Emergency Electric Power Research Articles

Method of civil aircraft emergency electrical power requirement analysis based on Systems Engineering

Abstract In this paper, the minimum function of civil aircraft power supply emergency is defined based on the model- based system engineering method and the principle of ensuring aircraft flight safety. Through functional architecture-logical architecture-physical architecture modeling, realize the mapping from minimum functions to minimum equipment. The system equipment that needs to work under the emergency electrical power supply of each aircraft system is sorted out from the forward direction, and the electricity requirements of the electrical equipment in different scenarios are analyzed statistically, and then the emergency electrical power requirements of the whole aircraft are obtained as the design input of the electrical power system.

3시간 방화도어를 구비한 고층건축물, 장애인, 의료 및 다중이용 시설의 화재시 비상구난용 엘리베이터에 관한 연구

There are many reasons why a high-rise building may need to be evacuated, such as a fire, bombing, explosion, terror, chemical or biological attack, storm damage, earthquake etc. Not all of these are relevant to every building and other hazardous situations, whilst possible, are so unlikely to occur that they can be disregarded. Designers of buildings must determine if a particular hazard is sufficiently great as to require addressing. In this study, the concept of an emergency evacuation elevator (EEE) was developed. This EEE includes the elevator equipment, a three hour fireproof door, which is important to protect users from smoke, a frame, a cage, a hoistway, electric wiring water, and emergency electrical power. While the primary objective of this EEE is the safe evacuation of building occupants, this elevator could also be applicable to fire service mobilization before firefighting.

Energy Router for Emergency Energy Supply in Urban Cities: A Review

Abstract The current emergency power supply (EPS) measures are not perfect and standardised in response to large-scale power failures, such as city-wide ones. This review paper focuses on reasonably using the emergency electric power source to supply power in case of an abnormal urban power grid, to ensure the regular operation of urban electrical equipment and the daily life of the people. This study first introduces the different kinds of main emergency electric power sources and analyses their advantages and disadvantages. The battery of an electric vehicle as a new potential emergency power source is introduced that can also avoid the loss caused by unexpected power failure. Finally, three different EPS methods are explained in detail for different emergency occasions. Among them, the energy router is reviewed comprehensively considering it is the most potential emergency power distribution approach in the future because of its various applications.

Solar Powered Portable Charging Unit as Emergency Response for Disaster Prone Areas

Long term power cut off situation during and after any natural calamity can bring unbearable sufferings to people. Emergency situations are taken care of by several relief activities. But providing emergency electric power is still very rare or selectively available to medical emergencies only and that is too, solely based on electric generators burning expensive diesel fuel. Application of renewable energy, specifically solar energy in a portable way, can be an efficient, cost effective, pollution free sustainable solution in such cases of emergency response. This paper presents a solar powered battery charging unit that can be carried to anywhere and electric power can be fetched during day time and after dark for charging and powering up our essential electronic appliances like mobile, Wi-Fi router, low powered fan, light etc. Here we have developed and tested solar powered portable charging unit or emergency electric power provider unit for domestic use as well as for disaster prone areas for emergency response.

High Reliability Microgrid for a Nuclear Facility Emergency Power Supply

Abstract This paper investigates the use of a high reliability microgrid to supply emergency electrical power to a nuclear facility following loss of offsite power accident. Majority of the nuclear facilities around the world utilize diesel generators (DGs) and battery banks as emergency power to back up the grid power supply. This power supply configuration represents the concept of the microgrid system. The research work proposes reliability improvement of the emergency power supply by introducing distributed energy sources and large-scale energy storage systems. The proposed system was modeled with reliability block diagrams (RBDs) and analyzed with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to evaluate the system's reliability in terms of loss of power supply probability (LPSP). The analysis takes into consideration the failure probability of the components combined with the power unavailability due to the intermittent energy sources. The results show that the proposed system reduces the LPSP.

기초 질량부가 포함된 마운트 모듈 지지 시스템의 응답 특성 분석

The characteristics of response of a supported system with a mount module are subject to the selection of mechanical sub-components such as mass, spring, damper, and basement mass-block. The role of a basement mass-block, normally installed beneath the target system, is to control the dynamics of the supported system. The dynamic effect of the mount module varies according to the combination of sub-components. If the basement mass-block is tightly connected with the target system, it will solely lower the critical frequency of the modified system, and the resultant system may display rigid body motion during operational frequency range. However, the contribution of the basement mass-block becomes difficult to predict accurately in cases where it is located between mechanical sub-components such as the spring or damper. In a recent study, we proposed a simplified mount module for use in mounting a heavy emergency electric power plant over the reaction force at the plant side. The investigation of the dynamic contribution of the base mass-block beyond that of the original mount module, required to verify the proposed simplified mount module is still appropriately fit for purpose, remained outstanding. In this paper, the contribution of the basement mass-block is assessed by comparison of the response index for different basement mass-block weights.

Core Conversion of VVR-K Research Reactors

The conversion of the VVR-K research reactor to low-enrichment uranium fuel includes switching to a compact core with low-enrichment uranium and gradually transitioning from a light-water side reflector to a beryllium reflector with restoration of the working reactivity margin without makeup with fresh fuel. In 2015, the reactor was stopped in order to modernize the main elements of the core, the control and protection system for the channels of the working rods, and the emergency electric power source. First criticality of VVR-K with low-enrichment fuel followed by first start of the reactor occurred in spring 2016. The VVR-KN type FA specially developed for VVR-K make it possible to not only preserve but also improve the neutronphysical characteristics of the core. The design-basis reactivity margin of the working core load ~7%Δk/k is adequate for reactor operation for three 20-day cycles with ~10% average burnup reached in the central FA. The beryllium reflector is built up in stages starting at the fourth cycle. The beryllium reflector will make it possible to preserve the radial dimensions of the core and increase the neutron flux density in the central and peripheral irradiation channels.

Новые решения защитных устройств линий электропередач

Objective: Patented and experimentally fulfilled development of supported electric cables and wires’ successful protection from snow build-up, ice covering and possible breakages, caused by strong rushes of wind, was suggested for pilot installing in operation. It is known that, on average, the financial losses of our country from wire breakages amount to about 1 billion rubles. Nevertheless, some districts are left without heat and light, which demands the start of emergency electric power sources and sending the repair squads for power lines’ breakage elimination. Methods: Experimental tests were conducted under conditions close to natural, that is, in winter time and open air. Results: Original and simple implementation solutions of effective damping of possible wire oscillations corroborated the impossibility of resonant swinging of wires formation, which considerably increases the reliability of line functioning. Practical importance: Positive results, indicating a complex fulfillment of the set objective on wires’ protection were obtained, which demonstrate commercial efficiency of the study.

Renal Support for Acute Kidney Injury in the Developing World

There is wide variation in the management of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the practice of renal replacement therapy (RRT) around the world. Clinicians in developing countries face additional challenges due to limited resources, reduced availability of trained staff and equipment, cultural and socioeconomic aspects, and administrative and governmental barriers. In this article, we report the consensus recommendations from the 18th Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative conference in Hyderabad, India. We provide the minimal requirements for provision of acute RRT in developing countries, including patient selection, choice of RRT modality and monitoring, transition, and termination of acute RRT. We also discuss areas of uncertainty and propose themes for future research. These recommendations can serve as a foundation for clinicians to implement renal support for AKI in low resource settings.

Multifunctional backup electricity supply for NPP auxiliary needs based on combined-cycle power plant with hydrogen overheating

Approach is suggested of combining nuclear power plant with combined cycle gas turbine unit and hydrogen producing complex which, while operated in normal conditions, give the possibility to increase plant capacity and, in case of complete blackout, to ensure supply of electricity for covering auxiliary needs of the NPP. It is suggested to use hydrogen for overheating generated steam by exhaust gases of the gas turbine plant included in the composition of the combined cycle gas turbine unit. Combined cycle gas turbine unit must be installed beyond the NPP site. Hydrogen is to be generated by electrolysis of water using cheap off-peak energy produced by the NPP during nighttime, following which hydrogen will be efficiently used during the day for enhancing parameters of steam before the gas turbine included in the composition of the combined cycle gas turbine unit.Probabilistic assessment was performed of reliability of the proposed system in the conditions of loss of power supply for the case of joint use of the combined cycle gas turbine unit and emergency electric power supply channels equipped with diesel generators.The proposed system allows ensuring supply of electricity for covering auxiliary needs of the NPP during more than 72h. Use of the steam turbine plant included in the composition of the combined cycle gas turbine unit is possible for covering auxiliary needs of the NPP in case of failure of gas turbine plants. Steam turbine can be operated due to the generation of additional steam during incineration of hydrogen in oxygen. With appropriate modernization the system allows using decay heat released in the nuclear reactor core. It was established that the proposed option of combining NPP with combined cycle gas turbine unit in combination with hydrogen generating complex allows enhancing reliability of supply of electricity for covering auxiliary needs of the NPP in emergency conditions accompanied with loss of electric power supply.

Radiology diagnostic devices under emergency electric power at disaster base hospitals during the acute phase of the Great East Japan Earthquake: results of a survey of all disaster base hospitals in Miyagi Prefecture.

This study aimed to clarify the management of emergency electric power and the operation of radiology diagnostic devices after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Timing of electricity restoration, actual emergency electric power generation, and whether radiology diagnostic devices were operational and the reason if not were investigated through a questionnaire submitted to all 14 disaster base hospitals in Miyagi Prefecture in February and March 2013. Commercial electricity supply resumed within 3 days after the earthquake at 13 of 14 hospitals. Actual emergency electric power generation was lower than pre-disaster estimates at most of the hospitals. Only 4 of 11 hospitals were able to generate 60% of the power normally consumed. Under emergency electric power, conventional X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scanners worked in 9 of 14 (64%) and 8 of 14 (57%) hospitals, respectively. The main reason conventional X-ray and CT scanners did not operate was that hospitals had not planned to use these devices under emergency electric power. Only 2 of the 14 hospitals had a pre-disaster plan to allocate emergency electric power, and all devices operated at these 2 hospitals. Pre-disaster plans to allocate emergency electric power are required for disaster base hospitals to effectively operate radiology diagnostic devices after a disaster. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;8:548-552).

Thermal hydraulic behavior under Station Blackout for CANDU6

To evaluate thermal hydraulic behavior under typical severe accident sequences for the CANada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) in China, the model of CANDU6 Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is built with the code of RELAP5/SCDAP. The plant model includes Primary Heat Transport System (PHTS) with a simplified model for balance pipes, Steam Generator (SG) secondary system, calandria vessel (CV) and moderator system, and calandria vault. The PHTS model consists of the inlet headers, feeders and end fittings, fuel channels, outlet headers, pressurizer, reactor coolant pumps, and SGs. Each PHTS has liquid relief valves (LRVs) at the reactor outlet header to relief the pressure. The core is modeled by a simplified nodalization with four channels representing the 380 fuel channels arranged in 22 rows and 22 columns. The fuel bundles are modeled as 12 axial nodes and the 37 fuel elements of each fuel bundle, PT, CT and gas-filled annulus are modeled with the SCDAP core components. When the fuel channels collapse onto the bottom of the CV, the debris and CV are modeled by the COUPLE module which generates two-dimensional finite element mesh. Station Blackout caused by the failure of off-site AC Power with subsequent loss of all on-site standby and emergency electric power including Class III and IV is selected and analyzed thermal hydraulic behavior during the accident sequence until the CV failure, including the PHTS and SG response, CV response and calandrial vault response. The results show that most phenomena, such as fuel channel dry-out, fuel channel failure, moderator boiling, core collapsing to CV, and CV failure, can be simulated. Model discussions provide some suggestions to pay attention on and model modification should be made in the near future. This work can give some technical support to severe accident management measures and to develop severe accident management guidelines.

비상용 발전기 제어시스템의 배터리 충전기를 위한 고효율 LLC 공진형 컨버터의 연구

비상용 발전기 제어시스템의 배터리 충전기를 위한 고효율 LLC 공진형 컨버터의 연구

디젤발전기 엔진 상태 진단 기술의 발전소 적용 연구

Diesel generator of nuclear power plant has a role for supply of emergency electric power to protect reactor core system in event of loss of off-site power supply. Therefore diesel generator should be tested periodically to verify the function that can supply specified frequency and voltage at design power level within limited time. For this purpose, appropriate maintenances in case that abnormal conditions were found are required in allowed time. In this paper, results of development of engine condition diagnosis technology and study on power plant of its technology for diesel generator are described.

Two‐dimensional finite element magnetostatic model of a permanent magnet synchronous generator for predicting its steady‐state performance under different loading conditions

A new two-dimensional magnetostatic finite element (FE) model for predicting the steady-state performance of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is proposed. A PMSG can be found in wind farms and emergency electrical power plants. A FE model to predict the PMSG steady-state operation is valuable for initialisation of transient studies and for PMSG design evaluation. In the proposed FE model, the unknowns to be determined are the magnetic vector potential, load angle, stator phase currents and terminal voltage. The model formulation allows the simultaneous computation of the magnetic field, load angle and terminal current of the PMSG. Frequency and load are considered as the model input data. The FE model is validated against experimental tests and a good agreement is obtained.

도난방지 및 구조신호 전송기능이 있는 저가형 농용트랙터 블랙박스 개발

Purpose: The inexpensive black box system was developed to acquire and save driving information, to give the slope information, and to transmit SOS and theft signal. Method: The device consists of a main micro controller to acquire and save data, a GPS sensor module, a CDMA module, a touch LCD module, a RF (Radio Frequency) ID module, a SD (Secure Digital) card module, an emergency electric power source, a theftproof circuit, and a sensing device. The sensing device consists of a 8 bit micro controller, a accelerometer to detect impulse, two slope sensors to detect roll and pitch angle and a circuit to detect operation of 6 lighting devices. Results: Test results are as follows: 1) a tractor can be start up only with an electronic key (password or RFID card), 2) theft signal was transmitted when a tractor moved without an electronic key, 3) SOS was transmitted at conditions that rollover or crash happened. 4) 5 more than per 1s data are recorded at 5 minute intervals as new file name in SD card. Conclusions: This system can be used to save travelling record, reduce accident, prevent theft and rescue life in the accidents.

MCFC 프리컨버터 촉매의 열전도특성과 연료전환율 해석

본 연구에서는 비상시 전기 공급용 MCFC 프리커버터의 천연가스(메탄)로부터 수소의 생산량을 증가시키는 경우를 수치적으로 해석하였다. 상용 코드를 사용하였으며 촉매는 다공성 매질로 시뮬레이션 하였다. 3가지 주요 화학반응인 수증기 개질반응(SR), 수성 가스 전환(WGS) 및 직접 수증기 개질 반응(DSR)은 사용자 부프로그램을 사용하여 해석하였다. 프리컨버터에서 10%의 연료전환율을 얻기 위해 요구되는 추가 열량을 벽면을 통해 공급하게 되면 프리컨버터의 벽면 부근에서만 매우 불균일한 온도분포와 화학반응이 일어나는 것으로 분석되었다. 이와 같은 현상은 매우 작은 열전도율을 갖는 다공성 매질의 촉매와 흡열반응으로 설명되어질 수 있다. 해석결과 프리컨버터의 길이가 짧은 경우가 보다 균일한 연료전환율을 보여 주며, 촉매의 유지 보수 면에도 길이가 짧은 경우가 유리함을 보여 주었다.

부유식 태양광-파력 복합발전 개념 및 원자력발전소 비상전원을 위한 응용

This paper presents a Combined solar-wave Power Generation (CPG) concept that the CPG unit is maintained as buoyant at the level of sea water and it is also supported by a submerged tunnel, with the aim of supplying emergency electric power during the station blackout events of nuclear power plants. The CPG concept has been motivated from the 2011 Fukushima-Daiichi Accidents due to the loss of both offsite AC power and emergency diesel power caused by natural hazards such as earthquake and tsunami. The CPG is conceptualized by applying different types and different sites for emergency power generation, in order to reduce common cause failures of emergency power suppliers due to natural hazards. Thus, the CPG can provide a new mean for supplying emergency electric power during station blackout events of nuclear power plants. For this application, the CPG requirements are described with a typical configuration at the ocean side of a submerged tunnel.

분산전원의 계통연계를 위한 디젤발전기의 부하변동에 따른 제어기 개발연구

일반적으로 비상시 전원으로 디젤발전기를 가장 많이 사용하고 있으며, 하이브리드 전원소스(상용전원, 축전지, 연료전지, 태양전지 등)를 사용하여 부하에 안정적인 전력을 공급하기 위한 방법들이 연구되어지고 있다. 최근 비상시 전원으로 가장 많이 사용하고 있는 디젤발전기의 역할이 아주 중요하게 여겨지며, 운영부하에 따라서도 유연하게 동작되어야 하고, 신뢰성도 확보되어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서 부하 변동에 따른 최대전력 추종제어 기능이 가능하고, 고조파 억제 기능 및 안정주파수 유지기능이 가능하도록 부하 변동에 따른 디젤발전기의 제어기에 대하여 논하고자 한다.

Engine Maintenance System to Ensure Starting of Emergency Diesel Engines by Semi-permanent Use of Lubricating Oil and Without Waste Oil

The authors have developed a new technology that enables use of lubricating oil (LO) semi-permanently and reduces LO consumption. This technique always keeps LO clean, just as the kidneys of animals always keep their blood clean. It is, therefore, called a kidney system. The key element of the kidney system is a new type of filter, called a nephron filter. This filter completely removes oxidized LO, which is very sticky and thus increases friction in cold and motionless engines. Diesel engines for emergency electric power fail in many tests of starting which may result from high friction caused by the cold and sticky products built up in LO during the long periods of engine stop. This paper proposes a method that ensures starting of emergency diesel engines by use of a kidney system.