Emergence Of Fragments Research Articles

Survivable routing, spectrum and waveband assignment strategy in cloud Optical and Data Center Network

These years, data centers are developing quickly and cloud Optical and Data Center Network (ODCN) has been shown to be the most viable solution for inter-data-center network implementation with less energy consumption and higher transmit rate. At the same time, elastic optical networks and waveband switching can address the problems caused by dramatic increase in network scale. In cloud hierarchical ODCN with flexible spectrum and waveband switching, survivability is an important and complex issue which is needed to be researched. So, we study the survivable routing, spectrum and waveband assignment strategy in cloud hierarchical ODCN, and in this paper, a novel hierarchical shared-protection (HSP) strategy is proposed. We consider spectrum fragmentation, waveband and shared-protection simultaneously. By quantifying the influence of spectrum assignment and the emergence of fragmentation, slots are assigned to the optimal paths. In order to share protection resource or wavebands, a heuristics algorithm named HSPGA is proposed for optimally picking out the two protection paths. Simulation results show that the proposed HSP strategy decreased the amount of employed ports significantly. In addition, the spectrum efficiency is improved.

Condensate fragmentation as a sensitive measure of the quantum many-body behavior of bosons with long-range interactions

The occupation of more than one single-particle state and hence the emergence of fragmentation is a many-body phenomenon universal to systems of spatially confined interacting bosons. In the present study, we investigate the effect of the range of the interparticle interactions on the fragmentation degree of one- and two-dimensional systems. We solve the full many-body Schr\"odinger equation of the system using the recursive implementation of the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree for bosons method, R-MCTDHB. The dependence of the degree of fragmentation on dimensionality, particle number, areal or line density and interaction strength is assessed. It is found that for contact interactions, the fragmentation is essentially density independent in two dimensions. However, fragmentation increasingly depends on density the more long-ranged the interactions become. The degree of fragmentation is increasing, keeping the particle number $N$ fixed, when the density is decreasing as expected in one spatial dimension. We demonstrate that this remains, nontrivially, true also for long-range interactions in two spatial dimensions. We, finally, find that within our fully self-consistent approach, the fragmentation degree, to a good approximation, decreases universally as $N^{-1/2}$ when only $N$ is varied.

Emerging partnerships in water service provision in Owerri city, Nigeria

The central question of this study is: what should be the approach to municipal water provision in Owerri city? Is it through reliance on the government, NGOs, International actors or the private water investors? For the study both primary and secondary data were obtained and analysed. The study found that though most residents of Owerri city rely heavily on commercial borehole owners and water tanker drivers/water peddlers for their daily supplies, the government through its SWA is in control, and there is an absence of a popularly acceptable regulatory framework/water policy. It also found out water projects by international agencies and donors such as World Bank in water service provision in Owerri city which improved supply in the past also led to the emergence of fragmentation in service provision. The study equally found that, water governance and its institutions in the study area which operated under national and local forces is now tending towards the international. The study recommends that government should have a robust collaboration with the private sector and other community based organizations for its initiated tripartite partnership to be successful.

Answers without questions: The emergence of fragments in child language

Non-sentential utterances (NSUs), utterances that lack an overt verbal (more generally predicative) constituent, are common in adult speech. This paper presents the results of a corpus study of the emergence of certain classes of NSUs in child language, based primarily on data from the Manchester Corpus from CHILDES. Our principal finding is the late short query effect: the main classes of non-sentential queries (NSQs) are acquired much later than non-sentential answers (NSAs). At a stage when the child has productive use of sentential queries, and has mastered elliptical declaratives and the polar lexemes ‘yes’ and ‘no’, non-sentential questions are virtually absent. This happens despite the fact that such questions are common in the speech of the child's caregivers and that the contexts are ones which should facilitate the production of such NSUs. We argue that these results are intrinsically problematic for analyses of NSUs in terms of a single, generalized mechanism of phonological reduction, as standard in generative grammar. We show how to model this effect within an approach of dialogue-oriented constructionism, wherein NSUs are grammatical words or constructions whose main predicate is a contextual parameter resolved in a manner akin to indexical terms, the relevant aspect of context being the discourse topic. We sketch an explanation for the order of acquisition of NSUs, based on a notion which combines accessibility of contextual parameters and complexity of content construction.