Digital Watermark Embedding Research Articles

Retraction Note: Digital image Watermark embedding and extraction using oppositional fruit Fly algorithm

Retraction Note: Digital image Watermark embedding and extraction using oppositional fruit Fly algorithm

Anti‐leakage transmission method of high privacy information in electric power communication network based on digital watermarking technology

AbstractA method of transmission of highly confidential information in power communication network based on digital watermarking technology is proposed in order to reduce the leakage risk of power information and achieve the purpose of safe transmission of private information. This method establishes the data topology model of power communication network and connects the data receiving and sending terminals. Digital watermarking technology is used to embed digital watermarking in the information to be transmitted, encrypt the private information, and optimize the DES encryption algorithm to encrypt the information twice, so as to realize the safe transmission of information. The experimental results show that the digital watermark embedding rate, DES encryption rate, DES decryption rate and watermark extraction rate of the proposed method are all above 90 Mbps, and the file transfer time of 3965Byte is less than 5s, leakage risk rate and packet loss rate are 0.0001% and 0.006%, respectively, which effectively protects the security of high privacy information in the power communication network and prevents information leakage.

Noise immunity algorithm for embedding a digital watermark in medical images

When storing and transferring printed medical materials, such as tomograms or radiographs, there is a need to protect additional information from unauthorized access. This information includes personal data of the patient and a summary of the medical history, and it can be added to the medical image (container) in the form of a watermark. Existing algorithms for embedding digital watermarks (DWM) in graphic objects distort the initial characteristics of the container image, which in the case of medical images can lead to a misdiagnosis. This study aimed to develop a distortion- and noise-resistant algorithm for embedding the DWM in the spatial domain of a medical image intended for storage on paper (as a printout). The article initially considered the possibilities of using the method of modifying the least significant bits of image pixel brightness or the LSB algorithm. Mathematical modeling in Matlab showed that the maximum brightness of the DWM guaranteeing its invisibility cannot exceed 2% of the maximum brightness of the container image for monochrome images, and 6% for color images. The maximum value of the white noise dispersion, at which it is possible to single out a DWM with a correlation coefficient of at least 0.9 was 0.0001. We prorose a new noise immunе algorithm (NIA) for embedding the DWM in the subpixels of the main image, which, after extracting the DWM, are not used to build the container image. In the absence of noise, there are no distortions of the original medical image whatsoever. The essence of the NIA is as follows. The size of the original image in the form of a two-dimensional array is quadrupled by adding a subpixel in each row and column with a brightness equal to the average arithmetic brightness of neighboring pixels. A DWM with the same size as the original image is added to the resulting subpixels. Matlab modeling showed that the DWM would remain invisible at a relative brightness of approximately 5% for monochrome container images and 15% for color images. For the NIA algorithm, the maximum value of the white noise dispersion to obtain a correlation coefficient of 0.9 is 0.005, which means that the noise immunity of the proposed method is significantly higher than that of the LSB-based algorithm.

AdvEWM: Generating image adversarial examples by embedding digital watermarks

With the increasing attention to deep neural network (DNN) models, attacks are also upcoming for such models. For example, an attacker may carefully construct images in specific ways (also referred to as adversarial examples) aiming to mislead the DNN models to output incorrect classification results. Similarly, many efforts are proposed to detect and mitigate adversarial examples, usually for certain dedicated attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel framework called AdvEWM based on embedding digital watermark to generate image adversarial examples for fooling DNN models. Specifically, partial main features of the watermark image are embedded into the host image almost invisibly, aiming to tamper with and damage the recognition capabilities of the DNN models. We devise an efficient mechanism to select host images and watermark images and utilize the improved discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based Patchwork watermarking algorithm with a set of valid hyperparameters to embed digital watermarks from the watermark image dataset into original images for generating image adversarial examples. The experimental results illustrate that the attack success rate on common DNN models can reach an average of 95.47% on the CIFAR-10 dataset and the highest at 98.71%. Besides, our scheme is able to generate a large number of adversarial examples efficiently, concretely, an average of 1.17 s for completing the attacks on each image on the CIFAR-10 dataset. In addition, we design a baseline experiment using the watermark images generated by Gaussian noise as the watermark image dataset that also displays the effectiveness of our scheme. Similarly, we also propose the modified discrete cosine transform (DCT) based Patchwork watermarking algorithm. To ensure repeatability and reproducibility, the source code is available on GitHub.

Copyright protection of deep image classification models

With the growing number of tasks solved using deep learning methods, the need for protection against unauthorized distribution of the intellectual property such as pre-trained models of deep neural networks is growing. To date, one of the most common ways to protect copyright in the digital space is through embedding digital watermarks. When solving the problem of watermark embedding, an important criterion is the preservation of the model prediction accuracy after introducing the protective information. In this paper, we propose a method for embedding digital watermarks into image classification models based on adding images obtained by superimposing pseudo-holograms on images of the original dataset to the training set. A pseudo-hologram is an image synthesized on the basis of a given binary sequence by arranging pulses for bit encoding in the spectral region. Results of the experimental study show that the proposed method allows one to maintain the classification quality, while also retaining its performance regardless of the architecture of the protected neural network. The conducted series of attacks on protected models show that attempts of an attacker to completely remove the watermark will almost inevitably lead to a significant loss in the model prediction quality. The results of the experiments also include recommendations on the choice of method parameters, such as the size of the trigger and training sets, as well as the length of sequences encoded by pseudo-holograms.

An improved video watermarking algorithm with extraction using a mobile device camera

The use of screen-capture-resistant digital watermarks is a promising way to store information invisibly in a video stream for later retrieval by the user using a smartphone camera. However, the development of algorithms that implement this scenario is associated with the problem of balancing between the imperceptibility of embedding and robustness. A serious problem is the extraction of watermarks using a mobile device. Most people use the vertical positioning of the smartphone when shooting, which excludes the possibility of only marked video sequences entering the frame. The extraction algorithm first finds the screen area in the image and then extracts the watermark under various distortion conditions. This study proposes an approach to improve the efficiency of the algorithm for embedding digital watermarks into video data based on rectangular patterns, which provides resistance to screen shooting. The proposed approach to increasing the embedding imperceptibility provided an increase in the PSNR and SSIM values by 17.18 % and 7.90 %, respectively. The use of a neural network at the extraction stage reduced the BER value by 64.64 %.

Data Rights Confirmation Scheme Based on Auditable Ciphertext CP-ABE in the Cloud Storage Environment

Advances in information technology have made data accessible anytime and anywhere. Currently, data confirmation is a popular area of research. Many current approaches to data confirmation rely on submitting certificates of ownership, embedding digital watermarks, or using blockchain. However, none of these approaches can avoid exposing source data to third parties that are not fully trusted. To address this issue, this paper proposes a new data confirmation method based on ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE), which is widely used in cloud storage environments. The unique identifier of the data owner is encrypted by Paillier encryption and embedded into the ciphertext, so that the ownership corresponding to the plaintext is converted to the ownership corresponding to the ciphertext. During the entire confirmation process, third-party organizations cannot access the source data, reducing the risk of source data leakage. Finally, the feasibility of the scheme is proved by security proof and experiment comparison.

Контроль неизменности медицинских изображений при передаче по каналам связи

Relevance. Modern methods of ophthalmic medical examinations, for example, ultrasound biomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography, axial MR tomography, and so on, allow you to save results, medical images in electronic form. The obtained image can be stored and transmitted via communication channels, which allows doctors to easily exchange information about the patient, since all tests are now in a single electronic patient card, as well as conduct long-distance consultations. Accurate diagnosis requires that ophthalmic medical images be protected from alteration, both intentional and accidental, when stored and transmitted over communication channels. Purpose. The goal of this work is to investigate the possibility of using modern digital watermark methods to control the integrity and immutability of stored and transmitted ophthalmic medical images. Material and methods. This article uses the results of a study of accurate authentication algorithms conducted using specially written software that allows you to attach and extract a digital watermark. Results. The possibility of using existing algorithms for embedding digital watermarks in ophthalmic medical images to control the absence of distortion during their storage and transmission has been investigated. Here is an example of accurate snapshot authentication using a digital watermark. Conclusion. The article considers the possibility of accurate authentication of ophthalmic medical images to control their invariability. State-of-the-art digital watermarking algorithms allow for monitoring the immutability of ophthalmic medical images during storage and transmission. Keywords: digital watermark, ophthalmic medical snapshot, accurate authentication, immutability, embedding algorithm

Підвищення стійкості цифрових водяних знаків у потокових відеозаписах на основі диференціального вбудовування енергії (DEW)

In connection with the continuous growth of the amount of digital information and the wider use of the Internet, today’s urgent task is the protection of copyright with the help of steganography. In particular, the technologies of digital watermarks (DWM) are successfully used to solve the problems of confirming copyright in relation to digital files, controlling their use by authorized users and other persons, confirming the authenticity and reliability of copies of software and multimedia objects used. An algorithm for embedding digital watermarks based on the idea of a differential energy watermark (DEW) was chosen for research and further improvement in the work, and is a method of embedding a digital watermark based on the selective rejection of a part of the high-frequency coefficients of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) compressed images and videos. Based on the results of the work carried out, this article describes the improvement of the method for copyright protection of streaming video (MPEG2 and MPEG4 formats) by embedding a digital watermark only in the low-frequency coefficients of the discrete-cosine transformation and applying the Canni’s segmentation method, which uses a multi-level computational approach to the detection of the segment boundaries in the image and helps to reduce the visual changes of the container. In order to study the practical results of the improved method, it was implemented in the developed online service and applied to video files, which made it possible to evaluate the performance and compare it with other methods of embedding the DW in terms of visual impact indicators (SSIM, SNR, PSNR, AD, NAD, IF) and resistance to attacks. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that in general, the application of the improved method allows to increase the stability indicators of DW in streaming video by approximately 12%. The digital watermark embedded in the video file did not have a significant impact on it, and the embedding of data in low-frequency coefficients made it possible to increase resistance to attacks.

МАРКИРОВКА НЕПОДВИЖНЫХ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ФРАКТАЛЬНОГО ГАУССОВСКОГО ШУМА И ДВУМЕРНОГО ДИСКРЕТНОГО ВЕЙВЛЕТ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАЩИТЫ АВТОРСКИХ ПРАВ

Introduction. The relevance of copyright protection for multimedia content is determined by the using digital objects in all areas of life. The number and qualification of malefactors aimed at using someone else's intellectual work is constantly growing. The problem of copyright protection can be solved by using steganography methods. Despite the wide development of the topic, there are a number of problems that limit the use of classical steganography methods. The resistance of many well-known methods to unauthorized access is based on knowledge of the algorithm without the use of additional keys. This leaves the methods vulnerable to modification and removal of the embedded label by an intruder. The aim of the study is to increase the stability of copyright protection algorithms from unauthorized access. It is proposed to embed watermarks in two stages: at the first stage, the digital watermark values are replaced by sequences of fractal Gaussian noise, then the resulting fractal key is embedded in the protected image by replacing the wavelet decomposition coefficients. Methods: The fast Fourier transform algorithm was used to generate fractal Gaussian noise. The Hurst exponent of noise sequences was estimated using R/S analysis. Results: A new algorithm for embedding digital watermarks into images based on fractal Gaussian noise and discrete wavelet transform is proposed. The values of rational parameters of the algorithm, such as the decomposition level, the scaling factor, the length of the noise sequence, the values of the Hurst exponent for a single sequence, and the threshold value, are determined to achieve the best balance between the quality of embedding and extraction.

Self embedding digital watermark using hybrid method against compression attack

<p>In the modern time interacting with digital world become standard life activity, human need a way to protect properties as individuals or corporals, and we do that by embedding a digital mark to the target, and this technique call digital watermarking. But there still is a chance to manipulate or even remove this marks we embed for protection with various attacks like adding noises, compression-decompression or bits manipulations, and that why companions, individuals, laboratories are still developing new methods to embed this marks and make them more robust and more hard to detect for others. There are so many methods for digital watermarking, so we chose the least significant bits watermarking (LSB-watermarking) to provide an invisible digital watermarking, and on top of that we proceed with the blind LSB-watermarking method so that we don't get bind to the original image, and for our attack we chose compression joint photographic experts group (JPEG) compression because it’s the most used method for image and videos compression along with singular value decomposition (SVD) to make our mark as robust as possible. And the results we gain from our method are promising and it did give as high quality digital watermarking.</p>

Protection of data using image watermarking technique

Digital watermarking is one of the techniques used for copyright protection as well as authentication purpose. In this paper, digital watermark embedding and extraction techniques have been used in which a nested type of watermarking (a watermark inside another watermark) has been presented. The main purpose of using the nested watermarking method is, it increases the embedding capacity so that a large amount of information could be embedded. In this method, one watermark is embedded into another watermark. The resultant watermark is considered as main watermark. The main watermark is encrypted and then embedded into the main image. The main goal in encrypting the watermarks before embedding is increased safety. A5/1 encryption algorithm is used for the encryption and decryption purpose. Therefore, our research work focuses on two important things i.e., increased watermark embedding capacity and increased safety.

Embed digital watermarks in executable program memory

The article proposes a method for embedding digital watermarks into executable program code. A digital watermark is generated in the process RAM. Existing information structures, such as dynamic arrays and objects, are used to accommodate parts of the embedded message. The message embedding program modifies the size of the data structures. The digital watermark is placed in additional memory locations. Two approaches to the placement of digital watermarks are proposed. Arrays are ordered in lexicographic order. Parts of the embedded message are placed in arrays. There are no array names in the executable code. nformation for stegonographic analysis is not available. Arrays for embedding can also be selected in any order. Portions of the digital watermark are written to a dynamic unidirectional list. The unidirectional list is embedded in arrays. Embedding into objects of the same class is carried out using similar methods.

Digital watermarking algorithm for multi-sampling compressed sensing in measurement domain

Compressed sensing technology is widely used in the field of digital watermarking and traditional algorithms lack proper selection of carrier data, resulting in excessive computing costs. The algorithm in this paper mainly focuses on the measured values of different regions, uses the clustering algorithm to select the appropriate image blocks, adjusts the sampling rate to re-measure the background image blocks, obtains new measurement values, and then performs digital watermark embedding and carrier image restoration. The experiment shows this method improved transparency, while possessing certain robustness and resistance to extraction.

РАЗРАБОТКА АЛГОРИТМА ВСТРАИВАНИЯ И ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ЦИФРОВЫХ ВОДЯНЫХ ЗНАКОВ ДЛЯ ВИДЕОФАЙЛОВ AVI-ФОРМАТА

Nowadays authors of cinematographic works are often faced to protect copyright need. One way to resolve such an issue is to use digital watermarks. Digital watermarks are some kind of encrypted message that allows distinguishing the original work from its forgery. At the same time the audio or video file with a built-in message looks no different from a file without a digital watermark, what is a key advantage of its use and at the same time it makes difficult to playback the file illegally. A set of methods for undetectable hiding some bit sequences in others is called digital steganography. An important advantage of steganography over cryptographic methods is the hiding the fact of embedding a code message. Embedding digital watermarks by using the least significant bit method allows embedding a digital watermark in such a way that a person will not notice any changes in the video file. The article considers the known methods of embedding digital watermarks and the structure of the AVI file format. It presents an algorithm for embedding and extracting digital watermarks for AVI video files based on LSB method with using hash-function. The algorithm provides a counteraction to the spread of counterfeit products.

Система маркирования документов для проведения расследований при их утечке

This paper presents a confidential text documents leakage investigation system, focused on leak channels by documents printing and screen photographing. Internal intruders may print confidential document, take paper copy out of protected perimeter, make document image by scanner and perform anonymous leak. Also, intruders may take a photo of printed confidential document or displayed on workstation screen using personal mobile phone. Described leakage channels are weakly covered by traditional DLP systems that are usually used by enterprises for confidential information leak protection. Digital watermark (DWM) embedding is chosen as a document protection mechanism by implying changing of document image visual representation. In case of confidential document anonymous leak embedded DWM would enable the employee to determine what leak intentionally or by security protocol violation. System architecture consists of different type components. Employees’ workstation components provide DWM embedding into documents, which are sent for printing or displayed on screen. Information about watermark embedding is sent to a remote server that aggregates marking facts and provides it to security officer during investigation. Text document marking algorithms are developed, which embed DWM into printed and displayed on screen documents. Screen watermark is embedded into interline space interval, information is encoded by sequence of lightened and darkened spaces. DWM embedding into printed documents is implemented by three algorithms: horizontal and vertical shift based, font fragments brightness changing based. Algorithms testing methodology is developed in view of the production environment, that helped to evaluate the application area of algorithms. Besides, intruder model was formulated, system security was evaluated and determined possible attack vectors.

DCT-based color digital image blind watermarking method with variable steps

In this paper, a blind watermarking method for color digital image based on DCT domain with variable steps is proposed to solve the copyright protection of color digital image. In this method, partial DCT coefficients of the image block transformed by two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (2D-DCT) are selected in the transform domain firstly, then these selected DCT coefficients at different positions are quantized by different quantization steps, and the embedding and blind extraction of digital watermark are completed. This method used color digital image as watermark image instead of gray image or binary image, and the color host image used in this scheme is selected from two public image databases (CVG-UGR and USC-SIPI). The experimental result shows that this scheme embedded color digital image watermark into host image successfully not merely has high invisibility, but also has strong robustness, which is suitable for digital image copyright protection.

Research on Digital Watermarking Technology Based on Discrete Wavelet Transform

By using the advantages of discrete wavelet transform in digital watermark embedding, extraction and detection, a corresponding basic model was established. Using MATLAB as a tool for simulation experiments, the experimental results show that the discrete wavelet transform can extract the watermark signal under the common JPEG compression, noise, shear and rotation, filtering and other attacks, and has high robustness.

РОЗРОБКА СИСТЕМИ ВБУДОВИ ЦИФРОВИХ ВОДЯНИХ ЗНАКІВ В ЗОБРАЖЕННЯ НА ОСНОВІ DCT-LWT-SVD

Copyright protection of digital content is a rather actual problem of humanity in the 21st century. Misuses of multimedia content is very common, and their number is growing with each passing day. One type of copyright protection is the embedding of digital watermark (DW) in the content. In this paper a new method of embedding digital watermark into image using discrete cosine transform, lifting wavelet transform (LWT) with maternal wavelet "Dobeshi-8" and singular coefficients decomposition is proposed. Embedding is performed into the first singular number of the low frequency wavelet transform region. As a digital watermark, we will use a grayscale image normalized to a range from zero to ten to provide a high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The research analyzed the developed method: the method of embedding and detecting information was tested for its resistance to various types of attacks, namely: application of noise overlay (Gauss and pulse noise, "salt and pepper"), "unsharp" filter and median filter, and compression attack (with quality coefficients for a complete container from 60 to 100). As a result of the conducted testing, it was established that the method is quite resistant to all the attacks, except for the "unsharp" filtering (the resulting performance is not satisfactory). The method showed good results in peak signal-to-noise ratio - the average PSNR value is 50.5 dB, as well as high rates of similarity between the embedded DW and the extracted one - from 77% to 97.6% while saving the full container in a lossless format, and up to 53, 05 dB and 91.96% while saving the image in a lossless format (JPEG).

АЛГОРИТМ ДИНАМИЧЕСКОГО ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ЦИФРОВОГО ВОДЯНОГО ЗНАКА В ПАМЯТИ ПРОГРАММЫ

An algorithm for embedding digital watermarks into the memory of the executable program is proposed. Digital watermarks are used for copy protection and copyright confirmation of digital objects. The proposed approach makes it possible to form a digital watermark in the operative memory of an executable program for a limited period of time. The address of the embedded information in RAM is random, which greatly complicates its detection and identification. Extraction of digital watermark is performed by passphrase. The embedding, extraction and removal of a digital watermark is implemented using a dynamic library, which is an integral part of the user authentication process, which prevents third-party removal of the digital watermark.