Embelia Ribes Research Articles

Demystifying the Potential of Embelin-Loaded Nanoformulations: a Comprehensive Review.

Phytoconstituent based therapies have the potential to reduce the adverse effects and enhance overall patient compliance for different diseased conditions. Embelin (EMB) is a natural compound extracted from Embelia ribes that has demonstrated high therapeutic potential, particularly as anti-inflammatory and anticancer therapeutic applications. However, its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability limitations make it challenging to use in biomedical applications. Nanostructure-based novel formulations have shown the potential to improve physicochemical and biological characteristics of active pharmaceutical ingredients obtained from plants. Different nanoformulations that have been utilized to encapsulate/entrap EMB for various therapeutic applications are nanoliposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, phytosomes, self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system, silver nanoparticles, microparticles, solid lipid nanoparticle, gold nanoparticles and nanomicelles. The common methods reported for the preparation of EMB nanoformulations are thin film hydration, nanoprecipitation, ethanol injection, emulsification followed by sonication. The size of nanoformulations ranged in between 50 and 345nm. In this review, the mentioned EMB loaded nanocarriers are methodically discussed for size, shape, drug entrapment, zeta potential, in vitro release & permeation and in vivo studies. Potential of EMB with other drugs (dual drug approach) incorporated in nanocarriers are also discussed (physicochemical and preclinical characteristics). Patents related to EMB nanoformulations are also presented which showed the clinical translation of this bioactive for future utilization in different indications.

Comparative metabolomics in gauging the quality of Embelia ribes Burm. f. fruits in the market trade

Adulteration and substitution in the market trade is a huge problem. Embelia ribes (ER) fruits are used as condiments and in drug formulations that claim substantial market demands. We assessed the trade of ER fruits across Maharashtra, India, for authentication and quality assessment. MaturaseK amplification identified ER’s close relatives E. tsjeriam-cottam (ET) and E. vestita (EV), (Primulaceae), and distant genera Basella alba (BA) (Basellaceae) and Cinnamomum aromaticum (CA) (Lauraceae) fruits in the market trade. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based comparative metabolomics revealed that ER fruits are metabolically diverse than others. Multivariate analysis showed that ET shares maximum compound similarity with ER and possesses all ER’s major compound classes. However, the percentage of benzoquinones, flavonoids, and furans is less in ET than in ER. Moreover, ER and ET metabolites are associated with different pathways. We conclude that although ET is deemed a good ER substitute, ER replacement by ET al.tered chemical synergy.

Embelin Novel Drug Molecule: A Review

Embelia ribes Burm family (Myrsinaceae), an important traditional medicinal plant of India. Embelia ribes have been proven to have great pharmacological potential with great utility and usage as traditional medicine. The root, berries, and leaves of Embelia ribes are used in herbal formulations. E. ribes fruits contain a quinone derivative (2, 5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-1, 4-benzoquinone), Embelin which is the major bioactive constituent. It has a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic, antifertility, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal in abdominal disorders, lung diseases, constipation, indigestion, fungal infections, mouth ulcer, sore throat, pneumonia, heart disease, and obesity. Embelin was isolated by cold and hot extraction with polar and nonpolar solvents. The concentrated and dried extracts were washed with petroleum ether to get crystalline embelin. Isolated embelin was characterized by melting point, TLC, partition coefficient, solubility, HPLC, HPTLC, FT-IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy.

Embelin mitigates hepatotoxicity induced by isoniazid and rifampicin in rats

Isoniazid and rifampicin are reliable drugs against tuberculosis, but while effective, their use is associated with the risk of drug-induced liver damage. Embelin, a natural parabenzoquinone derived from the Embelia ribes plant, has gained attention for its potential therapeutic properties, antioxidant and organ-protective effects. The study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective properties of embelin against liver dama­ge induced by isoniazid and rifampicin in rats. Wistar rats were used, and liver damage was induced by administration of isoniazid (100 mg/kg) and rifampicin (100 mg/kg). Embelin was given at doses of 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg for 21 days. All the drugs were given orally. Serum levels of the oxidative stress markers, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity measured by enzymatic assay kits (Elabscience, China), and the levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins IL-1β and IL-6 measured by ELISA kits (Randox, UK) were estimated. Embelin administration at varying doses effectively restored AST, ALT, ALP, SOD and catalase activity and notably decreased MDA and nitric oxide concentration as well as expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the serum of animals with drug-induced liver damage. These findings underscore embelin’s hepatoprotective effects, likely attributed to its radical scavenging properties and ability to suppress cytokine production. Keywords: antioxidant effect, cytokine suppression, embelin, hepatoprotection, isoniazid, rifampicin

Application of Response Surface Methodology for the Development of an Innovative Stability-Indicating UHPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Embelin and Vilangin in Vidanga (Embelia ribes) Tablets

Application of Response Surface Methodology for the Development of an Innovative Stability-Indicating UHPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Embelin and Vilangin in Vidanga (Embelia ribes) Tablets

Preliminary evaluation of in-Vivo and in-Vitro antifungal activity of Piper longum, Origanum majorana, Embelia ribes and Butea monosperma with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of phytochemical property of plant extracts against Candida species causing dermatological

: Globally, fungi infections cause more than 1.5 million fatalities annually, mostly in those with weakened immune systems with Candida albicans found to be the chief pathogen. Approximately one to two billion people are affected by dermatological fungal infections involving skin and skin appendages, perhaps very difficult to estimate its exact prevalence due to under-reporting, this augments the requirements for more attention towards new molecules to combat resistance.: Evaluation of antifungal activity of Piper longum, Origanum majorana, Embelia ribes, Butea monosperma both in-vivo and in-vitro analysis against Candida species. This experimental study conducted for evaluating both in-vitro as well as in-vivo anti-fungal activity of Piper longum, Butea monosperma, Embelia ribes and Origanum majorana, and evaluation of phytoconstituent through Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry analysis by GC-MS-QP-2010 plus system to identify the active bio-component. Fluconazole used as the standard control in-vivo and Itraconazole used as a standard drug for in-vitro infection and analysis. Ethical Committee approval was taken (IMS, BHU Dean/2018/CAEC/818). The antifungal activity of the extracts in-vitro was evaluated by Resazurin microtiter assay against Candida sp. Micro broth dilution methods. Rats were given an injection of 0.2 mL (intravenously/i.v) of a 10° UFC/mL inoculum made from a fresh 48-hour Candida albicans culture in sterile saline to cause infection. Induction of candidemia in rats was confirmed using qualitative Gram-stained smear. : The extracts of Butea monosperma (Alc.), Piper longum (Alc.), Origanum majorana (Aq.), and Piper longum (Aq.) showed effective antifungal activity against Candida sp. in-vitro research with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of less than 0.25 mg/mL. : This study is contributing towards the search for a natural drug candidate to combat resistance caused by the Candida genus, as it is one of the highest contributors to fungal dermatological/skin infections.

ESTABLISHMENT AND AUTHENTICATION OF A UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC APPROACH FOR MEASURING EMBELIN CONTENT IN BULK AND FORMULATED SAMPLE

A UV-spectrophotometric method for the estimation of embelin isolated from Embelia ribes berries as per ICH guidelines Q2 (R1) was developed. It is simple, quick, accurate, and affordable. The wavelength of embelin was found to be 294.3 nm; and was linear in the concentration range 2-12 μg mL-1 with 0.997 correlation coefficient. The method was applied to pharmaceutical formulation and the drug estimated was found to be 97.99 % and was in good agreement with the label claim. The accuracy of the method was performed at three different levels, between 80 to 120 %; with % recovery obtained 98.54 - 99.98 %. The low values of % RSD indicate that the method is accurate and reproducible. Interday, intraday variations, and repeatability were studied as precision parameters. A lower % RSD value than 2 indicates the developed method is precise. Ruggedness of the proposed method was studied with the aid of two analysts.

Medicinal potential of embelin and its nanoformulations: An update on the molecular mechanism and various applications.

Natural herbs have garnered significant research recently as their components target multiple disease signaling pathways, making them highly potential for various disease prevention and treatment. Embelin, a naturally occurring benzoquinone isolated from Embelia ribes, has shown promising biological activities such as antitumor, antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, and antimicrobial. Various mechanisms have been reported, including monitoring genes that synchronize the cell cycle, up-regulating multiple anti-oxidant enzymes, suppressing genes that prevent cell death, influencing transcription factors, and preventing inflammatory biomarkers. However, the hydrophobic nature of embelin leads to poor absorption and limits its therapeutic potential. This review highlights a wide range of nanocarriers used as delivery systems for embelin, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, micelles, nanoemulsion, and metallic nanoparticles. These embelin nanomedicine formulations have been developed in preclinical studies as a possible treatment for many disorders and characterized using various in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models.

Antimicrobial potential of Embelia ribes seed extracts

Antimicrobial potential of Embelia ribes seed extracts

Synthesis and characterisation of copper acetate mediated oxidative coupled product of naturally occurring hydroxy benzoquinone, embelin and its in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic studies in Dalton Lymphoma ascites tumour cells

Embelin is an active phytoconstituent known to exhibit a variety of biological activities, especially active against various cancer and tumour cell lines. In the present work, embelin was extracted and isolated from Embelia ribes and was structurally modified by incorporating different fluoro substituted aniline in the quinone motif with a view of enhancing the biological activity. The synthesis was carried out in presence of copper acetate catalyst in a protic solvent, glacial acetic acid to obtain EDFA, ETFA and EOCF and were characterised by various spectral techniques. Embelin and its derivatives were then subjected to in vitro studies in DLA cell lines. Antiangeogenic activities were tested using CAM assay. EOCF was identified as the most active derivative and hence subjected to in vivo studies in tumour induced albino mice. The activity was compared with currently used anticancer drug, cyclophosphamide. The study revealed that EOCF was effective in inhibiting tumour growth.

An overview of ethnobotanical and pharmacological study of Embelia ribes (baobarang): a potential unani herbal drug

An overview of ethnobotanical and pharmacological study of Embelia ribes (baobarang): a potential unani herbal drug

Embelin targets PI3K/AKT and MAPK in age-related ulcerative colitis: an integrated approach of microarray analysis, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics

Vaibhdang, an Ayurvedic treatment for Crohn’s and UC, has been used for centuries. The main component of Vaibhdang is embelin derived from Embelia ribes. However, the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms of embelin in UC remain unclear. This study investigated the molecular targets and mechanisms of action of embelin in UC using microarray analysis, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Embelin targets were obtained by Swiss Target, TargetNet, STITCH, ChEMBL, and TCMSP. Ulcerative colitis targets were mapped using DisGenNET, Genecards, TCMSP, Therapeutic targets, and GEO databases (GSE87466). Co-targets between ulcerative colitis and embelin were identified, and a PPI network was constructed using the STRING database. To identify the core targets, we used Cytoscape to analyze the topology of the PPI network. There were 545 effective Embelin targets and 5171 effective ulcerative colitis targets, including 1470 DEG targets. ShinyGo and AutoDock were used to analyze GO and KEGG enrichment pathways and docking studies, respectively. Venn diagram analysis revealed 327 core targets of embelin in UC. An enrichment study showed that embelin is involved in PI3K-AKT, MAPK, RAS, and chemokine signalling. The top ten core targets docked with embelin and AKT1, MAPK1, and SRC complexes were utilized as representations and simulated using GROMACS for 100 ns. A comparison of native proteins and their complex interactions with embelin revealed that embelin might act on various PI3K/AKT and MAPK targets to treat ulcerative colitis. This study provides insights into the molecular targets and mechanisms of action of embelin against ulcerative colitis. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Isolation and in-silico approach of Modified Embelin derivative from Embelia ribes fruits as anti‐Alzheimer agent

Embelin is one of the primary compounds present in the Embelia ribes fruit. Embelin has a broader pharmacological activity such as Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antioxidant, and many more. The ultimate aim of the study is to ensure the impact of reduced embelin in the management of Alzheimer’s disease. Embelin was isolated and modified by the reduction method, and the Modified Embelin derivative (MED) 3-Undecylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,2,4,5-tetraol was analysed through FT-IR, NMR, and Mass Spectroscopic techniques. MED was docked against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) amyloid beta (Aβ) receptors PDB ID: 1EVE & 1B68, respectively. The docking scores remain similar to that of positive standards galantamine and Donepezil.

Fungal endophytes associated with Embelia ribes and their antifungal and plant growth promoting activity against plant pathogens

The investigation aimed to isolate, identify, characterized and evaluate fungal endophytes from Embelia ribes. The main objective of the study was to identify and evaluate the fungal endophytes for PGP and antifungal activities against selected phytopathogens. A total of eight fungal endophytes were identified by amplifying the ITS region, with phylogenetic analysis confirming their placement within the Ascomycota. Phomopsis and Daldinia sp. dominant species in E. ribes. To evaluate their antifungal activities, three selected endophytes were tested against three fungal pathogens selected based on their relevance and prevalence as plant pathogens in the study area. SEM analysis of the interaction zones between the endophytes and pathogens provided insights into the inhibitory mechanism’s endophytes. Furthermore, the IAA and chitinase activities by endophytes known to exhibit inhibitory activities against pathogenic fungi. Further research is needed to understand the specific mechanisms underlying their inhibitory effects and to assess their performance under field conditions.

Study on of Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Embelia ribes for Anthelmintic Properties

Study on of Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Embelia ribes for Anthelmintic Properties

Simulation-Based Research on Phytoconstituents of Embelia ribes Targeting Proteins with Pathophysiological Implications in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease with an autoimmune origin and an incompletely elucidated pathophysiological mechanism. RA pharmacotherapy is based on chemically or biologically active substances that provide clinical alleviation and remission, but the disease is still incurable. As a result, there remains a need for significant therapeutic development, and adjuvant therapies may play an essential role in the search for novel RA treatment strategies. The aim of the present study was to investigate potential phytocompounds and phytocompound derivates as RA treatment agents, using in silico methodologies. In this regard, five phytoconstituents identified in different structures of Embelia ribes were evaluated by in silico methods for their potential action on target proteins of therapeutic interest in RA. The methodology involved identifying the phytocompound with the highest binding toward the target protein via molecular docking using AutoDock Vina 1.5.7, followed by a ligand-based virtual screening based on the structure of the most promising phytocompound using SwissSimilarity. This process led to the identification of ligands that are not currently utilized in medical practice, but that might have the potential to be used in the management of RA after further extensive experimental endorsements. ZINC000004024651 showed the highest binding affinity for the Bruton's tyrosine kinase protein, followed by ZINC000000434197 for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, ZINC000087606977 for interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4, and ZINC000014728393 for matrix metallopeptidase 9, the latter two showing higher affinity than the co-crystallized compound. The relatively high affinities to target proteins and the pharmacokinetic data obtained by in silico studies using SwisADME suggest a first step for the inclusion of promising new compounds in various more advanced studies, leading to the evaluation of efficacy and safety profiles.

Effect of Nutrients and Herbal Products on Immune Status of Broilers, Experimentally Infected with Mixed Eimeria Species

The present study was conducted to seek herbal alternatives and nutritional modulation to solve the problem of coccidiosis, a deadly protozoan disease of broilers. For the purpose, an experiment of 35 days’ duration (days 0-21 pre-infection period and days 22-35 post-infection period) was conducted to test the efficacy of herbal/natural products/dietary nutrients for the management of mixed coccidial infection prevalent under field conditions. For this purpose wheat grass juice, chelated mineral supplement, herbal anticoccidial and seeds of Embelia ribes without and with sodium bicarbonate, organic chromium, herbal vitamin E-Selenium without and with organic chromium were used to study the immunological parameters of un-infected and infected broilers with 60,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species. Results of the experiment revealed that LST in terms of delta optical density of T- and B-cells was maximum in wheat grass juice while ELISA titre against Newcastle Disease was maximum in herbal vitamin E-Selenium group. All the types of dietary modulation were found to be effective up to different extent in the management of poultry coccidiosis. Further research should focus on micro-array and proteomic technologies to solve the problem.

Molecular Docking Analysis of Embelia ribes for Selected Constituents as Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall Armyworm) Beta Glycosidase and Caspase-1 Inhibitors

Insect pest control is one of the major issues facing the agriculture sector because of the need for new agrochemicals and biocontrol agents that are environmentally friendly, economically affordable, and safe for human health. Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) is one of the insect pests that causes huge damage to various crops around the globe due to its generalist nature. In the present study, three selected Embelia ribes Burm F (Myrsinaceae) constituents, which include embelin, 5-O-methylembelin, and vilangin; one semi-synthetic compound (potassium embelate); three synthetic compounds, namely coenzyme Q10, dopaquinone, and idebenone; and two reference compounds (azadirachtin and amitraz) were assessed on the docking behavior of S. frugiperda (beta glycosidase and caspase-1. The docking studies showed that coenzyme Q10 exhibited the highest binding energies (-130.61 and -434.56 kcal.mol-1) for the target enzymes S. frugiperda (beta glycosidase and caspase-1, respectively). Thus, the present investigation provides new knowledge in understanding Embelia ribes Burm F (Myrsinaceae) constituents as possible inhibitors against S. frugiperda (beta glycosidase and caspase-1) enzyme activities. Furthermore, the present work can help to develop new insecticides and pesticides against S. frugiperda and other related insect pests.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from natural derived embelin compound and their uses in mercury degradation under solar light

The present study deals with the isolation of embelin compound from Embelia ribes (Burm f). The isolated compounds were confirmed by UV/Vis spectrophotometer, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. In absorption at 275 nm in UV/Vis spectra, peak range at 5.7ppm in 1H NMR and peak value at 28.52, 29.35, 31.73ppm in 13C NMR to confirmed the isolated compound are embelin. This isolated compound used as a reducing agent for silver nanoparticles synthesis. The synthesized En-AgNPs were morphologically and structurally confirmed by UV/Vis spectrophotometer, FT-IR, SEM, EDAX, and XRD. The synthesized silver nanoparticles are spherical in shape with the size of <100 nm. The embelin based silver nanoparticles used to degrade the toxic metal like Mercury under solar light. The toxic metal Mercury was degraded within 60 min by En-AgNPs under solar photo catalytic degradation.

Development and In-vitro Effectiveness of Tooth-gel containing Herbal Extracts

The aim of the current research was to formulate and evaluate herbal extracts tooth gel of of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, Trachycpermum ammi, Embelia ribes and Syzygium aromaticum, which are used for oral hygiene, plaque control, gingivitis, anti-bacterial, astringent and prevent tooth decay. Powders were extracted separately and further evaluated for phytochemical screening which showed presence of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and carbohydrates. A 23 factorial design was used to optimize tooth gel using independent variables: concentration of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (X1) (2 and 3 %); concentration of Gantrex (X2) (0 and 1%) and concentration of sodium lauryl sulphate (X3) (1.5 and 2.5 %) and dependent variables foaming capacity (Y1) and zone of inhibition (Y2). Tooth gel was evaluated for color, odor, taste and pH. Gel exhibited good viscosity, extrudability, spreadability and antimicrobial activity. Formulation F5 showed highest foamability (48.2±0.4ml) and zone of inhibition (4.4±0.2cm) with the desirability value 1 (most desirable response) at design space X1 = 2%, X2 = 0%, X3 = 2.5 % and was therefore considered optimize formulation. Formulation was found stable after 3 months of stability studies. Thus, formulated toothgel had better results when compared with marketed formulation. In conclusion, formulated toothgel was considered as helpful to take care of oral hygiene of human being.