Elevated Low-density Lipoprotein Levels Research Articles

Impact of Dyslipidemia on Tear Film and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Interplay between Serum Lipid Profile and Ocular Surface Health.

To determine the relationship between dyslipidemia and dry eye disease (DED), as well as its influence on tear film and meibomian glands. This cross-sectional study included 40 patients with a mean age of 35.2 ± 13.9 years without any history of dyslipidemia. DED and serum lipid profile were evaluated after 8 hours of fasting. Patients were classified according to serum lipid levels with the following cut-off values: total cholesterol (TC) (200 mg/dl), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (40 mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (130 mg/dl), and triglycerides (TG) (150 mg/dl). The relationship between serum lipid levels and DED was analyzed with the following variables: dry eye questionnaire-5 (DEQ-5), first (F-NIBUT) and average (A-NIBUT) noninvasive breakup time, tear meniscus height (TMH), lipid layer grade (LLG), conjunctival bulbar redness (CBR), and upper (U-LAMG) and lower (L-LAMG) loss area of meibomian glands. Regarding tear film, patients with elevated TC and LDL levels reported significantly higher DEQ-5 scores and TMH (P < 0.05), while those with lower HDL levels showed significantly higher LLG (p < 0.05). Regarding MGD, patients with elevated TC, LDL, and TG, as well as lower HDL levels showed significantly higher L-LAMG (p < 0.05). HDL was correlated with LLG (p < 0.05), while TC was correlated with TMH (p < 0.05) and L-LAMG (p < 0.05), respectively. Disorders in TC, HDL, LDL, and TG levels were associated with DED, having an impact on the tear film and meibomian glands, specifically in DEQ-5 scores, LLG, and L-LAMG.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease landscape in Singapore.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for over one-third of all deaths in Singapore. An analysis of age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for CVD in Singapore revealed a deceleration in the initial rapid decline in ASMR. A decrease in smoking prevalence may have contributed to the initial rapid decline in ASMR. Furthermore, other major risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, elevated low-density lipoprotein levels, and obesity, are steadily rising. Singapore's CVD economic burden is estimated to be 8.1 billion USD (11.5 billion SGD). The burden of CVD can only be reduced using individual and population-based approaches. Prevention programs must also be developed based on an understanding of risk trends. Therefore, this article attempts to capture the burden of CVD, trends in risk factor control, preventive care, disparities, and current unmet needs, particularly in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease management in Singapore.

Evaluation of a Lipid Profile in Normoglycemic and Pre-diabetic Saudi Office Employees in Makka Region: A Case-Control Study.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) poses a significant health challenge worldwide. The impact of a sedentary lifestyle in predicting and managing complications of diabetes represents an urgent need for health strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lipid profile among normoglycemic and prediabetic Saudi office workers. The research was a case-control study carried out in Makkah al-Mukarramah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA).Seventy-five office worker volunteers between the ages of 19 and 45 years were recruited for the study. The participants were divided into two groups: a control group of non-diabetic normal subjects (NGT) and prediabetic subjects with impaired fasting plasma glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), based on the American Diabetes Association recommendations. Measurements of glucose, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were performed using standard procedures and commercial kits. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the lipid profile in the two groups, and a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. A proportion (58.7%) of the office workers are prediabetics; prediabetic office workers had higher total cholesterol compared to the controlgroup (p < 0.05). Triglyceride levels were higher in office workers with prediabetes compared to the normoglycemic group (p < 0.05). LDL levels were elevated in the prediabetic office workerscompared to the control group (p < 0.05). Office employees with prediabetes exhibit elevated levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL. The disturbance in lipid profile may be linked to impaired glucose tolerance in individuals with a sedentary lifestyle, such as office workers.

Abstract WP213: Exploring Contrast Extravasation and Associated Variables in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients After Mechanical Thrombectomy: Single Center Experience

Introduction: Head CT hyperdensity (HCH) commonly follows mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for large vessel occlusion (LVO), often due to contrast extravasation (CE) or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Given the 20-88% prevalence in studies, understanding associated variables is crucial for outcomes. Risk factors for ICH after MT are studied, but CE understanding is lacking. We investigated CE occurrence variables and their impact on outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 164 patients (mean age 65 years, 51% men, 59% White) with LVO who underwent MT in our center (between 2019-2022) with initial and repeat post-MT CT scans within a 24-hour window. CE was defined as the disappearance or reduction of HCH on repeat CT within 24 hours; those with both CE and ICH were excluded. We investigated demographic information, risk factors, lab values, procedural, and neurological outcome data. Parametric and non-parametric tests compared variables between CE and ICH. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were computed through multivariate logistic regression to evaluate the association of CE with the variables. Results: HCH was reported in 56.1% (92 out of 164) of patients in our cohort. CE and ICH were detected in 34 (20.4%) and 58 (35.4%) patients. In unadjusted models, our patients with CE had higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (111 mg/dL vs. 80 mg/dL, p=0.04) and lower complete reperfusion score (29.4% vs. 55.2%, p=0.02) (Table 1). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated a higher aOR (1.03, 95%CI 1-1.06, p=0.03) of LDL in patients with CE (Table 2). Conclusion: Our findings revealed a notable association between CE and higher LDL levels. Elevated LDL levels are often linked to systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vascular changes, and disruptions in the blood-brain barrier, increasing the likelihood of CE. This association prompts further investigation into the underlying pathophysiology of CE.

Association between osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in elderly people: evidence from a retrospective study

Objective This study aimed to investigate the associations between osteoporosis, biochemical indexes, bone mineral density (BMD), and cardiovascular disease. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used to examine the relationships between these parameters. Logistic regression and correlation analyses were conducted to assess the associations between elevated levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), homocysteine, and the presence of osteoporosis. Additionally, correlations between BMD and biochemical indexes were analyzed. The incidence of cardiovascular disease and its correlation with BMD were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the utility of BMD in identifying cardiovascular disease. Results The results revealed that elevated triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL levels were positively associated with osteoporosis, while higher HDL levels and homocysteine were negatively associated. Correlation analysis demonstrated negative correlations between triglyceride levels and BMD, and positive correlations between total cholesterol and HDL levels with BMD. LDL levels showed a weak negative correlation, and homocysteine levels exhibited a strong negative correlation with BMD. The osteoporosis group had lower BMD and a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease compared to the non-osteoporosis group. Logistic regression analysis confirmed the correlation between lower BMD and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Conclusion This study provides evidence supporting the associations between osteoporosis, biochemical indexes, BMD, and cardiovascular disease. Aberrations in lipid profiles and homocysteine levels may contribute to osteoporosis development. Lower BMD, particularly in individuals with osteoporosis, appears to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. BMD shows promise as a diagnostic tool for identifying individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and establish the clinical implications of these relationships. Future longitudinal studies are necessary to determine causality and long-term prognostic implications.

Clinical Correlates of Incidental Probable Benign Pulmonary Nodules with Diameters Less than 8 mm in a Healthy Korean Cohort: A Retrospective Study

Incidental pulmonary nodules detected via computed tomography (CT) are usually small, solid nodules (diameters less than 8 mm) that are likely benign and are difficult to biopsy. Additional features of the benignity of these small nodules may help determine the need and periodicity of further follow-up and should be identified. This study was conducted to examine the clinical factors associated with benign solid pulmonary nodules measuring less than 8 mm in diameter. This retrospective study enrolled participants who underwent low-dose chest CT scans for 3 consecutive years during routine health check-ups at a university hospital in Korea. We chose a 2-year study period to ensure that the nodule(s) were benign, which meant there was no interval change over this period. Participants were stratified into two groups: no nodule (n = 56) and nodule(s) (n = 355). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to explore associations (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 95% confidence interval [CI], p-value) between variables and nodule(s). In this study cohort, elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were positively associated factors with the presence of benign pulmonary nodule(s) (aOR: 1.10, 95% CI:1.00–1.20, p = 0.0488), whereas current cigarette smoking was negatively associated with nodules (aOR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08–0.81, p = 0.0202). Therefore, an elevated LDL cholesterol level was the only factor that was positively associated with the presence of benign small pulmonary nodules.

Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Literature Review of the Pathophysiology and Current and Novel Treatments.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetically transmitted disorder. It shows an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. It is a metabolic disorder. Mutation in chromosome 19 leads to this disorder. Chromosome 19 codes data for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR). LDLR either reduces increased LDL levels from the circulation or maintains a normal level of LDL. It precipitates the risk of cardiovascular disease at an early age. Characteristic features of FH are elevated levels of LDL in the blood because of sudden changes in LDLR, which causes a decrease in the clearance of LDL from the blood. Plaque gets deposited in the lumen of the arteries, called atherosclerosis, which occurs at an early young age. If both genes are affected then it is homozygous FH (HoFH); such a case is very rare. When a single gene is affected then that condition is known as heterozygous FH (HeFH). HoFH comes up with more severe cardiac disease than HeFH at an early age. The major cause of FH is a mutation in the LDLR gene while other causes include mutation in various genes like apolipoprotein B (apo B), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), LDLR adaptor protein 1 (LDLRAP 1). In order to prevent cardiovascular crises due to FH, it must be diagnosed early and treated effectively. With increasing research and advances in medical sciences, many kinds of current and novel therapies are emerging that aim to reduce the level of LDL in blood.

Vitamin D status affects proteomic profile of HDL-associated proteins and inflammatory mediators in dyslipidemia

Vitamin D deficiency and dyslipidemia have substantial implications for human health globally. Vitamin D is essential for bone metabolism and immune modulation, and its insufficiency is linked to various chronic inflammatory conditions. Dyslipidemia, characterized by low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides, is also prevalent. Previous research has shown a connection between vitamin D deficiency and low HDL, but the precise mechanism by which vitamin D influences HDL production and its anti-inflammatory properties remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the proteomic profiles of individuals with and without vitamin D deficiency and dyslipidemia, specifically focusing on the effects of vitamin D on HDL production, its anti-inflammatory potential, and the molecular pathways associated with vitamin D deficiency and dyslipidemia, particularly inflammation and cancer pathways. By analyzing the proteomic profiles of 274 participants from the Qatar Biobank database, we identified 1301 proteins. Our findings indicated a decrease in HDL-associated apolipoproteins (ApoM and ApoD) in individuals with both dyslipidemia and vitamin D deficiency. Conversely, participants with these conditions exhibited increased expression of acute-phase proteins (SAA1 and SOD1), which are associated with inflammation. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed heightened inflammatory activity in individuals with vitamin D deficiency and dyslipidemia, with notable enrichments in pathways such as MAPK, JAK-STAT, Ras signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, AGE-RAGE, ErbB signaling, and cancer pathways. Overall, cases of vitamin D deficiency showed enrichment in inflammation pathways, while individuals with both vitamin D deficiency and dyslipidemia demonstrated enhanced activation of cancer and inflammation pathways.

An integration-free iPSC line ZZUNEUi029-A derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a patient with familial hypercholesterolemia carrying a mutation in LDLR gene

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a hereditary disorder that causes severely elevated low-density lipoprotein levels, which can lead to an increased risk for premature cardiovascular disease. Mutations in the LDLR gene are the most common cause of familial hypercholesterolemia. In this study, we report the generation of ZZUNEUi029-A, a human induced pluripotent stem cell line (hiPSC) from a male patient with c. 622 G → A in LDLR gene using non-integrative Sendai viral reprogramming technology. This cell line expressed pluripotency markers, had a normal male karyotype (46XY) and maintained the ability to differentiate into the three germ layers in vitro.

The effect of anti-seizure medications on lipid values in adults with epilepsy

PurposeCertain anti-seizure medications (ASMs) adversely impact lipid values. Here, we explored the impact of ASMs on lipid values in adults with epilepsy. MethodsA total of 228 adults with epilepsy were divided into four groups based on ASMs used: strong EIASMs, weak EIASMs, non-EIASMs, and no ASMs. Demographic information, epilepsy-specific clinical history, and lipid values were obtained through chart review. ResultsWhile there was no significant difference in lipid values between groups, there was a significant difference in the proportion of participants with dyslipidemia. Specifically, more participants exhibited elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level in the strong EIASM group compared to the non-EIASM group (46.7% vs 18%, p < 0.05). In addition, more participants showed elevated LDL level in the weak EIASM group compared to the non-EIASM group (38% vs 18%, p < 0.05). Users of strong EIASMs showed greater odds of high LDL level (OR 5.734, p = 0.005) and high total cholesterol level (OR 4.913, p = 0.008) compared to users of non-EIASMs. When we analyzed the impact of individual ASMs used by more than 15% of the cohort on lipid levels, participants using valproic acid (VPA) showed lower high-density lipoprotein (p = 0.002) and higher triglyceride levels (p = 0.002) compared to participants not using VPA. ConclusionOur study demonstrated a difference in the proportion of participants with dyslipidemia between ASM groups. Thus, adults with epilepsy using EIASMs should have careful monitoring of lipid values to address the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Health-related quality of life and physical activity in Ukrainian pediatric patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

Introduction. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetically determined disease characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein levels since birth and predisposes a person to develop atherosclerosis-induced cardiovascular disease. Healthcare providers should monitor the health status and physical activity level in pediatric patients with FH, as a high-risk group for cardiovascular disease. Purpose - to investigate the self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and physical activity energy expenditure based on the questionnaire data (PAEEq) in children with heterozygous FH compared with healthy peers to assess the health status. Materials and methods. The HRQoL scores were assessed using the KINDLR questionnaire in 15 patients with FH and 21 healthy peers. The physical activity level was evaluated using the C(Y)PAQ questionnaire. The KINDLR data together with other variables such as age, weight, height, sex, BMI and the PAEEq scores were analyzed in SAS® OnDemand for Academics. Results. HRQoL scores in FH children were similar to those of the control group (p&gt;0.05). There was no association between PAEEq and the HRQoL scores in the FH (r=0.37, p=0.29) and the control group (r=0.43, p=0.20). The KINDLR Physical well-being score in the 5-9 years age group was significantly higher for FH children than for controls (p&lt;0.01), while the total HRQoL score was not significantly different between FH children and controls. The group of FH children aged 5-9 with an intermediate level of PAEEq was the most physically active among the surveyed children. The controls aged 15-18 with low levels of PAEEq was the least active. All other age groups were characterized by a low intermediate level of PAEEq. Conclusions. Children with FH have HRQoL scores that are comparable to those of healthy peers. The FH and control groups were relatively satisfied with their quality of life. Thus, FH children consider themselves to be healthy, and from this underestimation of their cardiovascular risk they may have low adherence. Most FH children were found to have the low intermediate levels of PAEEq, which may indicate a lack of exercise and poor quality of life later on. Children with FH may have significant health problems in adulthood if they are not treated early and appropriately. In a similar manner, low PAEEq levels were demonstrated by the controls, so they should be also informed about the significance of regular physical activity and properly motivated. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patients was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Magnitude of low-density lipoprotein reduction and impact on major cardiovascular outcomes.

Magnitude of low-density lipoprotein reduction and impact on major cardiovascular outcomes.

Семейная гиперхолестеринемия в педиатрической практике

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a hereditary disease characterized by elevated levels of low-density lipoproteins, early onset and progressive course of atherosclerosis (usually at a young age), and high risk of cardiovascular complications. Detection of mutations in family members enables the diagnosis of FH. However, approximately 20% of FH patients are tested negative for the FH-associated mutations. This results in a delayed diagnosis and late therapy initiation, especially in children. Therefore, raising awareness about FH both among healthcare professionals and in the society is very important. Key words: children, lipid-lowering therapy, familial hypercholesterolemia, screening, registry

Prevalence of Dyslipidemia and Hypertension in Iraqi Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes is one of the most common non-communicable diseases in the world. It is a chronic disease with multiple complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Objectives: The study aimed to identify the prevalence of dyslipidemia and hypertension in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Iraqi adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on adolescent patients with T1DM for more than two years and aged 10-18 years old. For each participant, the age, gender, onset and duration of the DM, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level in the blood were recorded Results: Of 70 subjects, there were 42 (60%) girls. The duration of the DM was predominantly between 2-5 years (59%). Around half of the cases were diagnosed between 5 and 10 years. Girls had a significantly higher mean BMI than boys [21.5 kg/m2 for girls and 18.6 kg/m2 for boys (P-value 0.001)]. Seven (10%) patients were diagnosed with hypertension. LDL was high in 22 patients (31%) with the majority of them (15/22) having an LDL value of between 100-130 mg/dL. Most of the participants with a high LDL were girls (18/22) with a statistically significant gender difference (P-value = 0.018). There were significant correlations between high blood pressure and BMI (P-value = 0.004) and elevated LDL levels (P-value = 0.008). Conclusion: The study revealed that hypertension and dyslipidemia were seen in 10% and 31% of children with T1DM respectively. The elevated LDL and BMI were significantly higher in female patients than in males. Besides, there were significant associations between high blood pressure and BMI and elevated LDL levels.

Risk Analysis and Assessment of Lipid Abnormalities as the Earliest Complication in Newly Diagnosed Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Individuals of a Local Population.

Lipid variations have been frequently observed in global populations that can affect health status. Mainly studies have been conducted on the type 2 diabetic population, but limited data is available on newly diagnosed ones to unravel complications and risk predictors independent of disease progression. This study comprising 244 individuals was carried out to assess the lipid abnormalities in newly diagnosed diabetics and non-diabetics. The clinical and socio-demographic data were collected and analyzed using independent samples t-test and linear regression. Serum lipid variations were observed individually and in combination. The individuals in group I (diabetics with dyslipidemia) revealed elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein and serum triglycerides higher than in group II (non-diabetics with dyslipidemia). The frequency of deranged total cholesterol in group I was observed to be higher than in group II. Independent samples t-test showed a significant mean difference in variables between the two groups. Linear regression analysis showed a significant variable outcome for predictors between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and physical activity (B= -0.043, 95% CI: -0.80, -0.006) and total cholesterol (TC) with family history (B= -0.062, 95% CI: -0.123, -0.001). The findings conclude that lipid levels deranged independently regardless of type 2 diabetes mellitus and present as an early onset in type 2 diabetes instead of later stage complication. These derangements of lipid levels are an independent risk factor for future cardiovascular pathology.

The Association Between Depression, Impulsive Behaviors and Suicidal Ideation with Serum Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Level in Patients with Morbid Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study

The aim of this study was to compare the severity of depression, impulsive behaviors and suicidal ideation in patients with obesity with Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) below 100 or above 100 mg/dl.&#x0D; Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The study population included patients with obesity referred to the obesity clinic of Rasool-e-Akram Hospital affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Patients were divided into two groups with LDL below and above 100 mg/dl. The Beck scale for suicidal ideation and Depression and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale questionnaires were filled. Finally, the score of questionnaires and demographic variables were compared between the two groups. P-values below 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.&#x0D; Results: 300 patients entered the study. There was a statistically significant difference regarding the severity of depression betweeen the two groups, as in patients with LDL over 100 mg/dl, depression was more severe (p-value = 0.02). Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference regarding the impulsivity score and its subgroups or the suicidal ideation between the two groups (higher in patients with LDL) above 100 mg/dl, p-values &lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Elevated serum LDL levels could be associated with psychological factors such as depression or suicidal ideation and motor, cognition and unplanned impulsivity in patients with morbid obesity. This might be justified by an increase in BMI. Further clinical trials are required to assess these findings.

Residual inflammatory risk appeared related to weight, atherogenic lipid profile and biomarkers of inflammation, but not to glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes

Abstract Background Mortality associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease reduces average life expectancy by more than a decade in type 1 diabetes. Systemic inflammation drives atherosclerosis, and the concept of residual inflammatory risk (defined by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) ≥2 mg/l) poses a potential, new therapeutic target for lowering residual cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes. However, the characteristics of individuals with residual inflammatory risk in type 1 diabetes are unknown. Purpose Identify differences in relevant demographics, clinical and paraclinical parameters for individuals with residual inflammatory risk as compared to those without in type 1 diabetes. Methods Baseline characteristics as stratified for CRP ≥2 mg/l were analysed in 105 patients with type 1 diabetes participating in a previously published clinical trial. The study population was sampled to represent the broad background population struggling with glycaemic control and with a high cardiovascular risk. Results Residual inflammatory risk was seen in 39.1% of the study population. Compared to individuals without residual inflammatory risk, individuals with residual inflammatory risk were more frequently women, had increased body weight, body mass index and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-assessed fat mass and exhibited elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and total cholesterol as well as triglycerides, interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (Table 1). Glycated haemoglobin, blood pressure and markers of renal function were similar between groups (Table 1). Conclusion In the present cohort of individuals with type 1 diabetes, residual inflammatory risk was seen in 39.1% (similar to what is observed outside of type 1 diabetes) and appeared related to overweight/obesity, an atherogenic lipid profile and circulating biomarkers of inflammation but not to glycaemic control, blood pressure or renal function. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): AstraZenecaHerlev Gentofte Hospital

Correlation of Oxidised LDL with Oxidant and Antioxidant enzymes in subjects with Elevated LDL levels

Mortality due to atherosclerosis is very common and the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is responsible for the progression of atherosclerosis. Estimation of oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and paraoxonase (PON1) in subjects with elevated LDL and correlation of oxidized LDL with MPO and PON1 was the main objective. Ox-LDL was determined by ELISA. Activity of Myeloperoxidase and Paraoxonase was estimated by spectrophotometric method. LDL and HDL estimations were carried out in the autoanalyser. Significant increase in the myeloperoxidase and Ox-LDL with the significant decrease in the paraoxonase levels were obseved (p&lt;0.001). No significant change in the HDL levels was seen. LDL showed a positive association with MPO and a negative association with Basal Paraoxonase (BPON) in both cases and controls. Ox-LDL also showed a positive association with MPO and a negative association with BPON only in cases, while no significant association was seen in controls. Ox-LDL seems to be a more sensitive indicator of cardiovascular disease risk than either HDL or LDL cholesterol. Measurement of Ox-LDL, /Myeloperoxidase and Paraoxonase may provide additional details in cardiovascular disease risk prediction.

Study of Lipid Profile in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Presenting at Tertiary Referral Center in Nepal

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with dyslipidemia especially in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipid abnormalities are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to find out the incidence of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes mellitus presenting at tertiary referral center of Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in Medicine and Endocrine OPD of Shree Birendra Hospital, Chhauni, Kathmandu, Nepal after approval from the Institution Review committee. Cases within the period from December 2019 to January 2021 were studied. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Results: Out of 150 patients with diabetes mellitus, 32.6% had total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg / dl, 60% had elevated LDL, 26.67% patient had elevated TG and 36% patients had low HDL level. Poor glycemic control (HbA1c &gt; 7%) was observed in 86 (57.33%) subjects. Among patients with HbA1c &gt; 9, 3.33% patients had cholesterol &gt; 200, 4.67% patients had TG &gt; 250, 5.33% patients had LDL &gt; 100 and 6.67% patients had HDL &lt; 40. Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus is associated with high incidence of dyslipidemia. The most common pattern observed was elevated level of low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol and triglyceride and low level of HDL. Routine monitoring of lipid profile should be part of patient care.

Effects of PCSK-9 Inhibition by Alirocumab Treatments on Biliary Cirrhotic Rats.

Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress with elevated oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) exacerbate hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. The plasma level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is controlled by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9). Alirocumab is a monoclonal antibody that decreases LDL via inhibiting PCSK9 function. Apart from lipid-lowering effects, alirocumab exerts anti-inflammation, anti-angiogenesis and anti-oxidant effects. This study aims to investigate the impact of alirocumab treatment on common bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced biliary cirrhotic rats. After a 4-week treatment of alirocumab, the hemodynamic data, blood biochemistry, ox-LDL level, oxidative stress markers, severity of hepatic encephalopathy and abnormal angiogenesis of BDL rats were measured and compared to the control group. BDL rats presented cirrhotic pictures and elevated ammonia, total cholesterol, LDL and ox-LDL levels compared to the control group. Alirocumab decreased plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL, and oxidative stress markers; however, it did not affect the hemodynamics, liver and renal biochemistry, and the plasma levels of ammonia and ox-LDL. The motor activities, portal-systemic collaterals and mesenteric vascular density were not significantly different between alirocumab-treated and control groups. In addition, it did not affect hepatic inflammation, intrahepatic angiogenesis, liver fibrosis and free cholesterol accumulation in the liver of BDL rats. In conclusion, PCSK9 inhibition by alirocumab treatment ameliorates hyperlipidemia and systemic oxidative stress in biliary cirrhotic rats. However, it does not affect the plasma level of ox-LDL, intrahepatic inflammation and fibrosis. In addition, PCSK9 inhibition has a neutral effect on abnormal angiogenesis and hepatic encephalopathy in biliary cirrhotic rats.