Emergence Of Division Research Articles

DEPICTION OF ISLAM’S COLLAPSES IN ANDALUSIA FROM THE NOVEL SANGKAKALA DI LANGIT ANDALUSIA

This study aims to describe the historical picture of Islam’s collapse during the Andalusian period in novel "Sangkakala di Langit Andalusia" by Hanum Salsabiela Rais and Rangga Almahendra. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method using a New Historicism critical approach. The data analysis technique used by the researcher is categorization, tabulation, data analysis and data inference steps. The analysis was carried out by comparing the historical picture in the novel "Sangkakala di Langit Andalusia" with history in history books related to the glory of Islam in Spain such as; “History of the Arabs”; “Penghancuran Buku dari Masa ke Masa”; dan “Bangkit dan Runtuhnya Andalusia”. The results of this study indicate that there is a historical form of Islam’s during the Andalusian period in the plot of novel "Sangkakala di Langit Andalusia", which starts from the emergence of disunity of the Muslim until the collapse of the Islamic sultanate In Andalusia. The presentation of the content’s relevance in the novel and historical facts in this study is divided into three discussions; (1) An emergence of divisions in the Muslims, (2) the fall of the Islamic region to the power of the Christian kingdom, and (3) An Apocalypse in Andalusia.

The Structure of the Political Opportunity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq – a study of the popular protests during 2003-2013

The structure of political opportunity is often defined as those dimensions of the political climate that provide the incentives for the victory of protests about political power and its societal policies, which generates pressure on the political elite and forces it to openness and transition to the democracy. The theory of the structure of political opportunity appeared in the seventies of the last century, and the theory focused on: that the structure of political opportunity depends on certain variables in order to create a societal transformation at the level of politics, culture and economy, such as: the opening of political entrances to reach participation at the legislative and executive level, instability of the arrangement the political, influential alliances about political power and the authority itself with some of the forces that see it revolving in its orbit, the emergence of divisions among the ruling political elite. There were positive influences in the structure of political opportunity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in the period 2003-2013 in the field, such as: time, awareness, welfare, openness, weakness of party affiliation, the rise of social movements and civil society organizations, the revolutionary elite, media and political communication available to all, Supporting national and international equations, change in the political map. However, until now, it faces the political opportunity structure for many internal and external challenges at all levels, and among these challenges are: the party-dominated formation of society, limiting transformations in partisan convergence, flexible repression and in the name of democracy, the monopoly of power, the response of power to the demands of citizens, the absence of the constitution, and the external interventions.

بنية الفرصة السياسية في إقليم كوردستان العراق – دراسة الإحتجاجات الشعبية خلال 2003 – 2013

The structure of political opportunity is often defined as those dimensions of the political climate that provide the incentives for the victory of protests about political power and its societal policies, which generates pressure on the political elite and forces it to openness and transition to the democracy. The theory of the structure of political opportunity appeared in the seventies of the last century, and the theory focused on: that the structure of political opportunity depends on certain variables in order to create a societal transformation at the level of politics, culture and economy, such as: the opening of political entrances to reach participation at the legislative and executive level, instability of the arrangement the political, influential alliances about political power and the authority itself with some of the forces that see it revolving in its orbit, the emergence of divisions among the ruling political elite. There were positive influences in the structure of political opportunity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in the period 2003-2013 in the field, such as: time, awareness, welfare, openness, weakness of party affiliation, the rise of social movements and civil society organizations, the revolutionary elite, media and political communication available to all, Supporting national and international equations, change in the political map. However, until now, it faces the political opportunity structure for many internal and external challenges at all levels, and among these challenges are: the party-dominated formation of society, limiting transformations in partisan convergence, flexible repression and in the name of democracy, the monopoly of power, the response of power to the demands of citizens, the absence of the constitution, and the external interventions.

Pelaksanaan Fungsi Audit Intern di Organisasi Nirlaba (Studi Kasus pada GMIM Jemaat Kristus Manado)

Christ Church GMIM Manado as a non-profit organization has had internal audit called BPPJ appropriate stewardship book GMIM Church of Christ Manado. BPPJ charge of fostering, or give direction (advices), ensure that there are adequate internal controls in the management of the treasury and fixed asset / inventory and inspection and monitoring to assess whether financial reporting and the asset is transparent and accountable in order to prevent fraud (crime) which can break up the unity of the church. Phenomena occurring in the church today is the emergence of divisions and mistrust due to the financial management of the perceived lack of transparency and accountability, so to sue each other in court and even in the church who have had BPPJ not necessarily be separated from the problem. This is due to the discharge of its functions BPPJ still face many struggles or obstacles that cause the performance of the functions of the internal audit BPPJ not been effective as it should be. This study aims to analyze how the internal audit function in the Church of Christ GMIM Manado. This study used a qualitative approach with a blend of ethnography and case studies. The conclusion of this study indicate that the performance of the functions of the Church of Christ GMIM BPPJ in Manado has not run due plagued with struggles that come both from outside and from within his own BPPJ, the integrity of the church and the conversion of those who make mistakes that become important points of the implementation of the functions BPPJ, and the commitment and surrender to the task of calling the main criterion for becoming a member BPPJ.

And Then There Were Three: The NCAA’s Struggle for Reorganization and the Emergence of Division III Athletics

And Then There Were Three: The NCAA’s Struggle for Reorganization and the Emergence of Division III Athletics

RETRACTED: Individual differences in personality and behavioural plasticity facilitate division of labour in social spider colonies

Among factors hypothesized to favour consistent individual differences in behaviour (i.e. personality or behavioural types), the social environment has received relatively little attention. Within-group variation in personality may facilitate the emergence of division of labour, if individuals with different personalities tend to specialize on different tasks. In turn, functional benefits derived from division of labour may promote the coexistence of alternative behavioural types. We investigated how intracolonial variation in personality influences individual and collective patterns of task performance in the social spider Anelosimus studiosus . Colonies composed of a mixture of aggressive and docile females showed greater nonreproductive division of labour than monotypic colonies of either behavioural type. Within mixed-personality colonies, aggressive individuals tended to perform more prey capture, colony defence and/or web repair, while docile individuals became brood care specialists. Task differentiation was shaped by social dynamics, but behavioural plasticity varied with personality type: docile individuals were more socially responsive, shifting their task allocation in the presence of aggressive colonymates. Efficiency gains from personality-linked division of labour may help to explain the superior performance of diverse colonies and to maintain individual behavioural variation in A. studiosus and other social species.

Reflections on the evolution and growth of the internal structures of the Psychological Society of Ireland (1970–2010)

The Psychological Society of Ireland was established in 1970 to promote psychology as a pure and applied science, to support the development of a then fledgling profession, and to ensure that Irish psychologists were represented locally, nationally and internationally. Over the past 40 years, the Society has evolved from a small but dynamic group of committed members to the modern professional body that exists today. This article presents a reflection that aims to capture the story of the internal evolution of the Society. It outlines the development of the Society's Council, boards and committees, the role and responsibilities of officers, the establishment of, at first, regional groups, followed by special interest groups and in later years by the emergence of divisions. It concludes with some reflections on the challenges ahead and the need for the professional body to adapt and evolve further to meet the needs of its members in a changing context.

Parliament and the Committee for Accommodation, 1644-6*

With the emerging conflict between the presbyterian and independent ministers in 1643–4, the independent MPs recognized a need for parliamentary action to secure religious liberty in post-war establishment of a uniform state church. The lead in this was given by such prominent figures as Oliver St John and Oliver Cromwell, who set up a committee for accommodation in autumn 1644 to establish legal safeguards for godly separatists. This article seeks to demonstrate that the lay members from the Houses participated in the proceedings of the committee with as much fervour and awareness of the issue under consideration as the clerical members, employing procedure as a tool of policy making. Their often extended debates offer the historian a rare opportunity to explore in detail a committee at work during this period. The debates show that the scope of religious liberty as envisioned by the majority of MPs was decidedly limited. Furthermore, the article asserts that the committee became an arena for both genuine efforts at compromise and expressions of factional interest and that its proceedings were inextricably bound up with the wider Westminster politics and the vicissitudes of war. Thus, the committee proceedings shed light on the emergence of divisions in parliament and how these metamorphosed over the course of the revolutionary decade. Ultimately, the failure of the committee's enterprise contributed to polarisation within the godly community and to its disintegration.

Civil War to the Bloody End: The Life and Times of Major General Samuel P. Heintzelman (review)

Reviewed by: Civil War to the Bloody End: The Life and Times of Major General Samuel P. Heintzelman Ethan S. Rafuse Civil War to the Bloody End: The Life and Times of Major General Samuel P. Heintzelman. By Jerry Thompson. (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2006. Pp. xv, 443. Cloth, $35.00). Although he never achieved the fame of a Winfield Scott Hancock or Dan Sickles, Samuel P. Heintzelman is a familiar name to students of the Civil War, for in addition to his having been one of the Army of the Potomac’s original corps commanders and played a significant role in two major campaigns in Virginia in 1862, his journals have long been valuable sources of information for researchers. Unfortunately, as is the case with nearly all of the Army of the Potomac’s original corps commanders, for over 140 years no historian deemed Heintzelman worthy of study in his own right. Jerry Thompson’s thorough and impressive Civil War to the Bloody End not only effectively fills this void in Civil War military history but offers much of value to students of the antebellum army and Reconstruction as well. Of course, it was the Civil War that made Heintzelman a subject worthy of a major biography. After a solid performance as a division commander at First Manassas, Heintzelman found himself subordinate to George McClellan, who had not even been born when Heintzelman graduated from West Point, and outside the clique of officers the “Young Napoleon” relied on as he built the Army of the Potomac and formulated strategy. That Heintzelman resented this is understandable. Not only was he senior to McClellan in the antebellum army, but, as Thompson ably documents, he [End Page 427] had compiled a fairly impressive record of service prior to 1861. Although he missed the major campaigns of the Mexican War, Heintzelman performed important duties in southern California afterward and provided notable leadership to U.S. operations during the Cortina War of 1859–60. Utilizing the general’s journals, as well as an impressive range of other primary and secondary sources, Thompson effectively chronicles these activities, as well as Heintzelman’s ambition for an independent command and his resentment of McClellan during the Civil War, the ways Radical Republicans tried to use him in their efforts to undermine “Little Mac,” and the emergence of divisions within the Army of the Potomac that would plague its history. After being imposed on McClellan as commander of the Third Corps, Heintzelman led that unit through the Peninsula campaign, turning in solid performances at Yorktown, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, and in the Seven Days Battles while doing little to hinder the emergence of his corps as a bastion of anti-McClellan sentiment within the Army of the Potomac. After his corps took a severe beating during the Second Manassas campaign, it was retained within the Washington defenses during the Maryland campaign, at which point Heintzelman faded from center stage. As he does with Heintzelman’s active military career, Thompson provides exceptionally informative accounts of the general’s activities after he was kicked upstairs to command the Department of Washington and of his later service as commander of the Northern Department, where his duties mainly consisted of keeping watch over prison camps and monitoring Copperhead activity in the Midwest. Thompson then follows Heintzelman through his postwar military career, in which his most notable service came in Texas, where he had the opportunity to see and deal firsthand with the problems of Reconstruction. Given the range and importance of his experiences before, during, and after the Civil War, and the fact that his journals provide plenty of material to work with, it is a bit surprising that it has taken so long for Heintzelman to be the subject of a full-scale biography. Thompson, however, has made it worth the wait. His research is thorough and careful, his arguments are persuasive, his prose is clear and compelling, and the text is effectively supplemented with maps, photos, and other images that are clear and useful. The past decade has been an enjoyable one for anyone with an interest in the officer corps of the Army of the Potomac. Long...

THE DYNAMICS OF BILATERAL EXCHANGE AND DIVISION OF LABOR

The article presents a dynamic model of exchange, production, and consumption. In a dynamic world, complicated predictions often have to be made. Thus, in this article, the classical exchange model is expanded with a dynamic model specifying the intermediate states toward a static equilibrium, which may or may not be reached. A price mechanism was necessary to develop in order to describe these changes over time. The model is illustrated with two examples of the emergence of division of labor. The robustness of the dynamic model is tested with sensitivity analysis.

Mathematical Problems and Goals in Children's Play of an Educational Game

In his development of activity theory, Leontiev explained that the emergence of divisions of labor in society necessarily leads to collaborative activity in which individuals, with their own goals and actions, contribute to collective achievements. In this article, we describe emergent "divisions of labor" that are common in children's collective problem solving. Parallel to Leontiev's argument, we show that when labor becomes divided, children often become engaged in accomplishing different goals leading to different learning outcomes. We illustrate the utility of this analytic tack in analyses of 64 third and fourth graders playing an educational game, Treasure Hunt.