Emergence Of New Science Research Articles

Recent advances in carbon footprint studies of urban ecosystems: overview, application, and future challenges

Urban ecosystems are complex systems with anthropogenic features that generate considerable CO2 emissions, which contributes to global climate change. Quantitative estimates of the carbon footprint of urban ecosystems are crucial for developing low-carbon development policies to mitigate climate change. Herein, we reviewed more than 195 urban carbon footprint and carbon footprint related studies, collated the recent progress in carbon footprint calculation methods and research applications of the urban ecosystem carbon footprint, analyzed the research applications of the carbon footprint of different cities, and focused on the need to study the urban ecosystem carbon footprint from a holistic perspective. Specifically, we aimed to: (i) compare the strengths and weaknesses of five existing carbon footprint calculation methods [life cycle assessment, input–output analysis, hybrid life cycle assessment, carbon footprint calculator, and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)]; (ii) analyze the status of current research on the carbon footprint of different urban subregions based on different features; and (iii) highlight new methods and areas of research on the carbon footprint of future urban ecosystems. Not all carbon footprint accounting methods are applicable to the carbon footprint determination of urban ecosystems; although the IPCC method is more widely used than the others, the hybrid life cycle assessment method is more accurate. With the emergence of new science and technology, quantitative methods to calculate the carbon footprint of urban ecosystems have evolved, becoming more accurate. Further development of new technologies, such as big data and artificial intelligence, to assess the carbon footprint of urban ecosystems is anticipated to help address the emerging challenges in urban ecosystem research effectively to achieve carbon neutrality and urban sustainability under global change.

СОЦІОГІДРОЛОГІЯ: ПЛЮСИ ТА МІНУСИ НОВОЇ МІЖДИСЦИПЛІНАРНОЇ СФЕРИ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ

The purpose of the survey study was to characterize the state of affairs in sociohydrology, the concept of which began to actively gain positions in the world in the early 2000s. The publication of 2012 by M. Sivapalan et al. is considered to be the reference in the appearance of a statement about a certain systematic design of sociohydrology. In it, the authors defined sociohydrology as a new science that studies dynamic interactions and feedbacks between water and humans. A significant number of researchers have taken up the idea of new science. Analysis of publications in international journals on topics related to sociohydrology showed that in scientific periodicals during 2012–2020. About 180 articles were published, cited about 4000 times according to the Web of Science. The main content of research in the field of sociohydrology boils down to three aspects: compromise in the interconnected system “man – water”; interests in water resources management; virtual research of water in a connected system “man – water”. However, the scientific hydrological community did not unanimously accept the idea of the emergence of new science. Some hydrological scientists believe that sociohydrology is a field of hydrology. They note that there is a tendency in sociohydrology publications to borrow fashionable syntaxes and popular concepts from other fields, but it does not take into account the previous and current advances in the study of human-water related systems, which have already been obtained in hydrology. As a conclusion to this review article on sociohydrology, one can support the opinion of K. Madani and M. Shafiee-Jood, who note that the valuable contribution of sociohydrologists lies not in their “new science”, models, ambitious statements, but in their persistence and reminding hydrologists of the need to take into account the human factor. With regard to the Ukrainian realities in the context of sociohydrology, or studies of the “man – water” system, practical and scientific aspects can be noted: a) practical – after the signing of the Ukraine-EU Association Agreement (2014), a system of integrated water resources management is being implemented in Ukraine by implementing the provisions of the EU Water Framework Directive into the practice of water relations; by 2024, river basin management plans should be developed, which to a certain extent take into account the interrelated manifestations of the linked system “man – water”; b) scientific – Ukrainian scientists need to use the world experience in applying research methods to integrate hydrological and socio-economic aspects of water resources planning, given that there are social, economic and hydrological subsystems in socio-hydrological systems that are causally related; such an approach would allow, for example, to give a clear answer to the question about the significance of the Dnieper cascade of reservoirs for the country.

One of five genius of the world microbiology and immunology - Volodymyr Aronovych Haffkine

Actuality. The anniversary of his birth and significant achievements for world science and the fight against especially dangerous infections by Volodymyr Aronovych Haffkine prompted the authors to recall the glorious pages of history associated with his life and work. An outstanding scientist and inventor, according to the results of his research, saved thousands of people from diseases that, in the modern world, pose a serious threat to humanity.The aim of the work was to establish the historical role of V.A. Haffkine in the development of both microbiological science and medicine in general.Material and methods are based on the analysis of historical data and literature sources associated with the biography of V.A. Haffkine.Results. The end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX centuries is a time of monumental reorganizations in politics, economics, public life, as well as times of scientific discoveries, the emergence of new sciences, and grandiose changes in scientific thought. All this is reflected in the biography of V.A. Haffkine. Radical political activity in his youth and the anti-semitism of the Russian Empire virtually completely closed the possibilities for his work in the scientific field. Emigration to Europe with his teacher I.I. Mechnikov allowed not only to get promising work but also to form a scientific direction for further research by the scientist - protecting the human body from infectious diseases through the use of vaccines and immune serums. The first significant scientific achievement of V.A. Haffkine is considered to be the development of the first attenuated live vaccine against cholera, which in an improved form exists and is used in the modern world. The same decisive step was the creation of an anti-plague vaccine during an epidemic in Bombay.Conclusions. Life story of V.A. Haffkine remains an example for many scientists, bacteriologists and epidemiologists of our time. His scientific achievements have become one of the largest steps in the fight against infectious diseases.

STRUCTURE OF THE CONCEPT: INFORMATION CULTURE OF THE FUTURE TEACHER OF CHEMISTRY

The article considers the preconditions for the emergence of the phenomenon and the concept of "information culture". The purpose of article is to identify the main components of the information culture of the individual, and to analyze their relationship. The author used the methods of logical comparison, systematization and generalization, which allowed to achieve the goal of the study and draw conclusions. The high rates of scientific and technological progress, the expansion of cognitive activity of people, the emergence of new sciences, the rapid change of not only production but also social technologies, the dynamism of modern society - all these aspects became the basis for significant growth of information resources. The factors of changing the attitude to the concept of "information culture" in chronological order are given. Distinctive and similar features in the views and attitudes to the "information culture" of scientists "East" and "West" are considered. The main approaches to the definition of "information culture" are highlighted. The views of scientists on the components of information culture are listed. The expediency and importance of using the activity approach to the formation of information culture are given. The main components of information culture of personality are singled out. A brief analysis of the interaction of each component is given.

Modern Art History As a Human Science in a Situation of Cultural Turn

Intensive development of knowledge in the 20th century, including the emergence of new sciences and humanities, constantly creates a problematic situation in the sphere of art, shifting arts designation to what in the philosophy of science is known as normal science. This is associated with the idea of art as a science that has reached a stage of maturity and consistency and, therefore, complies with its norms. The concept of art as normal science is characterized by a certain degree of conservatism, as it presupposes arts selfprotection against deviations from the established methodology.
 However, sometimes the artistic processes of modernity require different approaches. In addition, the emergence of new humanities shifts the already established methodology of art. This happened in the first decades of the 20th century, in the era of a linguistic turn in the humanities, indicating the invasion of natural sciences in the humanities; and this is happening today, at the turn of the 21st century, in a situation of a cultural turn, the emergence and intensive development of the science of culture. The current turn requiresa deeper understanding of the structure and components of art history, i.e., its sub-disciplines: art history, art theory and art criticism.
 The essay argues that in the situation of cultural turn the theory of art can carry out functions which the other two sub-disciplines cannot. It propounds that art theory is able to make a decisive contribution to the elucidation of two problems: the relationship between art and cultural studies and the problem of historical time, which is important both for contemporary art and for art history.

Some Applications of the Distinction of Subject Principle and Investigation of Demonstration Sciences in Avicenna and After Him

Burhân, Aristoteles mantığında kesin çıkarıma dayalı bir yöntemdir. Aristoteles, ilk kez burhânî bilimler için konu, ilke ve mesele hususunu ele almıştır. İslam felsefesinde el-Fârâbî tarafından da kabul gören bu husus, İbn Sînâ tarafından sistematik hale getirilerek metafiziğe uygulanmıştır. İbn Sînâ sonrasında el-Gazzâlî bu çerçevede kelam ilminin konu ve meselelerini ortaya koyar. Daha sonra el-Urmevî bu bağlamda kelam ve metafiziğin konu ve meselelerini irdeleyerek bu ilimleri birbirinden ayırır. Sadreddîn el-Konevî ve sonrasında Dâvûd-i Kayserî bu metodoloji ile tasavvufu temellendirirken; el-Cürcânî de el-Urmevî’den farklı bir yaklaşımla kelamın konu ve meselelerini ele alır. İbn Haldûn da konu, ilke ve mesele ayrımını yeni bir bilim olarak ortaya koyduğu umran ilmine tatbik eder. Bu çalışmamızda, ilimler için bilimsellik ölçütü olarak görülen konu, ilke ve mesele ayrımının Ortaçağ İslam düşüncesindeki metafizik, kelam, tasavvuf ve umran ilmi bağlamında bazı uygulamalarını ele aldık. Bunu yaparken sosyal bilimlerin ve felsefenin temel yöntemlerinden olan anlama, yorumlama, mukayese etme ve değerlendirmeye dayalı bir metot izledik.

Modern art history as a human science in a situation of cultural turn

Intensive development of knowledge in the 20th century, including the emergence of new sciences and humanities, constantly creates a problematic situation in the sphere of art, shifting arts designation to what in the philosophy of science is known as normal science. This is associated with the idea of art as a science that has reached a stage of maturity and consistency and, therefore, complies with its norms. The concept of art as normal science is characterized by a certain degree of conservatism, as it presupposes arts self-protection against deviations from the established methodology.
 However, sometimes the artistic processes of modernity require different approaches. In addition, the emergence of new humanities shifts the already established methodology of art. This happened in the first decades of the 20th century, in the era of a linguistic turn in the humanities, indicating the invasion of natural sciences in the humanities; and this is happening today, at the turn of the 21st century, in a situation of a cultural turn, the emergence and intensive development of the science of culture. The current turn requires a deeper understanding of the structure and components of art history, i.e., its sub-disciplines: art history, art theory and art criticism.
 The essay argues that in the situation of cultural turn the theory of art can carry out functions which the other two sub-disciplines cannot. It propounds that art theory is able to make a decisive contribution to the elucidation of two problems: the relationship between art and cultural studies and the problem of historical time, which is important both for contemporary art and for art history.

Emerging and Future Science and Technology: Factors in Envisioning, Designing, and Implementing Hypothetical and Theoretical Transdisciplinary Systems

Science and technology have two faces: knowledge that exists and knowledge that does not yet exist-that is, 1) developments based on extrapolation of current and emerging R&D trends and 2) envisioned futures derived from imagination and Einstein's gedankenexperiment (visualized thought experiments). Those who are lured by the latter are driven by the call of the new, the open-ended diversity of the imagination, and the promise of the multivariate structure of transdisciplinarity, coupled with creativity and futurology, that generates the emergence of new science, technology, research, and hypothetical and theoretical systems (i.e., systems based on hypotheses and theories, respectively). Transdisciplinarity often addresses a wide range of domains that include not only science and technology but also economic and sociocultural sectors. However, this article (as with others) addresses abstract science, concrete science, and applied technologies. These perspectives focus on increasing presence and importance in long-term research and development; the benefits of committing to envisioning, designing, and implementing novel science and technology; the tools and techniques used to realize that commitment; and examples of domains historically considered distinct being transformed into a de novo entity.

Modern art history as a human science in a situation of cultural turn

Intensive development of knowledge in the 20th century, including the emergence of new sciences and humanities, constantly creates a problematic situation in the sphere of art, shifting arts designation to what in the philosophy of science is known as normal science. This is associated with the idea of art as a science that has reached a stage of maturity and consistency and, therefore, complies with its norms. The concept of art as normal science is characterized by a certain degree of conservatism, as it presupposes arts self-protection against deviations from the established methodology.
 However, sometimes the artistic processes of modernity require different approaches. In addition, the emergence of new humanities shifts the already established methodology of art. This happened in the first decades of the 20th century, in the era of a linguistic turn in the humanities, indicating the invasion of natural sciences in the humanities; and this is happening today, at the turn of the 21st century, in a situation of a cultural turn, the emergence and intensive development of the science of culture. The current turn requires a deeper understanding of the structure and components of art history, i.e., its sub-disciplines: art history, art theory and art criticism.
 The essay argues that in the situation of cultural turn the theory of art can carry out functions which the other two sub-disciplines cannot. It propounds that art theory is able to make a decisive contribution to the elucidation of two problems: the relationship between art and cultural studies and the problem of historical time, which is important both for contemporary art and for art history.

Modern art history as a human science in a situation of cultural turn

Intensive development of knowledge in the 20th century, including the emergence of new sciences and humanities, constantly creates a problematic situation in the sphere of art, shifting arts designation to what in the philosophy of science is known as normal science. This is associated with the idea of art as a science that has reached a stage of maturity and consistency and, therefore, complies with its norms. The concept of art as normal science is characterized by a certain degree of conservatism, as it presupposes arts self-protection against deviations from the established methodology.
 However, sometimes the artistic processes of modernity require different approaches. In addition, the emergence of new humanities shifts the already established methodology of art. This happened in the first decades of the 20th century, in the era of a linguistic turn in the humanities, indicating the invasion of natural sciences in the humanities; and this is happening today, at the turn of the 21st century, in a situation of a cultural turn, the emergence and intensive development of the science of culture. The current turn requires a deeper understanding of the structure and components of art history, i.e., its sub-disciplines: art history, art theory and art criticism.
 The essay argues that in the situation of cultural turn the theory of art can carry out functions which the other two sub-disciplines cannot. It propounds that art theory is able to make a decisive contribution to the elucidation of two problems: the relationship between art and cultural studies and the problem of historical time, which is important both for contemporary art and for art history.

Sumbangan Paradigma Thomas S. Kuhn dalam Ilmu dan Pendidikan (Penerapan Metode Problem Based Learning dan Discovery Learning)

Abstract: Thomas Kuhn’s concept of scientific revolution has a historical role in the science of constructing the emergence of new science. It has the characteristics thinking and new philosophical model in the birth history of science and philosophy. The History of science is a basic science that is always marked by the strong paradigm and followed by the scientific revolution and is the starting point in studying fundamental issues in scientific epistemology for Thomas Kuhn. Thomas Kuhn termed this phase as a new science birth history phase, beginning with normal science, then emerged anomaly and crisis, and ended with the scientific revolution as a birth form of new science or new paradigm. Thomas Kuhn's paradigm can be contextualized in the science of education or donated to the world of education. The World of Education needs to design a teaching-learning process that can stimulate or provide anomalous data to learners, so as to transform their knowledge scheme toward a better scheme. Problem Based Learning and Discovery Learning became one of the methods of troubleshooting educational problems through experimental ways that make learners become the subject of education. This method is realized in line with has been formulated by Thomas S. Kuhn. Keywords: scientific revolution, education approach, problem based learning, and discovery learning

Landasan Fondasional Integrasi Keilmuan di UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang dan UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

<p>This article deals with the foundational base for integration of sciences trough interdisciplinary Islamic studies, with particular reference to UIN Malang and Surabaya. There are eleven IAINs/STAINs which have been transformed into UIN, each university has their own concept of developing Islamic knowledge. UIN Malang has the concept of pohon ilmu (the tree of sciences) and UIN Surabaya has the concept of integrated twin towers with three pillars. Although different in developing the concept, the two universities share the same perspective of perceiving the relation between general and religious sciences. The integration of science does not refer to the classification of its subject, but rather to the object of knowledge so that religious values can be transformed into different disciplines. It is hoped that in the long term UIN—with the foundation of the Qur’ân and H}adîth—can motivate the emergence of new sciences as blessing for the universe, or at least give new alternatives for the existing sciences, such as Islamic economics. The integration of sciences also needs to be articulated in learning models which are developed while emphasizing harmony between the intellectual tradition of higher education and local tradition of pesantrens.</p>

Understanding the emergence of new science and technology policies: Policy entrepreneurship, agenda setting and the development of the European Framework Programme

We utilise conceptual frameworks from political science on agenda setting, policy entrepreneurship and the role of the European Commission to understand the emergence of a new research theme (security) under the Seventh Framework Programme. We open-up the “black box” of the European Commission and in so doing examine the controversies that emerged within the Commission as well as the critical role of mid-ranking officials in identifying and utilising a political window of opportunity provided by the 9/11 attacks on the United States. We emphasise ambiguity as a key feature in the complex process of framing and mobilisation and develop the idea of ambiguity as a multi-dimensional and dynamic phenomenon that changes its nature and function over the different stages of the agenda setting process. We argue that the understanding of science and technology policy making can benefit by applying this agenda setting approach and its emphasis on the origins of policy, the agenda setting process and the role of policy entrepreneurship.

A perpetual menace: nuclear weapons and international order

Written by a leading scholar in the field of nuclear weapons and international relations, this book examines ‘the problem of order’ arising from the existence of weapons of mass destruction. This central problem of international order has its origins in the nineteenth century, when industrialization and the emergence of new sciences, technologies and administrative capabilities greatly expanded states’ abilities to inflict injury, ushering in the era of total war. It became acute in the mid-twentieth century, with the invention of the atomic bomb and the pre-eminent role ascribed to nuclear weapons during the Cold War. It became more complex after the end of the Cold War, as power structures shifted, new insecurities emerged, prior ordering strategies were called into question, and as technologies relevant to weapons of mass destruction became more accessible to non-state actors as well as states. William Walker explores how this problem is conceived by influential actors, how they have tried to fashion solutions in the face of many predicaments, and why those solutions have been deemed effective and ineffective, legitimate and illegitimate, in various times and contexts.

Without the science of intangibles, the earth is still flat

The modern age, leading up to the Information age, has been dominated by Europe-centered science, often termed as the 'New Science'. Even though it is not readily recognized, the root of this New Science lies within Aristotle's theory of excluded middle and old Greek philosophy that confuses between ideal and real. These same principles, which is synonymous with the short-term approach (focusing on tangibles or taking Δt to 0), was supported by the Roman Catholic Church, which, in turn opposed the emergence of New Science. This dichotomy is not clear as the original science (as in process) has been divided into many branches, such as hard science, social science, theology, and others. Because this distinction is not clear, a scientist can be pro-science and pro-Church at the same time. This would explain why most scientists who are credited to have pioneered new science did not confront the fundamental dogmas of the Church. Galileo, for instance, never opposed the original dogma of Catholic church yet he drew the wrath of the church because he opposed the literal (tangible) meaning of the book that was being promoted as the holy book (bible literally means, The Book). In scientific sense, what Thomas Aquinas, the man credited to have revived Aristotelian logic (via Averröes's translation), was to Christianity what Newton was to New Science and Mathematics. Both of them based their syllogism on the first premise that was aphenomenal. It is no surprise that most of the New Scientists are 'believers' of Christianity. Greek philosophical notions of idea or form could not be verified or disproved by experiment, so outside of mathematics, the Greek philosophical approach was sloughed off in experimental science. The problem was that neither the Greek notions of idea and form, nor experimental science, revealed the truths of nature. Yet, those notions were dominant in New Science. Experimental studies had the advantage of helping to eliminate what was outrightly false. In itself, that only eliminates possibilities. It does not automatically tell us what is true or even distill the truth from whatever remains after the false has been eliminated. Einstein made a big leap forward with the notion of thought-experiment, but this has proven difficult to rigourise in terms of modeling. Meanwhile, everything that claims to be rigorous in contemporary scientific modeling is highly suspect precisely to the extent that these models fail to account for multiple and-or singular solutions. The main problem with aphenomenal models (that have dominated the New Science) is their assumption of mechanisms that are not anywhere in evidence in physical nature/reality. The problem with Greek-philosophical abstract ideas and forms is the assumption that whatever exists in reality is just the materialization of the abstract idea. The deficiency in the Greek-philosophic method is the absence of any notion of pathway, while the deficiency of the aphenomenal model is its inherent assumption of 'either with us or against us', leaving no room for the science of intangibles. In this paper, first approximations of Newton's 'laws' as well as other fundamental 'laws' of Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics are presented and compared with fundamental traits of nature. It is shown that each of these 'laws' has an aphenomenal basis, making the each of them inherently aphenomenal. The paper then discusses the implications of these 'laws' and how engineering based on these 'laws' would lead to processes that are inherently anti-nature, hence, unsustainable. It is shown that by focusing on tangibles (i.e., eliminate root and pathway from a process), the New Science has become a tool for confirming the prejudice that fueled the investigation. This is contrary to any true scientific investigation that should not allow any prejudice to propagate, let alone form the basis of a scientific process. The paper further argues that with the science of tangibles, doing more of the same science will not advance knowledge and will in fact render a falsehood (from ignorance) into an apparent (perception of) truth. Finally, the paper shows an outline on how to introduce the science of intangibles – the essence of knowledge.

Open Source software for small molecule crystallography

The ’’Next Generation of small molecule Crystallographic Software’’ is a joint project between the University of Oxford andDurhamUniversity, with an external management advisory group and scientific advisory committee of experienced senior crystallographers frommany Universities. The consortium was set up to react to the challenges facing current crystallographic software and the knowledge contained within them. To date, almost all widely used small molecule programs are written by single individuals or small groups to software standards dating from the 1970’s. The algorithm details are not documented and this software is neither extendable nor supportable. There is a risk of loss of technical knowledge as authors retire or leave the field, hence the pressing need to bridge the gap between previous and future generations of crystallographers. The aim of the project is to develop Open Source software solutions for Crystallography, which we consider to be a natural way for a project to evolve, since we adhere to software culture that encourages code-sharing. This will ensure the emergence of new science and will complement existing macromolecular crystallographic developments within the domain of small molecule crystallography. To this end, we will implement a pilot design and develop a new program to modern software standards, unhindered by legacy code, supported by detailed documentation, and which will guarantee maintenance and sustainability. It will provide a software kernel on which other researches can build new applications. The initial phase of the project will include all the fields covered by mainstream crystallographic software, such as CRYSTALS, GSAS, JANA, PLATON, SHELX, TOPAS, XP, and include data quality analysis, model building, electron density maps and related analysis, refinement, structure analyses and validation. The presentation will explain why it is important to develop such a project for crystallography now, and what the key challenges will be in completing it. The development team recognises that while current crystallographers are generally content with existing software, the next generation will requite something altogether more integrated and sophisticated, and their aim is to anticipate these needs. After introducing our conceptual view of the project, we will show how we intend to develop methods and algorithms within the new software architecture and at the same time benefit from existing programs. Other parties will be strongly encouraged to contribute their knowledge and ideas to the main development code base. As an Open Source software project, the code will be openly available to all for re-use in order to develop their own extensions. m34.p09