Elimination Of Ibuprofen Research Articles

Correlational Analysis of Ibuprofen Behavior in Constructed Wetlands Planted with Ornamental Plants

The presence of ibuprofen in wastewater is a topic of global interest, and the mechanisms and behavior of its correlation with its elimination in ecological systems, such as constructed wetlands, is a little known topic. The objective of this study was to perform a correlational analysis of the behavior of the emerging contaminant ibuprofen in a horizontally constructed wetland in a tropical climate planted with the ornamental plant Spathiphyllum blandum. 10 experimental units were used at the mesocosm level of 20 L, 5 planted with Spathiphyllum B., and 5 without plants. The elimination of ibuprofen was measured and the correlation was analyzed using computational methods and neural networks. Spathiphyllum blandum was used in this study. The removal of ibuprofen in HC was significantly improved by up to 23% compared with that in non-planted systems. Based on the prediction obtained from ibuprofen in the effluent, it can be concluded that it has an exponential decay behavior tending to zero, and the model obtained explains in an acceptable way the relationship between the height of the plant and the concentration of ibuprofen in the effluent, reaffirming that this relationship is inverse. Further studies should be conducted to understand the behavior of these compounds in relation to different species of tropical plants.

Study on the Removal Characteristics of IBP and DCF in Wastewater by CW-MFC with Different Co-Substrates

Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) constitute a group of compounds that are challenging to break down and potentially pose risks to both ecosystems and human health when they accumulate in water bodies. This study established and operated small-scale constructed wetland–microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) continuously for 60 days, maintaining a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 days. The research aimed to assess the treatment efficiency of wastewater containing Ibuprofen (IBP) and Diclofenac (DCF) using different co-substrates (glucose, sucrose, and sodium acetate) and to analyze the impact of these co-substrates on the composition of bacterial communities within the CW-MFC. After 60 days of operation, CW-MFC achieved removal rates of 89.29% for IBP and 84.10% for DCF. The elimination of IBP was primarily dependent on co-metabolic degradation processes occurring in both the anode and cathode, while DCF removal relied on anodic co-metabolism. Additionally, various co-substrates have an influence on the bacterial community diversity of the anode and cathodes. The possible bacterial groups involved in PPCP degradation were identified. In summary, Glu was identified as a more suitable co-substrate for CW-MFC in the removal of IBP and DCF, while SA as a co-substrate favored the induction and enrichment of EAB in the anodes. These findings offer valuable insights into the potential of CW-MFC for mitigating emerging contaminants.

Bio-synthesis of TiO2 using grape leaves extract and its application for photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen from aqueous solution

ABSTRACT In this study, titanium oxide nanoparticle was fabricated using the extract of grape leaves (referred asGL-TiO2 NPs), using the green synthesis process, and then explores its ability for photodegradation of ibuprofen (IBU) under UV light in the batch system. UV-Vis, BET, FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX tests were made to identify the catalyst’s structure and shape. Moreover, the effects of different operating parameters, specifically pH of (3, 5, 7, and 9), IBU concentration (10, 20, 40, and 80) mg/L, GL-TiO2 concentrations (15, 30, and 60) mg/L, H2O2 (100, 300, and 500) mg/L, and contact time were studied. According to the results, the synthetic TiO2 NPs have a spherical shape and 39.608 m2/g of BET surface area. In addition, the findings showed that the removal efficiency reached 92.32% under optimum conditions of 5, 10, 30, 300 mg/L, and 150 min, respectively. In addition, the reaction followed a first-order kinetics model with R 2 > 97. According to the finding of this study, GL-TiO2 NPs has an acceptable efficiency in the elimination of IBU, as their relatively simple synthesis, could be a suitable catalyst for the degradation and elimination of pharmaceutical residues.

Porous nanocomposites for sorptive elimination of ibuprofen from synthetic wastewater and its molecular docking studies

Pharmaceuticals are a new developing pollutant that is threatening aquatic ecosystems and impacting numerous species in the ecosystem. The aim of this study is the green synthesis of TiO2–Fe2O3-Chitosan nanocomposites in conjunction with Moringa olifera leaves extract and its applicability for ibuprofen removal. Various characterization studies were performed for the synthesized nanocomposites. Box-Behnken design (BBD) is employed to optimize pH, agitation speed, and composite dosage. Equilibrium results show that adsorption process matches with Langmuir isotherm, demonstrating adsorption on the nanocomposite's homogenous surface and follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Using the BBD, pH, adsorbent dose, and agitation speed were examined as adsorption parameters. Ibuprofen elimination was demonstrated to be most successful at a pH of 7.3, using 0.05 g of nanocomposites at a rotational speed of 200 rpm. Thermodynamic parameters for ibuprofen sorption were carried out and the ΔH and ΔS was found to be 76.23 & 0.233. Molecular Docking was performed to find the interaction between the pollutant and the nanocomposite. UV–vis spectra confirm the 243 nm absorption band corresponding to the nanocomposite's surface plasmon resonances. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra relate this band to a group of nanocomposites. The findings of this work emphasize the importance of TiO2–Fe2O3-Chitosan nanocomposites for removing ibuprofen from wastewater.

Elucidating sorptive eradication of ibuprofen using calcium chloride caged bentonite clay and acid activated alginate beads in a fixed bed upward flow column reactor

The sorptive eradication of ibuprofen (IBP), a pharmaceutical micro-pollutant, from aqueous medium in a fixed bed upward flow column reactor was examined using the adsorbent prepared from amalgamation of calcium chloride caged acid activated tamarind seed and bentonite alginate beads [Ca2+(TAABB)Al]. Surface texture and the presence of constituent elements in the contrived sorbent was characterised by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis at pre-sorption and post-sorption phases. Effect of controlling factors viz. bed height of the column (5–25 cm), influent concentration of IBP (10–25 mg/L), and amount of inflow (2–6 mL/min) on efficacious IBP uptake was evaluated. The column experimentation revealed that there would be a rise in height of the breakthrough curve while the column bed height increases. Along with 97.48% IBP elimination, the maximal adsorbent uptake has been determined to be 17.54 mg/g from an optimum height of column bed of 20 cm, concentration of influent ibuprofen 20 mg/L, and amount of inflow 2 mL/min. Efficiency of the sorbent was investigated using the bed depth service time (BDST) model, and it was observed that bed height of the column was the most important aspects in achieving effective IBP adsorption. The investigational results were well supported by the Yoon–Nelson as well as Thomas model. The desorption analysis demonstrated the performance of adsorbent up to 5 cycles for ibuprofen separation with a column regeneration rate of 38.14%. Hence, the novel sorbent Ca2+(TAABB)Al can be effectively used to eradicate IBP from aqueous phase.

Ibuprofen elimination from water and wastewater using sonication/ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide/zeolite-titanate photocatalyst system

The present investigation was designed to remove ibuprofen from aqueous solutions and wastewater by activating hydrogen peroxide using ultrasonication (US)/ultraviolet (UV) radiation/zeolite-titanium. The physical-chemical properties of the photocatalyst were determined using BET, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and EDX-mapping techniques. The titanium oxide crystal size and the catalyst BET were determined to be 4.97 nm and 39.88 m2/g, respectively. Tests were performed in a reactor (with a volume of 316 mL) located in an ultrasonic bath to intensify reactions. The synergistic impact of the components of the UV/US/H2O2/Photocatalyst system was explored. The maximum efficiency (99.58%) was obtained at H2O2 concentration of 0.05 mM, pH 5, UV power of 6 W, photo-catalyst dose of 1 g/L, and contact time of 100 min. The pH variable was more effective than the other parameters. Ions of NO3−, Cl−, and SO42− had a slightly negative effect on contaminant removal efficiency. The ibuprofen removal (based on COD) from urban water and hospital wastewater was attained 77.82% and 66.24%, respectively. The ibuprofen removal by the developed system followed the first-order kinetic. The results show that the system has high efficiency and reasonable costs (with treatment cost of 6.25 €/m3) for ibuprofen decontamination.

Application of advanced oxidation processes followed by different treatment technologies for hospital wastewater treatment

Hospital effluents are the sources for complex high percentage of micropollutants and till date no specific treatment have been investigated for the removal of pollutants. These effluents and their complex characteristics pose resistance to unit operation which undergoes in hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In other words such complex contaminants are unable to removed completely through conventional treatment processes. The pharmaceutical residues entering into the environment may pose a serious threat to the water resources around the world. In past few years environmental scientists are more concerned towards the effluent generated from medical care facilities, community health centers and hospitals. In this study, seven multi-specialty hospitals with non-identical pre-treatment were selected for 3-aspects i.e. conventional wastewater characteristics, high priority pharmaceuticals and microbial analyses. The present work is to evaluate efficacy of advanced wastewater treatment methods with regard to removal of these 3-aspects from hospital effluents before discharge into a sewage treatment plant (STP). Based on test results, two out of seven treatment technologies i.e. MBR and CW effectively reducing conventional parameters and pharmaceuticals from secondary and tertiary treatments except regeneration of microbes were observed in tertiary level by these two treatments. The result also suggests that, MBR exhibited 100% elimination of ibuprofen, carbamazepine, frusemide while CW indicated 100% elimination of ofloxacin. Furthermore, two combinations of advanced oxidation process viz. ozonation (O3) and peroxone process (O3–H2O2) were demonstrated to oxidize pharmaceuticals. The operational key factors for AOP involve pH, O3 supply, contact time, and H2O2 concentrations. Based on pharmaceuticals reduction efficiencies, the conventional O3 alone is more efficient as compared to combine O3–H2O2 treatment. Hence results confirmed that, MBR coupled with ozone process proved as an optimal technology among the seven technologies for the pre-treatment of hospital effluent.

Laboratory elimination of ibuprofen from water by selected adsorbents

Laboratory elimination of ibuprofen from water by selected adsorbents

Ibuprofen plasma concentration profile in deliberate ibuprofen overdose with circulatory depression treated with therapeutic plasma exchange: a case report

BackgroundInquiries relating to ibuprofen overdose have more than tripled in the last ten years in our poison control center. Although the vast majority of cases have a benign clinical course, there are few severe or even fatal cases present with refractory circulatory failure.Case presentationWe describe a case of a 48 year-old male with suicidal mono-ingestion of approximately 72 g ibuprofen. Despite an initial rapid spontaneous drop in the total ibuprofen plasma concentration (IPC) from 550 to 275 mcg/mL within the first 5 h after admission, the patient developed a circulatory failure, refractory to aggressive fluid resuscitation and high doses of vasopressors. Due to ibuprofen’s favorable pharmacokinetics (>95% bound to albumin, low volume of distribution) and in the absence of specific therapeutic alternatives thereby avoiding escalating vasopressor doses, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) for extracorporeal elimination of ibuprofen was considered as a therapeutic rescue option.An improvement of hemodynamics with a significant reduction of vasopressors was observed with TPE-initiation. However, neither the observed IPC-profile nor a pharmacokinetic (PK) simulation provided evidence for a quantitative effective elimination of ibuprofen by TPE. Based on PK-modeling we calculated an overall ibuprofen half-life of 17.2 h for the entire observation period over 5 days.ConclusionsTo our knowledge this is the first report of a severe ibuprofen-mono intoxication treated with TPE and providing serial IPCs over a period of five days, indicating an estimated fivefold overall-elimination half-life of 17.2 h. Despite TPE clinically improved persistent hemodynamic instability, this procedure was neither consistent with the observed IPC-profile nor correlated with a meaningful quantitative elimination of ibuprofen.

Elimination of ibuprofen and its relative photo-induced toxicity by mesoporous BiOBr under simulated solar light irradiation

3D mesoporous BiOBr microspheres via a one-step solvothermal process without templates were synthesized. The as-synthesized material was characterized by XRD, XPS, FESEM, TEM, UV-Vis and nitrogen adsorption techniques. The photodegradation behavior of the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen (IBP) in aqueous BiOBr suspension was investigated under simulated solar light irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared 3D mesoporous BiOBr microspheres was excellent. IBP photodegradation intermediates were detected by GC/MS analyses, and a detailed reaction pathway was proposed. Luminous bacteria (Vibrio qinghaiensis) toxicity evaluation showed the decrease of the toxicity of the photodegradation intermediates. Based on the results, 3D BiOBr could be a promising catalyst on irradiation by visible light, and even under sunlight.

Preparation of Micronized Ibuprofen Substance and Assessment of Its Bioavailability

A Buchi B-290 mini spray dryer (Switzerland) designed to dry aqueous solutions or suspensions was used to prepare micronized ibuprofen substance, which differed from the starting substance in terms of decreased crystal size. The bioavailability of ibuprofen given as oral capsules containing micronized ibuprofen substance (crystal size 30 μm) and capsules containing commercial ibuprofen substance (crystal size 150 μm) was studied in Chinchilla rabbits. Concentrations of unaltered ibuprofen were measured by reverse-phase HPLC with spectrophotometric detection at 220 nm. Ibuprofen was extracted from rabbit serum by liquid:liquid extraction and averaged 78 %. The detection limit was 0.1 μg/ml. The bioavailability of micronized ibuprofen was more than twice that of the commercial substance (mean crystal size 150 μm). There were no differences in the rates of absorption or elimination of ibuprofen from the systemic circulation.

Influences of Drugs on the Oxygen Uptake Rate and Biosorption of Activated Sludge

To prevent pollution of the water environment by drugs, we evaluated factors affecting the elimination of drugs by inducing reactions between the pharmaceutical chemicals originating from the drugs and activated sludge (AS) in test tubes. Of 30 pharmaceutical chemicals examined, ibuprofen (IBP) as an anti-inflammatory drug most markedly inhibited the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of AS, and its IC50 was 172 mg/l. The IBP elimination from the wastewater was due to the significant biosorption by AS and was based on the time-response and dose-response relationships. In the pharmaceutical chemical group (1) (diclofenac Na, ketoprofen, indomethacin, salicylic acid, mefenamic acid, phenylbutazone, chlorpromazine.HCl, furosemide, tolbutamide and warfarin K) showing a relatively significant OUR inhibition (IC50, 200-500 mg/l), protein binding (75-99.7%), and the biosorption by AS also tended to be significant. In group (2) (acetaminophen, kanamycin.H2SO4, antipyrine, ethenzamide, gentamicin.H2SO4, cyclophosphamide.HCl, aminophylline, procainamide.HCl and cimetidine) showing a negligible OUR inhibition (IC50 > or =2000 mg/l), the protein binding was slight (0-74%), and biosorption by AS was also negligible. For the IBP and group (1), AS was pretreated with a certain excessive amount of each pharmaceutical chemical, and the qualitative OUR curves of the AS-synthetic sewage-II after washing showed a significant OUR inhibition immediately after the start of the reaction. Group (2), as well as the control group showed no OUR inhibition. These results suggest that the degree of OUR inhibition of AS by pharmaceutical chemicals is affected by the protein binding and the degree of biosorption. This suggests that pharmaceutical chemicals with a significant protein binding possibility can be eliminated from the wastewater by binding to AS.

Disposition of Ibuprofen in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

Following a single oral dose of racemic ibuprofen 600mg the stereoselective disposition of its enantiomers was studied in 8 patients with moderate to severe cirrhosis. Compared with the elimination half-life (t1/2) of (-)-R- and (+)-S-ibuprofen in 8 healthy age-matched controls (1.7 +/- 0.3h and 1.8 +/- 0.5h, respectively), t1/2 was prolonged significantly (p < 0.045 and < 0.001, respectively) in patients with cirrhosis (t1/2 = 3.1 +/- 1.7h and 3.4 +/- 1.0h, respectively). Whereas the low amounts excreted unchanged into urine differed slightly in both groups studied, much less (p < 0.01) conjugated ibuprofen was recovered either as the R-enantiomer (0.9 +/- 0.4% vs 4.1 +/- 2.8% of the dose) or the S-enantiomer (6.4 +/- 2.5% vs 26.5 +/- 12.9% of the dose) in patients with cirrhosis. Metabolic inversion of the inactive (-)-R-ibuprofen to the active (+)-S-ibuprofen may be impaired in hepatic dysfunction since the normal ratio of areas under the curve (AUC) for R- and S-enantiomers (0.79 +/- 0.18) was significantly (p < 0.02) higher in patients with cirrhosis (1.10 +/- 0.28). In a second study, a single oral dose of 400mg (+)-S-ibuprofen was administered to 8 healthy volunteers and 8 patients with cirrhosis. Elimination of this enantiomer was slightly impaired as could be seen from the prolonged t1/2 (1.6 +/- 0.1h vs 2.6 +/- 0.5h; p < 0.001) and the increase in AUC (101 +/- 35 vs 144 +/- 41 mg/L.h; p = 0.041). In conclusion, in patients with liver disease, hepatic elimination of ibuprofen is impaired. This should be taken into consideration especially if the racemic drug is used. Direct administration of the active (+)-S-enantiomer seems to offer less vulnerable treatment.

The Ibuprofen-Cimetidine Interaction

The potential of cimetidine to stereoselectively alter the hepatic elimination of ibuprofen was investigated in 6 healthy volunteers aged 25 to 40 years. Each subject received on 2 occasions in random order, a single oral dose of racemic ibuprofen 600mg either with or without concomitant treatment with cimetidine (400mg twice daily for 4 days). A stereospecific HPLC assay was developed to measure both enantiomers of ibuprofen. Cimetidine caused a significant increase in the peak concentrations (Cmax) of both enantiomers: that for (−)-(R)-ibuprofen was elevated from 26.7 ± 8.6 mg/L (mean ± SD) to 37.3 ± 7.7 mg/L (p = 0.026) and for (+)-(S)-ibuprofen from 25.0 ± 5.3 mg/L to 32.5 ± 3. 5 mg/L (p = 0.017). There was also a cimetidine-induced increase in the area under the curves (AUC) [37% for (−)-(R)-ibuprofen and 19% for (+)-(S)-ibuprofen] which, however, did not reach statistical significance. Likewise, there was only a trend (p = 0.07) that cimetidine prolonged the elimination half-life of the (+)-(S)-enantiomer, from 1.64 ± 0.42 to 1.93 ± 0.27 hours. The time-dependent decrease in the R/S concentration ratios was not significantly changed by cimetidine. It appears that cimetidine has some effect on the initial disposition phase of (−)-(R)- and (+)-(S)-ibuprofen. Conversion of the inactive (−)-(R)-enantiomer to the (+)-(S)-eutomer and their elimination does not seem to be significantly impaired. These results emphasise the need to consider stereo-selectivity in clinical interaction studies involving racemic drugs.