Elongation Test Research Articles

Characterization of Chayotextle Starch Films Supplemented with Essential Oils and Their Effect as a Coating on the Shelf Life of Bread

AbstractStarch extracted from chayote root is a carbohydrate polymer ideal for producing edible films, especially when combined with essential oils. This study develops starch‐based edible films incorporating rosemary (E‐RO) or cinnamon (E‐CO) essential oil and assesses their effectiveness in extending bread's shelf life. Films with essential oils exhibit significantly higher (p < 0.05) water vapor permeability compared to control films without oil. Tensile strength and elongation tests show that films stored at low water activity (aw < 0.443) have greater strength and lower elongation (p < 0.05) than those stored at high water activity. Additionally, essential oils significantly enhance the films' antimicrobial and antifungal activity against selected microorganisms. Edible films with essential oils are fully degraded around day 18, while control films degraded by day 15. Bread coated with these films is stored at different temperatures to analyze effects on physicochemical properties and hardness. Sensory analyses reveal that coated bread receives overall acceptance scores (7.61–8.64) similar to control bread and show delayed mould growth during the 15‐day storage period. These findings suggest that chayote root starch‐based films with essential oils have strong potential as active food coatings, effectively extending the shelf life of stored bread.

Assessment of Physical and Mechanical Parameters of Spun-Bond Nonwoven Fabric.

The selection of an appropriate fabric for technical applications, such as protective masks, hinges on a thorough understanding of the fabric's physical and mechanical properties. This study addresses the challenge of selecting the optimal material structure for the upper layer of a protective mask, aiming to ensure adequate breathability while providing effective filtration against airborne particles and contaminants. We assessed and compared the physical-mechanical properties of five polymer spun-bond nonwoven fabrics from different suppliers. Our comprehensive evaluation included, as follows: a visual inspection; light permeability analysis; mass and thickness measurements; elongation and tensile strength tests; breathing resistance assessments; and filter penetration tests with paraffin oil. The results revealed significant variations in performance among the samples, with one fabric consistently outperforming the others across multiple parameters. Notably, this top-performing fabric met or exceeded the EN 149:2001+A1:2009 standard for breathing resistance and filtration efficiency and, in combination with additional filter layers, met the requirements or exceeded class FFP2 (filtering face piece). This study underscores the importance of meticulous material selection and quality control in optimizing PPE (personal protective equipment) performance and user safety, providing valuable insights for mask manufacturers and healthcare professionals.

Enhancing mechanical properties of 2024-Aluminium Alloy Matrix Composite strengthened by Y2O3 ceramic particles

The development of high-strength, low-weight composite materials has been a high-priority demand in the structural, aerospace, automotive, renewable energy, and sports equipment sectors. Micro-particle size Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) has been utilized to enhance the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the 2024-Al alloy. The stir-casting technique is employed to prepare 2024-Al alloy and aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) with different Y2O3 weight fractions (1 %, 2 %, and 3 %). Scanning electron microscope ESM with EDS analysis and optical microscope imaging have been used to assess the development in the microstructure of AMCs. Furthermore, optical microscope images have been analyzed by using image processing software, ImageJ to evaluate development in microstructure grain size. Vickers' micro-hardness, tensile strength, elongation, and wear-resistant tests were conducted to assess the mechanical properties of AMCs. AMC image analysis results demonstrated a significant reduction in microstructure grain size. The highest reduction in grain size was recorded when adding 2 wt. % of Y2O3, which was approximately 22.5 % smaller than that of the plain alloy. Other mechanical test results demonstrated an increase in the hardness and tensile strength of AMCs compared with the plain alloy by approximately 58 % and 116 %, respectively, upon the addition of 2 wt. % of Y2O3, also tensile test shows increasing of AMCs elongation at failure point with increasing Y2O3 content, 132 % upon adding 3 wt. %. Finally, wear tests show a decrease in the AMC wear rate with an increasing Y2O3 weight fraction compared to the plain alloy.

Preparing polymeric materials with high water absorption and studying their properties

Abstract In this study, the absorbency of the polymer prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and chitosan was measured, and tests of SEM, FTIR, and UV, as well as the mechanical properties related to tensile strength and elongation, were examined. The results of the SEM test showed that the polymer has a homogeneous structure without any defects or voids. Additionally, the surface roughness was observed, which is attributed to the addition of PEG, as it alters the surface morphology. The prepared polymer exhibited a high capacity to absorb large amounts of water over long periods of time. Furthermore, the tensile and elongation tests revealed that the addition of silver nanoparticles to the prepared polymer enhances its tensile strength

Variations in Size of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber as Raw Material for Making Environmentally Friendly Plates

Plastic is a material that is often used as a storage medium, equipment and also furniture to support human activities, but plastic is not easily broken down by the environment. Bioplastic technology is one of the efforts made to address the problem of plastic packaging which can pollute the environment. Environmentally friendly plates, bioplastic products made from tapioca, glycerol and sugar cane bagasse. This research aims to determine the effect of variations in the size of bagasse on tensile strength, elongation at break, water resistance and biodegradability of environmentally friendly plates and to obtain the best formulation of varying sizes of bagasse as raw material for making environmentally friendly plates. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely variation in the size of the bagasse. The results of this research show that there is a real influence between tensile strength, water resistance and biodegradability, however, in the elongation test, variations in bagasse did not have a significant effect. Tensile strength values range from 20.00 N/mm2 to 47.72 N/mm2. The largest elongation value is 4.08%. The highest water resistance is at room temperature, namely 88.86% with a degree of curvature of 16⁰ and in water with a temperature of 60⁰C, namely 85.02% with a degree of curvature of 18.75⁰. Variations in the size of bagasse also affect the biodegradability of environmentally friendly plates which ranges from 11.77% to 14.65%. The best treatment is a sample with a variety of bagasse sizes of 60 mesh, because it has high strength compared to other samples.

Experimental study on the use of green antimicrobial and plasticized agents during the lining of oil paintings with gelatinous materials

Purpose This paper aims to assess the efficiency of emulsified essential oils in glycerol as eco-friendly antimicrobial and plasticized agents added to the biopolymer of gelatin for lining historical oil paintings on canvases. Design/methodology/approach Cedar oil, cinnamon oil and their mixtures were emulsified in glycerol and incorporated into gelatin adhesive as green biocides and plasticizers. Physical, biological, chemical and mechanical tests were conducted on experimental mock-ups to assess the gelatin-based adhesive formulations for the reinforcement of canvas supports. Scanning electron microscope, colorimetric measurements, antimicrobial activity test, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tensile strength and elongation tests were carried out on the mock-ups before and after the artificial aging. Findings The formulations of gelatin-based adhesive with cinnamon and cinnamon-cedar mixture emulsified in glycerol proved their efficiency on the antimicrobial activity test, chemically delaying the decomposition of gelatin and accordingly providing compatible mechanical properties. Gelatin-based adhesive with emulsified cinnamon oil showed a slight yellowing that was quite improved with the mixture of the cinnamon-cedar-based adhesive formulation. Originality/value This study promotes a green approach to lining historical oil paintings by developing green formulations from bio-based origins that minimize the shrinkage and microbial infection of gelatin for lining paintings.

Condition Monitoring System: A Flexible Hybrid Electronics Approach for Sealed Container Applications

A comparative study is presented between two advanced flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) systems designed for monitoring temperature within storage containers across various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, automotive, and defense. The first system, a copper-flex system (CFS), employs an 88.9 µm polyimide substrate with 35 µm thick copper traces, coated with a 12.5 µm polyimide solder mask. The second system, a printed-flex system (PFS), utilizes a 127 µm polyimide substrate with high-temperature resistance and tensile strength. Conductive silver ink was screen-printed on the PFS substrate, and electronic components including a temperature sensor were attached. Functional and reliability tests were performed to check the accuracy and durability of the temperature sensor. Further, environmental and mechanical characterizations including moisture and insulation resistance, corrosion, elongation, bending, and terminal bond strength tests were performed based on ASTM and IPC-TM650 standards. Moisture and insulation resistance test on the PFS test coupons without a coating layer indicated stable resistance of approximately 18 MΩ, while permanent color change indicated oxidation of copper on uncoated CFS test coupons. After 72 hours of corrosion test, both the CFS and PFS “meander line” test coupons covered with polyimide showed negligible change in weight and resistance, approximately 0.35%. A Young’s modulus of 7.17 GPa and 2.6 GPa was calculated from the elongation test for the CFS and PFS, respectively. Bending tests on PFS revealed negligible average resistance change (0.1%) during 180° bending cycles, while no impact was recorded on the CFS. During the terminal bond strength test, soldered wires detached from the CFS test coupons at an average force of 43 N, while it was 3.8 N on the PFS test coupons. Both systems with polyimide coating layer demonstrate robustness and reliability for diverse applications in various industries.

Correlation analysis of evaluation methods and indicators for low-temperature performance of epoxy asphalt

Selecting an epoxy asphalt (EA) material with excellent low-temperature performance is a challenging task due to that the traditional test methods and indicators for thermoplastic asphalt may not be appropriate for thermosetting EA, and the binders’ low-temperature performance does not always match that of mixtures. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the appropriate low-temperature evaluation methods and indexes of EA materials and the correlation between the low-temperature performance of EA binder and EA mixture (EAM). First, the low-temperature performance of four EA binders was analyzed using tensile, bending beam rheometer (BBR), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests. Then, the low-temperature cracking resistance of the EAMs was evaluated through beam bending and semi-circular bend (SCB) tests. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis was performed separately on the low-temperature indicators of EA binders and EAMs. Moreover, the Grey correlation analysis was employed to determine the correlation between the low-temperature properties of the two. The results showed that the correlation between fracture elongation (ε) and other test indicators was not significant. The multiple indicators of the BBR, such as viscoelastic parameters, viscous deformation ratio (JR), along with the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the DMA, showed consistent evaluation results for the low-temperature performance of the four EA binders. However, the correlation of these indicators with the cracking resistance of the EAM was notably different. The flexural strain energy density of the beam bending test and SCB fracture energies demonstrated excellent correlation. The grey correlation analysis results of these two indicators as reference series were highly similar. Specifically, the novel JR in this study and the Tg exhibited a better correlation with the low-temperature cracking resistance of EAM. These two indicators were preferentially recommended for the evaluation of the low-temperature performance of EA and the prediction of the low-temperature cracking resistance of EAM.

Investigation of Performance Properties of Wool Fabrics Treated with Bromelain from Pineapple Peel Wastes

The pilling and shrinkage of wool fabrics are major problems in the textile industry. Chemical treatments are used to improve the performance properties of wool fabrics. These processes severely pollute the ecosystem. This study is aimed to use bromelain isolated from pineapple peel waste instead of toxic chemicals used during pretreatments to prevent shrinkage and minimize pilling in the woolen textile industry. Bromelain was isolated from pineapple peels using different techniques and isolated bromelain to be used was also encapsulated. Encapsulation was preferred to increase enzyme stability and reusability and to reduce cost. Area shrinkage, pilling, tensile strength, elongation, and weight loss tests were performed on the treated fabrics. According to the findings of this study, the isolated and encapsulated bromelain from pineapple peel wastes improved the washability of the wool fabric and eliminated the pilling problem. This developed method is sustainable, low cost, high added value, innovative, and environmentally friendly.

Tensile strength of adhesives in peripheral nerve anastomoses: an in vitro biomechanical evaluation of four different neurorrhaphies

BackgroundThe fundamental prerequisite for prognostically favorable postoperative results of peripheral nerve repair is stable neurorrhaphy without interruption and gap formation.MethodsThis study evaluates 60 neurorrhaphies on femoral chicken nerves in terms of the procedure and the biomechanical properties. Sutured neurorrhaphies (n = 15) served as control and three sutureless adhesive-based nerve repair techniques: Fibrin glue (n = 15), Histoacryl glue (n = 15), and the novel polyurethane adhesive VIVO (n = 15). Tensile and elongation tests of neurorrhaphies were performed on a tensile testing machine at a displacement rate of 20 mm/min until failure. The maximum tensile force and elongation were recorded.ResultsAll adhesive-based neurorrhaphies were significant faster in preparation compared to sutured anastomoses (p < 0.001). Neurorrhaphies by sutured (102.8 [cN]; p < 0.001), Histoacryl (91.5 [cN]; p < 0.001) and VIVO (45.47 [cN]; p < 0.05) withstood significant higher longitudinal tensile forces compared to fibrin glue (10.55 [cN]). VIVO, with △L/L0 of 6.96 [%], showed significantly higher elongation (p < 0.001) compared to neurorrhaphy using fibrin glue.ConclusionWithin the limitations of an in vitro study the adhesive-based neurorrhaphy technique with VIVO and Histoacryl have the biomechanical potential to offer alternatives to sutured neuroanastomosis because of their stability, and faster handling. Further in vivo studies are required to evaluate functional outcomes and confirm safety.

Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extracts on Mechanical and Antimicrobial Properties of Ganyong Starch Edible Films as Primary Packaging of Crabstick

Research has been conducted on the effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract addition in the combination of an edible film made from Ganyong starch, sorbitol and chitosan. This study aims to analyze whether this formulation can be used as a substitute packaging for crabsticks that have been using conventional plastic packaging. By using a variation of ginger extract concentrations of 0, 3%, 6% and 9% into 3 % Ganyong starch, 4 % sorbitol and 0.3 % chitosan (w/v). Mechanical characteristics were carried out in the form of tensile strength, elongation, young modulus, swelling, moisture content, thickness, and solubility test. Antimicrobial ability and DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) for the thermal properties of the casted film were also conducted. Data was analyzed using One-way Anova SPSS version 29 with Turkey’s test. The addition of ginger extract to edible films based on Ganyong starch, sorbitol and chitosan can be used as primary packaging for crabsticks. The best formulation was found in the 6 % ginger extract variation with the results of swelling (95 %), moisture content (13 %), elongation (76 %), and antimicrobial properties of Escherichia coli (7.5 mm) and Bacillus cereus (6.9 mm). In addition, the melting temperature (Tm) of 6 % ginger extract concentration was also higher (134 °C), yet was not significantly different from the other variations. Therefore, this formulation has the potential as an alternative primary crabstick packaging. HIGHLIGHTS Preparation of edible film from 3 % Ganyong starch, 4 % sorbitol, 0.3 % chitosan with fixed concentration and 3 different variations of ginger extract concentration (0, 3, 6, and 9 %), respectively. Casting method of edible film as primary packaging of crabsticks Mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively The 6 % ginger extract variation showed better results with elongation (76 %), moisture content (13 %), swelling (95 %), and antimicrobial properties of coli (7.5 mm) and B. cereus (6.9 mm) GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Experimental investigation of stereolithography and digital light processing additive manufactured pallets

Abstract Pallets are a tertiary form of packaging used for stacking, storing, protecting, or transporting goods in supply chains. They are utilized as a base for the unitization of goods for logistics and warehousing. Moreover, pallets can be manufactured using wood, plastic, metal, and corrugated paper, which can be used as material-handling equipment. With several products being transported worldwide and with year-on-year growth, it would be beneficial to make lightweight pallets. Such pallets are recyclable, easy to clean, cheap, and durable to maintain and store. Though most of the pallets are widely available for basic purposes, applications involving high-end bio-packings and transportation of special chemicals require specialized pallets to be manufactured like polymers to ensure a negligible chemical reaction, light in weight, and attenuation in freight capacity, thereby widespread reduction in wastage. With advancements, job to job and immediate requirements, additive manufacturing has the potential to close the gap for jobs with short lead times. If the design process of new pallets has limits the creation of specific codes, the transitions will be smoother in rapid prototyping. This work describes the development of polymer pallets by taking advantage of stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) technology for 3D printing pallets in correlation to injection moulding. After the pallets are designed and manufactured, AM technologies can be applied to specified standards, and the pallets then undergo tensile strength, elongation, and hardness tests. The analysis was carried out for configurable geometries adapting to fork lifting, conveyor, racking, and stacking conditions. Analytical and numerical solutions were carried out to understand the stress and deflections for each geometry and its wide range of applications for pallets.

Modification of Cassava Peel Starch, Substituting Chitosan and Seaweed: Production of High Quality Edible Film

Biodegradable packaging materials from biomass have been proven to be effective and efficient in improving the quality of materials food because it has the advantages of long shelf life, biodegradable, safe for health and cheap easy to use. The aim of the research is to determine the best formulation and water vapor rate properties as well as the mechanical properties of edible film based on cassava peel starch with the addition of palm oil and chitosan. The method used to determine the best formulation of edible film by making cassava peel starch, mixing raw materials and printing edibles film. Next, the water vapor rate and mechanical properties tests were carried out which included tensile strength tests, elongation tests and biodegradation tests. Results What was obtained from this research was the optimum concentration, namely 5 gr of cassava starch, 2 ml glycerol, 2 grams chitosan and 1 ml Palm oil with edible film characteristics was obtained respectively for the water vapor transmission rate test of 15.37 gr/hour.m2, tensile strength test of 0.66 MPa, elongation test of 4.05%, thickness test of 0.17 mm, and biodegrability test for 2 Sunday.

The development of a stitch-based strain sensor for woven lashing straps

In this paper the development of a stitch-based strain sensor for lashing straps is discussed. A variety of Three different commercial woven narrow fabric straps were embroidered with conductive yarns in two designed patterns to enable belt tension measurement and monitoring. The applications were tested in a cyclic elongation test and a creep elongation procedure to investigate the strain sensitivity and the influences of the narrow fabric’s properties, the stitch design, and the conductive yarn properties. It was found that the developed applications provided a good strain sensing ability but lack in cyclic recovery abilities.

Optimization of Electrospun Bilayer Vascular Grafts through Assessment of the Mechanical Properties of Monolayers.

Small-diameter vascular grafts must be obtained with the most appropriate materials and design selection to harmoniously display a variety of features, including adequate tensile strength, compliance, burst strength, biocompatibility, and biodegradability against challenging physiological and hemodynamic conditions. In this study, monolayer vascular grafts with randomly distributed or radially oriented fibers are produced using neat, blended, and copolymer forms of polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) via the electrospinning technique. The blending ratio is varied by increasing 10 in the range of 50-100%. Bilayer graft designs are realized by determining the layers with a random fiber distribution for the inner layer and radial fiber orientation for the outer layer. SEM analysis, wall thickness and fiber diameter measurements, tensile strength, elongation, burst strength, and compliance tests are done for both mono- and bilayer scaffolds. The findings revealed that the scaffolds made of neat PCL show more flexibility than the neat PLA samples, which possess higher tensile strength values than neat PCL scaffolds. Also, in blended samples, the tensile strength values do not show a significant improvement, whereas the elongation values are enhanced in tubular samples, depending on the blending ratio. Also, neat poly(l-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) samples have both higher elongation and strength values than neat and blended scaffolds, with some exceptions. The blended specimens comprising a combination of PCL and PLA, with blending ratios of 80/20 and 70/30, exhibited the most elevated burst pressures. Conversely, the PLCL scaffolds demonstrated superior compliance levels. These findings suggest that the blending approach and fiber orientation offer enhanced burst strength, while copolymer utilization in PLCL scaffolds without fiber alignment enhances their compliance properties. Thus, it is evident that using a copolymer instead of blending PCL and PLA and combining the PLCL layer with PCL and PLA monolayers in bilayer vascular graft design is promising in terms of mechanical and biological properties.

Anticancer activity of ex vitro established Achillea thracica Velen. water extracts

Ex situ conservation of Bulgarian endemic species Achillea thracica offers a chance for development of a new antitumor drug. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer effects of water extracts of ex vitro established A. thracica grown in Bulgaria against fibrosarcoma cells. Our preliminary study determined the cytotoxicity of hot and cold water extracts using Triticum root elongation test and Allium cepa assay. In vitro cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic activity of hot extract (HE) were estimated using HT1080 cell line fibrosarcoma cells. The change in the cell number, the cell viability, and the cell population growth determined cytotoxicity. The pro-apoptotic activity was assessed by the score of cell nuclei with morphological changes. The result of the root elongation test showed that the HEs exerted a stronger inhibitory effect than the cold extracts (CEs). Respectively, the EC50 value of the hot water extract is 9.85 g/l and of the CE – 12.71 g/l. The extracts tested at a concentration equal to ½ ??50 and EC50 values showed a significant mitodepressive effect on A. cepa meristematic cells. The in vitro tests revealed a significant negative impact on cancer cell viability and a promising pro-apoptotic activity of hot water extract.

Optimised herbal transdermal patch of ethnobotanical plant Costus igneus N. E. br. Developed through response surface methodology

Costus igneus (Family: Costaceae) has been used by the aboriginal humans since long through oral route. In our laboratory, we used biodegradable polymer for release control of this transdermal patch. This transdermal patch could be affixed in the lower abdominal region which releases intraperitoneally after principal meals, twice a day; which could be terminated instantly by removing the patch externally. Our objective is Formulation, evaluation and statistical designing of a Transdermal patch containing ethnobotanical plant Costus igneus. As Transdermal Patch reduces can be removed when termination of treatment is necessary and it also has the capability to bypass the different chemical changes that a oral pill has to go through. The Macro-physico evaluation parameters were calculated. The folding endurance was in between of 7 to 16, the maximum value was of the FOPT, the Tensile strength was relatively similar in all the formulations. FOPT showed the highest of all. In percentage elongation test the FOPT showed good resilience, thickness was relatively acceptable for all the formulations. % moisture content and %moisture uptake was acceptable in all of the formulations showed a good and satisfiable range. The drug content was calculated according the total quercetin content taking pure quercetin API as the reference FOPT had the highest drug content of 82.5%. The Response Surface Curve predicted the optimised formulation and the desirability score also gives us our optimised patch. The Kinetics for the optimum by the optimization of transdermal patch was observed in all the different type of plots. The FOPT had a good linearity of 0.938 in regression co-efficient with Korsmeyer-Peppas Plot . It explains the release of drug’s material through a polymeric matrix system while also considering Non-Fickian drug release mechanism. The different Response Surface Curve allows us to predict from the software that the FOPT Formulation is the Gem of Ten. This would produce beneficial blood-sugar content reduction. If we can commercialise this Herbal Transdermal Patch then, it can be an innovation remedy for this chronic disease.

Green synthesis of carbon nanoparticle-reinforced nanocomposites with gallic acid as a crosslinking agent on poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate): Preparation, characterization, and performances

In this work, we performed green processing of Couroupita guianensis carbon nanoparticle (CNPs). The plants of Couroupita guianensis have been carbonized at successive temperatures at 700 °C for 2 h. Solution casting methods was performed for the fabrication of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) nanocomposites via addition of 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 wt% of CNPs to PBAT and gallic acid (GA) in a 70/30 (w/w) ratio, GA acting as a crosslinking agent. The PBAT-GA/CNPs nanocomposites have been studied with FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA, and DSC. Barrier (O2 and H2O), and mechanical (tensile strength and elongation) tests were investigated and compared. The mechanical properties of the PBAT nanocomposites were enhanced due to the CNPs and GA addition. The nanocomposites with 3.0 wt% CNP added had a tensile strength that was greater than pure PBAT (PBAT-GA filled to 3.0 wt% at 24.19 MPa vs. PBAT filled to 11.22 MPa), which had the least tensile strength. The smallest, WVTR and OTR values have been observed in the PBAT nanocomposites with 5.0 wt% CNPs filler added. The 5.0 wt% CNPs added film exhibited the greatest barrier property. Increased antimicrobial activity has been shown by the PBAT-GA/CNPs nanocomposites against the microorganisms that are pathogenic to foods (S. aureus and E. coli). In addition, according to the results on food quality test, PBAT nanocomposites were used to exceed the performance of commercial polyethylene (PE) film in increasing the shelf-life of edible grapes from 1 to 15 days. The results of the study suggested that PBAT loaded nanocomposites with GA and CNPs could be good choices for uses in food packaging.

Remediation of the landfill leachate of Fez city (Morocco) by sono-photo-Fenton process: Cost and phytotoxicity assessment

A new Advanced Oxidation process (AOP) using the ultrasound-photo-Fenton process (US-P-FP) was used to treat stabilized landfill leachate from Fez City (Morocco). The effectiveness of the US-P-FP for landfill leachate treatment was investigated in terms of COD, UV254, and color removal. The operating factors (Fe2+ dosage, pH, H2O2 dosage, ultrasonic (US), UV-A) were optimized by the two-level factorial design. The findings reveal that the highest removal of COD, UV254, and color from the landfill leachate was 93 %, 77 %, and 98 %, respectively, at the optimum operation conditions [Fe2+] = 446 mg/L, [H2O2] = 250 mg/L and a pH = 3 in the presence of both US and UV-A irradiations.The phytotoxicity assessment of untreated and sono-photo-Fenton treated leachate samples was conducted through seed germination and root elongation tests using Medicago sativa seeds as bioindicators. The experimental results showed that the ultrasound-photo-Fenton process allowed a significant phytotoxicity reduction. Overall, the sono-photo-Fenton process proves to be a viable and efficient method for landfill leachate treatment.

Recovery and Reuse of Chromium from Tannery Waste Chrome-liquor using Solar Evaporation Process

Recovering and reusing chrome from chrome effluent is critical for improving the mass balance of the tanning process and implementing the zero liquid discharge concept in the tanning industry. Conventional chrome recovery methods require a large amount of chemicals or energy to recycle the chromium. Chrome recovery by solar evaporation has not been implemented yet in the tanning industry. It is mainly practised in seawater salt extraction. In this study, we demonstrate the construction of highly efficient solar evaporators, using photothermal materials. Our focus is on efficient solar-to-vapour conversion and chrome recovery. The average evaporation rate was calculated and found 38.69 mL/hour, which remained almost steady within 2.5 months of data collection. The highest temperature observed during the process was 108 °C and 62°C in the focal region and condenser respectively. After collecting the solid chromium, basicity was measured at 85.02%, and treated with sulphuric acid to achieve 33% basicity. Recovered chrome and fresh chrome at 0:8, 5:3, and 8:0 were used for chrome tanning and tested for various chemical and physical parameters of tanned leather. The shrinkage temperature of the produced leather was found to be more than 100 °C. Physical characteristics such as tensile strength and percentage of elongation test, stitch tear strength, ball bursting strength and flexing endurance showed better results than conventional methods. This new kind of research offers a promising solution that can reduce the environmental impact of the tanning industry while also providing a sustainable source of chromium for a low-cost strategy and high-performance evaporation approach.