital emergency managers and officials should hold resilience training courses for pre-hospital emergency operatives.

Exploratory laparotomy during the battle of Mosul, 2016–2017: results from a tertiary civilian hospital in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan

BackgroundThe Battle of Mosul (2016–2017) was an urban conflict resulting in over 9000 civilian deaths. Emergency Management Centre (EMC), located 90 km from Mosul, was designated as a civilian-run trauma centre as part of the novel Mosul Trauma Pathway. Patients necessitating exploratory laparotomy (ex-lap) provide a unique window into the system of care delivery in conflicts, given the importance of timely, resource-intensive care. However, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the presentation and outcomes for conflict-related ex-lap in civilian institutions.MethodsThis is a descriptive study retrospectively analyzing routinely collected data for all patients who underwent ex-lap at EMC for injuries sustained during the battle of Mosul. Differences in demographics, pre-hospital/hospital course, and New Injury Severity Scores (NISS) were analysed using student t-test, Hotelling T-squared, and linear regression.ResultsDuring the battle, 1832 patients with conflict-related injuries were admitted to EMC. Some 73/1832 (4.0%) underwent ex-lap, of whom 22/73 (30.1%) were children and 40/73 (54.8%) were non-combatant adults. Men constituted 51/73 (69%) patients. Gunshot wounds caused 19/73 (26.0%) injuries, while ordnances caused 52/73 (71.2%). Information regarding hospital course was available for 47/73 (64.4%) patients. Children had prolonged time from injury to first laparotomy compared to adults (600 vs 208 min, p < 0.05). Median LOS was 6 days (IQR 4–9.5); however, 11/47 (23%) patients left against medical advice. Post-operative complications occurred in 11/47 (23.4%) patients; 6/11 (54.5%) were surgical site infections. There were 12 (25.5%) patients who underwent relaparotomies after index surgery elsewhere; 10/12 (83.3%) were for failed repairs or missed injuries. Median NISS was 18 (IQR 12–27). NISS were significantly higher for women (vs men; 28.5 vs 19.8), children (vs adults; 28.8 vs 20), and relaparotomy patients (vs primary laparotomy patients; 32.0 vs 19.0). Some 3 patients died, 2 of whom were relaparotomies.ConclusionAt this civilian tertiary trauma centre, conflict-related exploratory laparotomies were associated with low morbidity and mortality. Long transport times, high rates of repeat laparotomies, and high numbers of patients leaving against medical advice raise questions regarding continuity of care along the Mosul Trauma Pathway.Trial registrationThe study protocol was registered at Clinicaltrails.gov, ID NCT03490305, prior to collection of data.

Improving the operational efficiency of control centers for emergency events by using GIS technologies

The object of the study is the functioning of control centers during emergencies. Ukraine has faced large-scale emergency events caused by Russian aggression. The experience of crisis management in emergency events showed the need to find new solutions and improve the activities of emergency management centers at the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and GIS technologies in decision-making support systems. The curent paper has formulated a conceptual model of the work of emergency management centers at the Emergency Service of Ukraine; based on it, their main functions were formed. Identification of risks for objects that carry potential danger was carried out and a block diagram of object risk assessment was developed to improve the work of emergency control centers at the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. An approximate list of software and online resources for the operation of emergency management centers at Emergency Service of Ukraine is provided, which makes it possible to summarize the risks that are present in the given territory, isolate them, and pay special attention to prevent possible consequences from them. Based on the computer software MARPLOT, CAMEO, and ALOHA, an example of response to an emergency event was described. In this case, the weather conditions, physico-chemical parameters of the dangerous substance, and the radii of the danger zones of its distribution and the number of people who need to be evacuated were taken into account. In practice, having this knowledge, a head of the emergency management center at the State Emergency Service of Ukraine will be able to effectively manage people without exposing them to danger, as well as conduct timely evacuation. The use of these programs makes it possible to reduce the time of hazard assessment and visualize them, which creates advantages over the existing methodology of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in terms of speed of hazard assessment. The results have made it possible to solve the problem of increasing the efficiency of the emergency management centers at the Emergency Service of Ukraine and to create the prerequisites for building a geo-information portal that could combine various methods and techniques on one platform

Exploratory Laparotomy Following the Mosul Offensive, 2016-2017: Results from a Dedicated Trauma Center in Erbil, Iraqi, Kurdistan

Introduction:The Battle of Mosul (2016-2017) involved asymmetric warfare and excess civilian causalities. Emergency Management Centre (EMC) was a designated trauma center for the battle, located 80 km from Mosul. Exploratory laparotomy outcomes in local hospitals are poorly studied compared to military hospitals. Improving response to complex emergencies requires better contextual understanding.Method:Prehospital and hospital data were collected from all patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy at EMC during the battle. Data were collected and validated by EMC’s chief surgeon. New Injury Severity Scores (NISS) were calculated from operative data.Results:Seventy-three patients were included. 22 (30.1%) were children; 40 (54.8%) were non-combatant adults. 51 (69%) were male. Bullets caused 74.0% of injuries. Children had prolonged time from injury to first laparotomy compared to adults (600 vs 208 minutes, p&lt;0.05). Median hospital length of stay (LOS) was six days (IQR 4-10; children 16.4 days vs adults 8.6 days, p=0.05). Median NISS was 18 (IQR 12-27). NISS were significantly higher for women (28.5 vs 19.8), children (28.8 vs 20), and re-laparotomy (32.0 vs 19.0) compared to men, adults, and primary laparotomy, respectively. In univariate and multivariate analysis, NISS was associated with hospital, but not ICU, LOS (p&lt;0.01). Twelve patients were re-laparotomies after surgery elsewhere: ten (83.3%) were for failed repairs or missed injuries. Median time to re-operation was 5.5 days (IQR 1-8). Re-operations had longer ICU (4.5 vs 2.9, p&lt;0.01) and hospital stays (20.7 vs 7.6, p&lt;0.01). Three (4%) patients died; two of which were re-laparotomies.Conclusion:During the battle, civilians and combatants had similar injury mechanisms and outcomes. Children had a long time to present and LOS. Low mortality likely reflects high prehospital mortality. Prolonged times to admission suggest the need for improved hospital transport. Re-operation was associated with increased complications and LOS. NISS demonstrated predictive value for hospitals, but not ICU, or LOS.

The Characteristics of Resilient Organizations within Crisis Management

Purpose: This paper examines crisis management literature, and historical rare events, alongside a recent rare event. The purpose of the paper is to ask whether we, as an industry, are achieving the resilience that technology and changing societies require, and are those societies responding effectively to the challenge of the diversity of this century’s global organizational resilience factor needs, of which climate change is just one. The paper seeks to facilitate a wider understanding of the organizational resilience, institutional, and individual limitations, and failures, contributing to those rare events. Originality: It is clear that with each decade, each generation, a lack of imagination appears to have corrupted institutional, organizational, and management responses. During this original literary presentation, in each situation, whether man-made or natural, greater imagination or foresight in the application of resilience processes may not have prevented the event, however, they would almost without exception have mitigated the losses. Approach: Presenting these events in this manner offers real, relatable situations, and should therefore be more contextual to the reality and purpose of resilience as an organizational quality. Although the exercise may appear simplistic, simplicity should not be confused with the clarity and candor of an inquiry-based learning implementation where the research is adapted to respond to its contemporary environment and is encouraged by a dearth of plain-speaking analysis of contemporary responses. Findings: This review of the reaction and response of the Oman National Emergency Management Centre to the challenges presented by Cyclone Shaheen, their preparedness, response effectiveness, and recovery… their organizational resilience.

УРОКИ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19 ДЛЯ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РОССИИ

The COVID-19 pandemic in all countries continues to have a huge impact on all spheres of life — the economy, demographics, health and psychological mood of people. In the Russian Federation in 2020 relative to 2019 there was a very high rate of additional mortality from all causes per 1 million population (23% higher than in Poland, almost 40% higher than in the USA, 5 times higher than in Germany). And this trend continued in 2021, in which the supermortality amounted to 647 thousand people (+36% by 2019). Based on a comparison with 11 countries of the world, the article substantiates 8 main factors that could affect high mortality rates in the Russian Federation and formulates recommendations to prevent such a situation in the future. The main reasons for excess mortality in the Russian Federation: poor readiness for massive infectious threats, long-term underfunding of the health care system, combined with a shortage of bed capacity and medical personnel, decentralization and insufficient coordination of management in the fight against the pandemic, lack of systematic information work with the population, ineffective vaccination campaign, insufficient measures to limit social contacts and the commitment of the population to them during the second and third waves of the pandemic. To restore and ensure the preparedness of the healthcare system in the Russian Federation for pandemics, the main condition is an increase in General Government funding for healthcare to at least 5% of GDP. Additional funds should be aimed at strengthening the human resources of the industry and the infectious diseases service. It is necessary to recreate, under the leadership of the Ministry of Health of Russia, a system of early preparedness for emergencies by creating a unified Emergency Management Center under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and to develop a Government program in this direction.

Covid-19-თან დაკავშირებული შეტყობინებების ანალიზი და ვიზუალიზაცია 112-ში

The coronavirus pandemic has significantly changed a person's life and almost all areas of his activity. One of the organizations whose activities are directly related to the management of the pandemic is the Emergency Management Center 112. It is actively involved in the process of managing the coronavirus and has been working in a special mode for more than a year to provide timely and highly qualified services to every citizen. Сovid-19 monitoring system developed at the 112 Emergency Management Center is described, whose real-time stability has been compromised by the increasing number of incoming calls during the pandemic. Consequently, a new functionality has been created, the purpose of which is the optimal geographical distribution of ambulance crews. The article discusses the front-end part of this functionality. It also describes the process of integrating maps into the application, which results in the transformation of the desired data into map layers and visual representation. The application shows the number of Covid-19 cases along with an additional text. An example of Covid-19 cases map is shown. The illustrations are provided showing the statistical data of both current days and past period.

Epidemiology Study on Poisoning in Patients Received Pre-hospital Emergency Services in Ghaemshahr, Iran

Background: Poisoning is an important public health issue and causes high mortality rate each year worldwide. Having epidemiological information can lead to proper planning for its prevention and intervention. Objective: This study aims to investigate the one-year prevalence and causes of poisoning in patients received pre-hospital emergency services in Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran, Iran. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. After reviewing the medical files of 12552 patients collected from the Medical Emergency and Accident Management Center in Ghaemshahr, Iran in 2016, 398 poisoned patients were found. Their data including age, gender, place of residence, agent and cause of poisoning, and received therapeutic interventions were extracted and recorded. Results: Of 398 patients, 17.3% had received treatment; 271 (68.1%) were male and 127 (31.9%) were female. The most common cause of poisoning was abuse (58.1%); 58.3% of the poisonings were caused by the use of medications and the rest were non-medication poisonings. Tramadol (29.6%) was the most common medication that had caused poisoning. Among non-medication poisonings, the most common agent were substances (22.6%) and alcohol (13.1%). The most common route of exposure to poisoning agent (toxins) was by ingestion. Conclusion: Due to the increasing abuse of substances and medications such as tramadol among young people and considering the high prevalence of intentional poisoning in young women, there are a need for psychological support, proper monitoring of medicine distribution, and creating social and recreational opportunities for the young people in Iran.

Building an Awareness Model of Emergency Supplies Dispatching for Tropical Cyclone Disasters

Objective – The research objective of this paper is to establish an efficient awareness model of emergency supplies dispatching for tropical cyclone disasters, so as to timely deliver emergency supplies to each disaster area at the lowest cost. Methodology/Technique – Taking the disaster caused by super typhoon No.1409 "Rammasun" to cities and counties in Guangxi as an example, 24 counties (districts) belonging to 7 prefecture-level cities with more than 1000 people in need of emergency transfer and resettlement are selected as the research objects. Findings– The linear programming method is used to establish two kinds of emergency supplies dispatching models: level-by-level centralized dispatching model and unified dispatching model of provincial emergency management center. By comparing the calculation results of the two models, it is found that the level-by-level centralized dispatching model adopted by Guangxi government departments is relatively high in cost although it is simple and convenient. Novelty– The total cost of the improved unified dispatching model of provincial emergency management center is 31.72% less than that of the level-by-level centralized dispatching model, which has greater promotion value. The research results can provide a better reference for the government departments at all levels in Guangxi to formulate the emergency supplies dispatching scheme for tropical cyclone disasters. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: E24, J16. Keywords: Emergency Logistics; Tropical Cyclone Disasters; Emergency Supplies Dispatching; Transportation Problem; Transshipment Problem; Linear Programming Model; Guangxi Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Yue, G; Panichakarn, B. (2021). Building an Awareness Model of Emergency Supplies Dispatching for Tropical Cyclone Disasters, Journal of Business and Economics Review, 5(4) 01–17. https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2021.5.4(1)

Evaluation of Ethiopian Influenza Sentinel Surveillance System

<i>Background:</i> Ethiopia conducts influenza sentinel surveillance since 2008 in eight sites through the coordination of Ethiopian Public Health Institute although little is known whether the system meets its objective. Hence, this evaluation is conducted to evaluate the sentinel surveillance attributes, purposes and its operation system. <i>Method:</i> A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from February 15-30, 2017 in all eight Sentinel sites. Data were collected using US-CDC updated surveillance guideline and Interview with influenza sentinel surveillance focal persons, regional public health emergency officers and national surveillance officers. Case based reports of influenza like illness and severe acute respiratory illness were also reviewed. Secondary data were collected from the national public health emergency management center based at EPHI. We analyzed and compiled the data. <i>Results:</i> Not all the visited health facilities have posted the ILI and SARI cases definition. None of the sentinel sites have been reporting influenza data to their next higher level but to the national PHEM (NIL). All focal persons have responded that they are expected to do so. Data is only being analyzed by national PHEM. Supportive supervision was done this month (February, 2017) since 2014. Laboratory feedback (test result) has been provided irregularly since May 2016 by the national influenza laboratory to sentinel sites and respective regional PHEM. All of focal persons have taken training on influenza surveillance. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 21.35% (n=4922). Among a total of 5,097 case based reports from 2008-2016, 47 (0.9%) age variable, 385 (7.5%) temperature variable, and 103 (2%) date of specimen collection were not filled. <i>Conclusion: </i>Although focal persons are satisfied with the forms and procedures involved, they are not filling formats properly as expected and reporting regularly as scheduled neither to the national PHEM nor to the next higher level. The influenza sentinel surveillance system has proven to be useful in providing virological data used to characterize and monitor influenza trends in Ethiopia. Continuous supportive supervision should be in placed using checklist to increase the quality of data. Data should be continuously analyzed and feedback should be given periodically to health care provider and partners.

Investigating the Prevalence and Etiology of Accidents Recorded at Emergency Management Center of Gonabad City Using the Pareto Chart in 2018

Aims: Accidents are the leading causes of hospitalization and death. This study investigates the prevalence and causes of accidents recorded in Gonabad City emergency hospital service using the Pareto chart from 2016 to 2018. Methods &amp; Materials: This descriptive and analytic study reviewed about 12281 emergencies recorded during 2016-2018, and the key variables such as the number of incidents, causes of incidents, age, gender, and time of incidents were collected for transport and non-transport incidents. Data analysis was performed using a Pareto chart in Minitab v. 16, SPSS v. 18, and EXCEL 2010. Findings: Based on the results, the highest rate of the incidents (542 cases) was related to falling and the lowest related to chemical and electrical burns with one case. Also, most complaints were related to accidents. In the present study, the rate of road accidents was higher than the street and urban accidents (8142 and 4208 cases, respectively). The most frequent accidents were related to motorcycles (748 cases) and then light vehicles (744 cases). The number of accidents that occurred in September and April is higher. Most male victims of accidents were between 16 and 20 years old. Conclusion: Since incidents related to the fall and clash with the mechanical force have the highest prevalence, it is necessary to allocate more financial and human resources to prevent such accidents. Because most admissions to emergency hospital services are related to accidents, and the rate of road accidents is high, it is essential to investigate the causes of accidents. Then, it is possible to raise public awareness to respect the safety regulations while driving and increasing the quality of roads.

Design and Development of a Mobile Robot for Search and Rescue Operations in Debris

After an earthquake, critical tasks during the search and rescue operations are to quickly detect the locations of victims and recover them. Additionally, effective communication between responders in the field and the emergency management center is also important to provide successful operations. All these tasks are mostly performed by humans and trained dogs in dangerous and risky situations. In this study, the design and development of a mobile search and rescue robot are presented. The design criteria are determined based on operational requirements and stakeholder expectations. Considering the specified design criteria, the mechanical and electrical designs of the mobile robot are performed and corresponding control, communication, and user interface software are developed. Designed parts of the robot are manufactured and the system integration is done. Then robot functionality tests are performed. The test results show that the performance of the developed search and rescue robot meets the desired performance criteria. The developed search and rescue robot has great potential to provide an efficient way to reduce losses of lives by decreasing operation time and for getting accurate information about the situation of the disaster area.

Development and strengthening of the nuclear and radiation safety infrastructure for nuclear power program of Bangladesh

Bangladesh, as a newcomer country, is expecting to start her nuclear power journey by 2022. Due to evident reasons, newcomer nuclear countries face several key challenges concerning the development of national nuclear safety infrastructure. The paper investigates the status of the 7 key safety infrastructure issues out of the 19 and readiness of the supportive organizations, laboratories, and workforces following the International Atomic energy Agency’s status evaluation guide at milestone 3 and foreign countries’ practice. Much progress has been achieved at phase 3 regarding the establishments of a few Acts, a regulator, and an operator. However, comprehensive regulatory frameworks, skilled workforces, establishments of a few supportive organizations, and laboratories for managing environmental radioactivity, radiological accidents, and radioactive wastes are yet to ready. Several suggestions are made for establishing and expediting radiation monitoring laboratories, a radiological emergency management center, a radioactive waste management company, and technical support organizations for the safety infrastructure. To avoid perceived risks, policymakers and competent authorities need to emphasize creating an optimized safety infrastructure before commissioning and operating the 1stnuclear power plant safely, securely, and cost-sustainably.

Assessing the Status of Yazd Province Medical Emergency and Accident Management Center in Terms of Necessary Standards for Air Emergencies

Background: Air emergency medical services provide advanced medical care to patients and critically injured as soon as possible to reduce injuries and casualties. In this study, the status of the Medical Emergency and Accident Management Center in Yazd Province in terms of the necessary standards for air emergencies was investigated and compared with existing standards. Materials and Methods: The present research was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Using a researcher-made checklist, the required data, such as human resource requirements, physical and environmental space, time, communication equipment, medical equipment, equipment for traffic detection and management, and equipment for technical and safety services, were collected by asking relevant officials and experts. Finally, data analysis was performed using tables and descriptive statistics. Results: The study findings showed that in total, 2 items in the field of human resource requirements, 7 items in physical space and environmental requirements, 2 items regarding time requirements, 4 items regarding communication equipment requirements, 43 items regarding equipment and medicine requirements, including patient cabin equipment, emergency resuscitation kit and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), medicine and jump bag equipment, delivery set, triage bag, dressing equipment and technical and safety service equipment requirements were in accordance with the existing standards. Conclusion: Based on the existing standards, the air emergency in Yazd Province in most areas was satisfactory. Because of the importance of the issue, authorities must take the necessary measures to address the deficiencies and limitations so that the emergency missions be carried out in the best conditions.

OFF-SITE RADIOLOGICAL DOSE ASSESSMENT IN A SEVERE NUCLEAR ACCIDENT OF APR1400.

Shin Kori unit 3 of Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co. is the pressurized water reactor of advanced power reactor 1400 (APR1400) in the Republic of Korea. A hypothetical accident was assumed for Shin Kori unit 3 to perform the time-dependent dose calculations along with the release rates of radionuclides to the environment. In order to assess the accident scenarios, Radiological Assessment System for Consequence Analysis code was used, which is a set of tools for emergency response applications developed by US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. A straight-line Gaussian model was used for the near-field atmospheric calculations and a Lagrangian Gaussian puff model was used for the far-field simulations where released radioactive materials to the environment were transported, dispersed and deposited. In this study, long-term station blackout in spring, summer, autumn and winter season was considered in 2016-2018 based on reactor condition and seasonal effects. It was found that the worst season is the spring and the worst scenario found during the evening time of spring in 2017. The calculated maximum values of total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) and thyroid committed dose equivalent (CDE) are 22mSv and 390mSv, respectively, around 5km of precautionary action zone (PAZ) in 2days after the accident. According to Korean regulations on urgent public protective actions, for indoor sheltering, the criteria are 10mSv in 2 days. For public evacuation 50mSv in 1 week and iodine prophylaxis should be introduced if thyroid protection level is 100mSv. Calculated values of TEDE are more than double and thyroid CDE is almost four times in the PAZ compared with Korean regulations; hence, it was found that indoor sheltering and supply of iodine prophylaxis should be executed for short/mid-term protective measures. In this situation, indoor sheltering should be decided by off-site emergency management center, which was accountable for emergency decision-making process in nuclear accident under nuclear safety and security commission in Korea.

Good emergency management practices: a review of the core principles, with a focus on preparedness.

Animal health emergencies can also have serious socio-economic and public health consequences, including impacts on human health, as well as food security and safety. Therefore, policy-makers and advisers should take an active part in the development of emergency management systems. A formally structured animal health emergency management system sets out, in a systematic way, the elements required to achieve the necessary level of preparedness, and provides for planning and implementation of the appropriate actions to be taken in an emergency. Good emergency management practices, as laid down by the Emergency Management Centre for Animal Health (EMC-AH) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, should incorporate all four phases of an animal health event: peacetime (i.e. before the event occurs), alert, emergency and reconstruction. Five actions are implemented before, during and after an animal health event: prepare, prevent, detect, respond and recover. A strategic action plan can be drafted to schedule the activities required to develop the emergency management system and increase a country's level of preparedness, step by step. The EMC-AH aims to support all components of emergency management at the national, regional and international levels along this progressive pathway for emergency preparedness.

Flash Flood Forecasting in São Paulo Using a Binary Logistic Regression Model

This study presents a flash flood forecasting model that uses a binary logistic regression method to determine the occurrence of flash flood events in different watersheds in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. This study is based on two years (2015–2016) of rain estimates from a dual-polarization S-band Doppler weather radar (SPOL) and flood locations observed by the Climate Emergency Management Center (CGE) of São Paulo City Hall. The logistic regression model is based on daily accumulated precipitation, a maximum precipitation rate, and daily rainfall duration. The model presented a probability of detection (POD) of 46% (71%) on average for flood events (conditional), while, for events without flash flood, it reached 98% probability. Despite the low averaged POD for flash flood occurrence, the model demonstrated a good performance for watersheds located in the east of the city near the Tietê River and in the southeast with probabilities above 50%.