Embryonic Form Research Articles

The impact of quantum computing on the development of algorithms and software

Introduction: There is a great potential that the quantum computing can change the way of algorithms and software development more than classical computers. Thus, this article will try to focus on how algorithm design and software development can be affected by quantum computing as well as what possibilities could appear when quantum principles are implemented into traditional paradigms. This paper aims at identifying the impact of quantum computing on algorithm and software advancement, through a discussion of essential quantum algorithms, quantum languages, as well as the opportunities and challenges of quantum technologies. Method: An extensive literature review and theoretical investigation was also performed to investigate the foundational concepts of quantum computing and subsequent effects on algorithm and software engineering. Some of the research questions included exploring the contrast between classical and quantum algorithms, reviewing current literature on quantum programming languages, and delving into examples of real-life deployments of quantum algorithms cross numerous domains. Results: This paper shows that quantum computing brings qualitatively new paradigms in the algorithm design and function while the quantum algorithms such as Shor’s and Grover’s perform exponentially faster certain problems. Software development for quantum has brought the need to devise new frameworks of coding in light of probability in quantum circuit. It is also comforting to note that there is still effort being made although in its most embryonic form to create quantum programming languages like Qiskit and Cirq. Some of challenges include quantum decoherence; limited number of quantum hardware; and need for strong error correction processes.Conclusion: While there are currently relatively few quantum algorithms it is believed that the findings in this field have the ability to revolutionize algorithm and software design and subjects like cryptography, optimization and AI. However, trends in quantum computing show that the constraints to computational capabilities are likely to be lifted to allow creativity to develop the most powerful software solutions

The de-structuration of eating models in East Asia under compressed food modernity: An empirical synthesis

The de-structuration of eating models refers to a multitude of contemporary dietary changes, such as meal skipping and eating out, that diverge from ‘proper’ eating models in given societies. This phenomenon has been studied primarily in Western societies and diagnosed as a more modest change than previously assumed by alarming social discourse. However, this view must be relativised from non-Western perspectives. De-structuration involves the weakening of dietary normative systems and the increased food anxiety, the typical symptoms of reflexive modernity. This concept is theoretically based on the paradigm of ‘plural’ modernities, but it has been scarcely tested empirically in non-Western regions. Web-based questionnaire surveys were conducted from 2021 to 2024 in four East Asian societies that have experienced compressed modernisation. The two studies in Japan (n = 973) and Taiwan (n = 920) have already been reported elsewhere. In this article, discussion on this Japan-Taiwan comparison is further extended with new datasets in South Korea (n = 1039) and China (n = 1035), providing an empirical synthesis of eating models and their de-structuration in four East Asian societies. In contrast to Western societies, de-structuration in East Asia has been more intense than a modest change. Similarly, in Taiwan and South Korea, the degree of change has been so large that de-structuration has extended to dietary norms. In Japan, the norm–practice discrepancy has been intensified by the country's gendered dietary norms. Finally, in China, there has been a time lag between dietary changes and the drastic socioeconomic reforms since the 1980s, manifesting an embryonic form of de-structuration. These phenomena are diverse aspects of compressed food modernity, and our article contributes by providing empirical support for plural views of food modernisation.

The Talent Training Model of Forensic Medicine in Japan and Its Reference.

The quality of Japanese forensic experts has been widely recognized around the world, which cannot be separated from the "ripple effect" caused by the rapid rise of the modern forensic education in Japan. By continuously adopting foreign forensic education resources and teaching experience, it has finally formed a forensic professional talent training model with a clear hierarchy of basic education and professional training, as well as classroom teaching and case studies complementing each other; and it continuously improves the comprehensive quality of practitioners through domestic training and international exchange and cooperation, providing talented professionals for the development of the Japanese forensic industry. In this context, this article takes the development history of Japanese forensic medicine as the starting point to study how it gradually formed the embryonic form of forensic education in modern times. Based on this, it analyzes the characteristics of Japan's modern forensic medicine talent training model, summarizes excellent experiences for localized transformation, such as emphasizing the role of practical teaching, exerting the effectiveness of vocational skills training, and promoting international exchange and cooperation, to provide reference and inspiration for the training of relevant professional talents in China.

P38 MAPK as a gatekeeper of reprogramming in mouse migratory primordial germ cells.

Mammalian germ cells are derived from primordial germ cells (PGCs) and ensure species continuity through generations. Unlike irreversible committed mature germ cells, migratory PGCs exhibit a latent pluripotency characterized by the ability to derive embryonic germ cells (EGCs) and form teratoma. Here, we show that inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by chemical compounds in mouse migratory PGCs enables derivation of chemically induced Embryonic Germ-like Cells (cEGLCs) that do not require conventional growth factors like LIF and FGF2/Activin-A, and possess unique naïve pluripotent-like characteristics with epiblast features and chimera formation potential. Furthermore, cEGLCs are regulated by a unique PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, distinct from conventional naïve pluripotent stem cells described previously. Consistent with this notion, we show by performing ex vivo analysis that inhibition of p38 MAPK in organ culture supports the survival and proliferation of PGCs and also potentially reprograms PGCs to acquire indefinite proliferative capabilities, marking these cells as putative teratoma-producing cells. These findings highlight the utility of our ex vivo model in mimicking in vivo teratoma formation, thereby providing valuable insights into the cellular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. Taken together, our research underscores a key role of p38 MAPK in germ cell development, maintaining proper cell fate by preventing unscheduled pluripotency and teratoma formation with a balance between proliferation and differentiation.

Efficient Use of Biological Data in the Web 3.0 Era by Applying Nonfungible Token Technology.

CryptoKitties, a trendy game on Ethereum that is an open-source public blockchain platform with a smart contract function, brought nonfungible tokens (NFTs) into the public eye in 2017. NFTs are popular because of their nonfungible properties and their unique and irreplaceable nature in the real world. The embryonic form of NFTs can be traced back to a P2P network protocol improved based on Bitcoin in 2012 that can realize decentralized digital asset transactions. NFTs have recently gained much attention and have shown an unprecedented explosive growth trend. Herein, the concept of digital asset NFTs is introduced into the medical and health field to conduct a subversive discussion on biobank operations. By converting biomedical data into NFTs, the collection and circulation of samples can be accelerated, and the transformation of resources can be promoted. In conclusion, the biobank can achieve sustainable development through "decentralization."

On the Enlightenment Movement: The Impact on Western Society and the Social Problems Brought by the Lack of Chinese Enlightenment

In his article "What is Enlightenment", Foucault once said, "By explaining it this way, people can discover a starting point for analysis, which is to describe people's so-called attitudes towards modernity.". The Enlightenment legitimized human rights, and with the Enlightenment as the boundary, humanity entered a stage of modernity. Modern human rights ideology was initially established, and Western social life underwent earth-shaking changes. It also impacted China as far away as the East, as the ideas of the Enlightenment formed the cornerstone of modern society and established the embryonic form of modern society. Although China has been affected by this, due to the lack of philosophical education, people only have a vague understanding of concepts such as human rights, democracy, freedom, and so on, without a profound understanding, which has led to some social problems in China being particularly prominent compared to the West. This article explores the issue of legalization in the Enlightenment by analyzing the ideological context before and after the Enlightenment, focusing specifically on human rights. It also attempts to categorize the concept of power during the Enlightenment period and explore several types of power in human society, discussing the impact of the Enlightenment from the above points. Afterward, this article attempts to analyze the impact of the Enlightenment on Western society, using the presence or absence of the Enlightenment as a variable. As a comparison, it analyzes some social problems in China caused by the lack of popularization of knowledge and philosophical education related to the Enlightenment.

2-in-1 Phase Space Sampling for Calculating the Absorption Spectrum of the Hydrated Electron.

The investigation of vibrational effects on absorption spectrum calculations often employs Wigner sampling or thermal sampling. While Wigner sampling incorporates zero-point energy, it may not be suitable for flexible systems. Thermal sampling is applicable to anharmonic systems yet treats nuclei classically. The application of generalized smoothed trajectory analysis (GSTA) as a postprocessing method allows for the incorporation of nuclear quantum effects (NQEs), combining the advantages of both sampling methods. We demonstrate this approach in computing the absorption spectrum of a hydrated electron. Theoretical exploration of the hydrated electron and its embryonic forms, such as water cluster anions, poses a significant challenge due to the diffusivity of the excess electron and the continuous motion of water molecules. In many previous studies, the wave nature of atomic nuclei is often neglected, despite the substantial impact of NQEs on thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties, particularly for hydrogen atoms. In our studies, we examine these NQEs for the excess electrons in various water systems. We obtained structures from mixed classical-quantum simulations for water cluster anions and the hydrated electron by incorporating the quantum effects of atomic nuclei with the filtration of the classical trajectories. Absorption spectra were determined at different theoretical levels. Our results indicate significant NQEs, red shift, and broadening of the spectra for hydrated electron systems. This study demonstrates the applicability of GSTA to complex systems, providing insights into NQEs on energetic and structural properties.

Extreme Tolerance of Extraocular Muscles to Diseases and Aging: Why and How?

The extraocular muscles (EOMs) possess unique characteristics that set them apart from other skeletal muscles. These muscles, responsible for eye movements, exhibit remarkable resistance to various muscular dystrophies and aging, presenting a significant contrast to the vulnerability of skeletal muscles to these conditions. In this review, we delve into the cellular and molecular underpinnings of the distinct properties of EOMs. We explore their structural complexity, highlighting differences in fiber types, innervation patterns, and developmental origins. Notably, EOM fibers express a diverse array of myosin heavy-chain isoforms, retaining embryonic forms into adulthood. Moreover, their motor innervation is characterized by a high ratio of nerve fibers to muscle fibers and the presence of unique neuromuscular junctions. These features contribute to the specialized functions of EOMs, including rapid and precise eye movements. Understanding the mechanisms behind the resilience of EOMs to disease and aging may offer insights into potential therapeutic strategies for treating muscular dystrophies and myopathies affecting other skeletal muscles.

The Letter‐Writing Manual and the Epistolary Novel

AbstractThe relationship between real and fictional letters in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has been the source of much critical debate. Disagreement surrounds the extent to which the increasingly popular genre of the epistolary novel drew on the practices and techniques of actual correspondence. On the one hand are those who see epistolary fiction as developing out of real‐life letters, with some literary‐stylistic additions. On the other hand are those who reject this teleological approach in favour of one that emphasizes the functional versatility of the letter in the period, and the difficulty, if not impossibility, of drawing a distinction between its real and fictional incarnations. This relationship between real correspondence and epistolary fiction is brought into sharp focus by the genre of the letter‐writing manual, which rose sharply in popularity from the last two decades of the seventeenth century onwards. Concentrating on John Hill's The Young Secretary's Guide (1689), Thomas Goodman's The Experience's Secretary (1699), and G. F.'s The Secretary's Guide (1705), in particular, in this article, I suggest that the style of the letter‐writing manual from this period can, with caution, be compared with that of the epistolary novel. I pay particular attention to the ways in which letters in these manuals respond to and quote from each other and the often subtle ways in which they thus incorporate different voices. This polyvocality is taken further in Samuel Richardson's manual Familiar Letters (1741), which, as is well known, provided the raw material for his first novel Pamela; or Virtue Rewarded (1741). I demonstrate that some of the stylistic techniques which would prove crucial to the great epistolary novels of the later eighteenth century, including Richardson's, can be found, at least in embryonic form, in the letter‐writing manuals of the Restoration period.

Ligeti and Artistic Research

AbstractGyörgy Ligeti was very interested in many artistic and scientific fields and drew inspiration for his compositional work from them (his engagement with mathematics – particularly fractal geometry and chaos theory – is perhaps the best known). In this chapter I compare the concept of artistic research with Ligeti's practice and oeuvre. While the notion of artistic research was only appearing in embryonic form during the latter stages of Ligeti's career, many – though not all – of his statements seem to be suitable for describing his artistic processes. The benefit of this investigation is expected to be twofold: applying the concept of artistic research to Ligeti's approaches and practices should yield new insights on the relationship between his work and his interest in other humanities and sciences. Yet this look at Ligeti may also help to refine the concept of artistic research as discussed and applied to the artistic output of today.

Activist Discourse and the Origins of Feminist Shakespeare Studies

This essay reconsiders interpretations of Shakespeare by Irish writer Anna Murphy Jameson and the American Transcendentalist Margaret Fuller. Developing an informal method in which the voice of the female critic rallies in defence of Shakespeare’s heroines, they intervene in a male-dominated intellectual sphere to model alternative forms of women’s learning that take root outside of formalized institutional channels. Jameson, in Shakespeare’s Heroines, invokes the language of authentic Romantic selfhood and artistic freedom, recovering Shakespeare’s female characters from earlier critical aspersion as figures of exceptional female eloquence and resilience; she adopts a conversational critical voice to involve her female readers in the interpretative process itself. Fuller, in Woman in Nineteenth Century, speaks authoritatively as a kind of female prophet to argue that women’s creative reinterpretations of Shakespeare point the way to a revitalization of a sterile literary critical field. Both writers call for the reform of women’s education through revisionist interpretations of history attuned to the representation of female exceptionalism. In embryonic form, these nineteenth century feminist writings formulate a persistent strain of socially engaged, activist feminist criticism of Shakespeare.

The Production of Berwick Bridge

ABSTRACT This paper builds upon histories of Berwick Bridge, setting out a new interdisciplinary appraisal of its conception, design choices, and construction to account for its unique arch profile. Berwick Bridge is a sandstone bridge of 15 arches that spans the Tweed, a river that delimits much of the English-Scottish border on the east coast of Great Britain. Constructed between 1611 and 1624, after the Union of the Crowns in 1603, Berwick Bridge is a rare example of a state-funded building project during peacetime, and it represents an embryonic form of national infrastructure that would not re-emerge until the 19th century. However, the economic importance of Berwick-upon-Tweed belies the sufferance of the unreliable crossings that had previously served the town until the stone bridge was finished, and an explanation of the bridge’s geometry is absent from current literature. By pairing a history of the town’s experience of construction embodied in wooden iterations of the bridge and the fortifications, the technical confidence of the principal designers is affirmed in the shifting arch shapes as reflexive to material and monetary availability—as well as the site’s challenging physical geography.

The impact of interaction on continuous use in online learning platforms: a metaverse perspective

PurposeAs online learning is the embryonic form of education in the metaverse, it is extremely important to explore the behavioral preferences of users. The aim is to explore the impact of interactive features on continuous use in online learning and to further explore what kind of interaction mode should be constructed for different types of students to obtain the best educational experience.Design/methodology/approachThe study developed an empirical model and used a real-world dataset to test hypotheses. Specifically, the interaction in online learning is analyzed from different dimensions, including the interaction intensity of multiple subjects, the immersion of interactive technology, the timeliness of interactive feedback, and the fun in interaction.FindingsThe authors found that the intensity of interaction, immersion, timeliness of feedback and fun in the interaction all had significant positive effects on continuous use. Among them, the most important is the interaction between teachers and students. With the growth of user grades, the role of parents in the interaction is getting smaller and smaller, and the fun in the interaction is gradually becoming unnecessary. For high school students, gamified interactions can even have a negative impact. In addition, from the perspective of gender, males prefer immersive interaction, while females pay more attention to themselves and have negative feedback on fees.Originality/valueThe authors deepened the interaction and summarized the impact of different interactive features on continuous use in online learning platforms. The authors focused on the impact of the immersive experience brought by the application of interactive technology, which can confirm the user behavior preferences of online learning in the context of the metaverse. The research also provides a reference for online learning institutions to set up course interaction modes and targeted marketing programs.

Thermal and Chemical Evolution of an Archean Collision Zone: Insights from P–T–t History of Mafic Granulites from the Coorg Block, S. India

Abstract Knowledge of pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) evolution of Archean high-grade (deep crustal) metamorphic rocks is important for deciphering the nature of Archean tectonic processes. However, exposures of such rocks are limited in the present rock record. Here, we study a suite of high-grade, mafic rocks that are present along a crustal-scale shear zone (called the Mercara Shear Zone) between two Archean terrains of India, the Coorg block and the Dharwar Craton. Given that the Mercara Shear Zone is dated to be Mesoarchean, these shear zone rocks are well suited to elucidate Archean orogenic processes. Petrological investigation shows that these mafic rocks are characterized by a granulitic assemblage of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, quartz and amphibole ± garnet, and with accessory phases such as apatite, ilmenite, magnetite and rutile in some cases. We distinguish the investigated rocks into low-Mg and high-Mg varieties based on their whole-rock composition as well as their mode of occurrence in the field and mineral chemistry. This difference in the bulk composition led to different reaction histories—for example, the low-Mg mafic granulites underwent partial melting while high-Mg granulites were less fertile. Combining these observations with the results of geothermobarometry, phase equilibria modeling, geochronology (U–Pb in zircon and Lu–Hf in garnet ) and diffusion modeling, we have reconstructed a multi-stage P–T–t history for these rocks. The first phase (Stage 1) is represented by granulite-grade metamorphism at ~750–900°C and 8–13 kbar during ~3100 Ma (with uncertainties permitting a timing as recent as ~2700 Ma), after which they resided at T <500°C, likely at lower crustal levels (Stage 2). Subsequently, these rocks were reheated to a T of 700–750°C at 7–10 kbar at ~2400 Ma (Stage 3) and then again cooled down to ~500–600°C at 6–8 kbar (Stage 4). Application of diffusion chronometry shows that (1) the cooling rates of these granulites at high temperatures (>600°C) varied in the range of 25–50°C/Ma, and (2) the rocks resided for a long duration (~500 million years) at the Stage 2 metamorphic conditions, i.e. at T <500°C. We infer that such a protracted, high-T metamorphic history involving at least two heating pulses, and the relatively slow cooling rates on the order of 10’s °C/Ma are consistent with the operation of peel-back styled orogenesis (an embryonic form of plate tectonics) on an early hotter Earth (Mesoarchean to Paleoproterozoic). Moreover, the controls of bulk rock compositions on reaction histories provide a mechanism for intracrustal differentiation and generating Mg-rich, refractory material that may have eventually formed the lower continental crust over a protracted and pulsed thermal evolution spanning several hundred million years.

Dynamic antagonism between key repressive pathways maintains the placental epigenome

DNA and Histone 3 Lysine 27 methylation typically function as repressive modifications and operate within distinct genomic compartments. In mammals, the majority of the genome is kept in a DNA methylated state, whereas the Polycomb repressive complexes regulate the unmethylated CpG-rich promoters of developmental genes. In contrast to this general framework, the extra-embryonic lineages display non-canonical, globally intermediate DNA methylation levels, including disruption of local Polycomb domains. Here, to better understand this unusual landscape’s molecular properties, we genetically and chemically perturbed major epigenetic pathways in mouse trophoblast stem cells. We find that the extra-embryonic epigenome reflects ongoing and dynamic de novo methyltransferase recruitment, which is continuously antagonized by Polycomb to maintain intermediate, locally disordered methylation. Despite its disorganized molecular appearance, our data point to a highly controlled equilibrium between counteracting repressors within extra-embryonic cells, one that can seemingly persist indefinitely without bistable features typically seen for embryonic forms of epigenetic regulation.

Exploring Citizen Science over Time: Sensing, Technology and the Law

People over the course of history have survived by developing their ability to ‘sense’ their environment as an embryonic form of citizen science. With the emergence of modern states, governments have assumed responsibility for monitoring the quality of the environment, and progressively the practice and role of citizen science has changed. This review explores the different manifestations of citizen science over time, with a focus on its law and governance dimensions, reading this evolution as a critical analysis of the current discourses around citizen science. The evolution of citizen science throughout history and its transformation shows certain patterns that are highlighted in this article as ‘constant’ features, whereas other features are instead interrupted and reversed, and new ones emerge. We thus examined citizen science over time by asking what is really new about this phenomenon, focusing on constants—permanent features—and turning points—changes in direction. We argue that these dynamics are central to understanding the promises and perils of the practice, to fully grasping the forms of uninvited, reactive environmental citizen science and to scoping foreseeable future scenarios.

The journeys and the "rewriting" in Vertigo by W. G. Sebald

W.G. Sebald (1944–2001) is considered one of the important authors in German literature after World War II and also is a writer with a special influence in contemporary world literature. Sebald’s first prose work, Vertigo (Schwindel. Gefühle), carries in embryonic form all the motifs that can be encountered in the Sebaldian corpus, specifically the motif of travel, in close connection with the theme of memory. Based on the intertextuality approach, the article aims to interpret the relationship between different kinds of texts on the plot of many vertiginous journeys through space, time, and point out the borders between history and representation, text/image and reality, life, and writing. In doing this research, the author uses the qualitative method with a descriptive approach to disclose the discursive strategies of a superposition of text types in a highly complex narrative. The article has analyzed the plot’s structure of four parts and the overlapping text layers in the novel and found that Vertigo is written in travel style. The story is like a pilgrimage; however, the narrator is not a tourist, but like a “flâneur” on drift journeys (according to Guy Debord’s dérive theory). And Sebald, in a way, always tended to portray scenes haunted by grief and loss. The physical spaces in Sebald’s work are always inlaid with historical, cultural, metaphysical, and psychological sediments, making it not simply a place to visit. The Sebald-flâneur’s journey often deliberately drifts to the periphery, wandering in the edge, they are a traveller who does not intend to relax, whose movement is drawn from emotions arising from the outside landscape. Moreover, from the result of analysing Sebald’s narrative techniques, the author has demonstrated that Vertigo is also a hypertext, that every symbol in a text is also a collection of networks of links to innumerable other texts. It is a labyrinth expressing the concept of the “rewriting” of existing texts. Sebald seems to want to create a feeling of “schwindel” (vertigo) to encourage a viewing, which reads as if it were against the tyranny of a mono-discourse. The novel becomes a space for experiments to break down genre boundaries. The work is a warning for the “reading” since fiction could be nonfiction and vice versa. Therefore, this novel can be read as a collection of short stories with the idea: the “writing” merely “rewriting” over existing texts.

Super Smart City Community Home Care Service

China's cities have entered the digital era, and the replacement of pension models in mega cities is surging. The original institutional pension has been difficult to adapt to the diversified needs, and the progress of science and technology has provided technical support for the elderly to meet the diversified needs more closely. This paper analyzes the reality of the transformation and further extension of the elderly care model from institutional elderly care to home care. On this basis, in the face of the smart and super large development of the city, it explores the embryonic form of the smart elderly care model, analyzes the current difficulties in building a smart city community home based elderly care and gives corresponding suggestions and measures.

Research on the Driving Force of Brand Image Design of Household Porcelain from the Perspective of Jingdezhen Ceramic Industry Development

Focusing on the added value of Jingdezhen household porcelain brand image design, this paper lists the "marking consciousness" on China ancient ceramics, and holds that "marking consciousness" can be regarded as the embryonic form of today's "brand image" thinking; This paper analyzes the development of Jingdezhen ceramic industry from three stages: after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the third technological transformation in the 20th century, and from 2000 to the present. Combined with the image integration of Jingdezhen brand "Jiu Duan Shao", it discusses the driving force of Jingdezhen daily-use porcelain brand image design for the development of ceramic industry from three aspects: intellectual property protection, marketing mode reform and ceramic culture export, in an effort to arouse the independent consciousness of Jingdezhen daily-use porcelain brand image design.

La disciplina del fattore religioso nella Church of England: prospettive di inclusivismo costituzionale

SOMMARIO: 1. La crisi della Respublica Christiana e la nascita della Chiesa territoriale di Stato - 2. La politica ecclesiastica della Church of England - 3. Dal Toleration Act del 1689 al sincretismo religioso anglicano - 4. Sinodalità anglicana e corresponsabilità nel governo ecclesiale - 5. Osservazioni conclusive.
 The discipline of the religious factor in the Church of England: perspectives on constitutional inclusivism
 ABSTRACT: The Church of England reproduced the characteristics of national churches in which rulers were free to choose the religion to be professed and subjects obliged to observe it. This condition persisted until 1689 when William III of Orange passed an ʹact of tolerationʹ by which a certain religious freedom was fostered, albeit in embryonic form, effectively paving the way for the stabilization of the different sensibilities, theological and ecclesiological, present in the aforementioned ecclesial reality and currently converged in the High Church, Low Church and Broad Church. In this regard, it is worth recalling the positive factors that these components have offered to today's Anglican Church, among which the right of ecclesial reorganization, inclusivism and lay participation in ecclesiastical government undoubtedly stand out. In the latter direction, therefore, must be understood the Synodical Government Measure of 1969 by which a parallel constitutional structure, inspired by the revaluation of the synodal element, through which the ʹequalʹ participation of bishops, presbyters and laity in the potestas gubernandi was ensured in the Church of England, alongside the secular hierarchical chain that reaches from the sovereign down to the faithful, was introduced. Indeed, it is no accident that the Anglican Church "is episcopally led and synodically governed”.