Elevated Fasting Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

In vivo and In silico Insights into the Anti-Diabetic Efficacy of EVOO and Hydroxytyrosol in a Rat Model

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has a putative antidiabetic activity mostly attributed to its polyphenol hydroxytyrosol. In this study, we explored the antidiabetic effects of EVOO and hydroxytyrosol on an in vivo T2D-simulated rat model as well as in in silico study. Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The first group served as a normal control (NC), while type 2 diabetes (T2D) was induced in the remaining groups using a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks followed by a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg). One diabetic group remained untreated (DC), while the other two groups received an eight-week treatment with either EVOO (90 g/kg of the diet) (DO) or hydroxytyrosol (17.3 mg/kg of the diet) (DH). The DC group exhibited hallmark features of established T2D, including elevated fasting blood glucose levels, impaired glucose tolerance, increased HOMA-IR, widespread downregulation of insulin receptor expression, heightened oxidative stress, and impaired β-cell function. In contrast, treatments with EVOO and hydroxytyrosol elicited an antidiabetic response, characterized by improved glucose tolerance, as indicated by accelerated blood glucose clearance. Systematic analysis revealed the underlying antidiabetic mechanisms: both treatments enhanced insulin receptor expression in the liver and skeletal muscles, increased adiponectin levels, and mitigated oxidative stress. Moreover, while EVOO reduced intramyocellular lipids, hydroxytyrosol restored adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and enhanced β-cell survival. Molecular docking and dynamics confirm hydroxytyrosol's high affinity binding to PGC-1α, IRE-1α, and PPAR-γ, particularly IRE-1α, highlighting its potential to modulate diabetic signaling pathways. Collectively, these mechanisms highlight the putative antidiabetic role of EVOO and hydroxytyrosol. Moreover, the favorable docking scores of hydroxytyrosol with PGC-1α, IRE-1α, and PPAR-γ support the antidiabetic potential and offer promising avenues for further research and the development of novel antidiabetic therapies.

High fat diet consumption and social instability stress impair stress adaptation and maternal care in C57Bl/6 dams

Poor maternal diet and psychosocial stress represent two environmental factors that can significantly impact maternal health during pregnancy. While various mouse models have been developed to study the relationship between maternal and offspring health and behaviour, few incorporate multiple sources of stress that mirror the complexity of human experiences. Maternal high-fat diet (HF) models in rodents are well-established, whereas use of psychosocial stress interventions in female mice are still emerging. The social instability stress (SIS) paradigm, serves as a chronic and unpredictable form of social stress. To evaluate the combined effects of a poor maternal diet and intermittent social stress on maternal health and behaviour, we developed a novel maternal stress model using adult female C57Bl/6 mice. We observed that all HF+ mice demonstrated rapid weight gain, elevated fasting blood glucose levels and impaired glucose tolerance independent of the presence (+) or absence (-) of SIS. Behavioural testing output revealed anxiety-like behaviours remained similar across all groups prior to pregnancy. However, integrated anxiety z-scores revealed a mixed anxious profile amongst HF+/SIS+ females prior to pregnancy. HF+/SIS+ females also did not show reduced plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels that were observed in our other HF+ and HF- stress groups after SIS exposure. Further, HF+/SIS+ females demonstrated significant postpartum maternal neglect, resulting in fewer numbers of live offspring. These findings suggest that prolonged maternal HF diet consumption, coupled with previous exposure to SIS, places a significant burden on the maternal stress response system, resulting in reduced parental investment and negative postpartum behaviour towards offspring.

Therapeutic role of Arabic gum against nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced diabetes and nephropathy in Wistar rats

Background Chronic kidney disease is mainly caused by diabetic nephropathy and also causes a lot of suffering and death for people with diabetes, as one of the worst long-term complications. Arabic gum (AG) has been reported to have antioxidant, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects. Objective The goal of this study was to scrutinize the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles of AG against nicotinamide (NA)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy in Wistar rats. Materials and methods The experiment involved three groups of 18 adult male Wistar rats (six each). The normal control group received 0.9% NaCl orally for 8 weeks. The diabetic group received NA intraperitoneal injection (120 mg/kg b.w.) followed by 60 mg/kg body weight (bw) STZ in citrate buffer (pH 4.5) after 15 min. After confirming the induction of diabetes, animals received 0.9% NaCl orally for 8 weeks. The AG-treated diabetic group received 20 mg AG/kg bw/day orally for 8 weeks after diabetes induction. Results and conclusion Diabetic rats exhibited hyperglycemia which was confirmed by increased levels of serum fasting glucose and fructosamine. Elevated serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, cystatin c, and sodium levels were noticed in the serum of diabetic rats while potassium levels were markedly reduced reflecting nephropathy. Oxidative stress was evident in the diabetic kidney, as indicated by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). AG administration ameliorated elevated fasting blood glucose and serum fructosamine levels as well as the kidney function parameters in serum. AG also attenuated oxidative stress and increased antioxidant capacity in the diabetic kidney. Immune-inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and tumor suppressor protein (p53) expression were significantly upregulated in diabetic rats, but AG produced a downregulation of them. Thus, AG possesses an antidiabetic effect and has a nephropreventive effect that was manifested by a decrease of urea, creatinine, uric acid, cystatin c and sodium. AG also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and minimizes histopathological alterations in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Despite these ameliorative effects, the efficacy and safety of AG as an adjunct drug for diabetic kidney disease needs to be validated by more scientific research.

Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Fasting Blood Glucose and Diabetes in 20 Million Chinese Women of Reproductive Age.

Evidence of the associations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and diabetes risk from women of reproductive age, in whom diabetes may have adverse long-term health effects for both themselves and future generations, remains scarce. We therefore examined the associations of long-term PM2.5 exposure with fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and diabetes risk in women of reproductive age in China. This study included 20,076,032 women age 20-49 years participating in the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project in China between 2010 and 2015. PM2.5 was estimated using a satellite-based model. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of PM2.5 exposure with FBG level and diabetes risk, respectively. Diabetes burden attributable to PM2.5 was estimated using attributable fraction (AF) and attributable number. PM2.5 showed monotonic relationships with elevated FBG level and diabetes risk. Each interquartile range (27 μg/m3) increase in 3-year average PM2.5 concentration was associated with a 0.078 mmol/L (95% CI 0.077, 0.079) increase in FBG and 18% (95% CI 16%, 19%) higher risk of diabetes. The AF attributed to PM2.5 exposure exceeding 5 μg/m3 was 29.0% (95% CI 27.5%, 30.5%), corresponding to an additional 78.6 thousand (95% CI 74.5, 82.6) diabetes cases. Subgroup analyses showed more pronounced diabetes risks in those who were overweight or obese, age >35 years, less educated, of minority ethnicity, registered as a rural household, and residing in western China. We found long-term PM2.5 exposure was associated with higher diabetes risk in women of reproductive age in China.

The Association between Dietary Intake and Lifestyle Patterns of People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Manipur, India

The aim of the study was to examine the association between dietary intake and lifestyle pattern of diabetes patients in Manipur. Tribal and non tribal respondents between 45-64 years of age were randomly selected from the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) Hospital Manipur. Total number of 200 study subjects, 100 tribal and 100 non tribal subjects constituted the study. The information was collected on socio-demographic profile, clinical, anthropometric measurements and dietary intakes of the patients by using interview schedule and 24-hour dietary recall methods. The data were analyzed and tabulated using statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and Pearson’s correlation test. The key results indicate that alcohol consumption, elevated triglycerides levels, low energy, oils and sugar intake were notably linked with the prevalence of diabetes. Additionally, low calcium intake, particularly among non tribal individuals, demonstrated a significant correlation with elevated Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels, suggesting a potential risk factor for Type 2 diabetes. Moreover, low calcium intake among the non-tribal community was associated with increased Post Prandial (PP) test results, indicating a rise in post-meal glucose levels. Notably, tribal energy intake and non-tribal protein consumption were significantly associated with HbA1c levels, reflecting their impact on glycemic control.

Biochemical Investigation of Therapeutic Efficacy of Berberine-Enriched Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Metabolic Impairment.

Metabolic disorders pose significant global health challenges, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. This study focused on the multifaceted therapeutic potential of berberine-enriched extract (BEE) in mitigating metabolic impairment induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in a rat model and compared the effects of BEE with berberine (BBR) and metformin (MET) to comprehensively evaluate their impact on various biochemical parameters. Our investigation reveals that BEE surpasses the effects of BBR and MET in ameliorating metabolic impairment, making it a promising candidate for managing metabolic disorders. For this, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 6): control (CN), STZ, STZ + MET, STZ + BBR, and STZ + BEE. The treatment duration was extended over 4 weeks, during which various biochemical parameters were monitored, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profiles, inflammation, liver and kidney function biomarkers, and gene expressions of various metabolizing enzymes. The induction of metabolic impairment by STZ was evident through an elevated FBG level and disrupted lipid profiles. The enriched extract effectively regulated glucose homeostasis, as evidenced by the restoration of FBG levels, superior to both BBR and MET. Furthermore, BEE demonstrated potent effects on insulin sensitivity, upregulating the key genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism: GCK, IGF-1, and GLUT2. This highlights its potential in enhancing glucose utilization and insulin responsiveness. Dyslipidemia, a common occurrence in metabolic disorders, was effectively managed by BEE. The extract exhibited superior efficacy in regulating lipid profiles. Additionally, BEE exhibited significant anti-inflammatory properties, surpassing the effects of BBR and MET in lowering the levels of inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6 and TNF-α), thereby ameliorating insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. The extract's superior hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects, indicated by the restoration of liver and kidney function biomarkers, further highlight its potential in maintaining organ health. Moreover, BEE demonstrated potent antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue homogenates. Histopathological examination of the pancreas underscored the protective effects of BEE, preserving and recovering pancreatic β-cells damaged by STZ. This collective evidence positions BEE as a promising therapeutic candidate for managing metabolic disorders and offers potential benefits beyond current treatments. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the remarkable therapeutic efficacy of BEE and provide a foundation for further research into its mechanisms, long-term safety, and clinical translation.

Abstract P270: Higher Long-Term Fasting Glucose Variability From Childhood is Associated With Poorer Cognitive Function in Midlife: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Background: Elevated fasting blood glucose(FBG) levels have been associated with poorer cognitive function. High FBG variability has also been associated with accelerated cognitive decline in late life. However, the impact of long term FBG variability from childhood on midlife cognitive function (CF) remains understudied. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that there would be an association of higher long-term FBG variability from childhood with poorer midlife CF measures. Aim: We aimed to identify the influence of higher long term FBG variability on midlife CF. Methods: We studied 1,005 midlife Bogalusa Heart Study participants (age at baseline: mean 9.4 years +/- SD 3.5 years; age at neuropsychological(NP) exam: mean 47.9 years+/- SD 5.2 years; 60.4% women(607 of 1005); 33.5 % Black(337 of 1005)) with ≥3 FBG measurements across follow up. Participants having type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) were excluded. T2DM was defined as FBG ≥126 mg/dL or taking diabetes medication. Long-term visit-to visit FBG variability was measured as deviation from age predicted values (DEV) and residual SD (RSD). Using ≥3 FBG measurements, DEV and RSD were obtained from individual growth curves created by fitting random-effects models stratified by race and sex. Participants’ midlife CF was first measured with 10 NP tests, then were classified into 3 distinct NP profiles (optimal, average, and mixed-low) using cluster analysis. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations between long-term FBG variability parameters and NP profiles, adjusting for education status and mean of FBG measures from childhood to midlife . DEV and RSD were standardized to z-scores by race and sex before regression analysis. Tests for interaction according to race and sex were conducted. Results: After adjusting for the mean FBG level and education status, for a 1 SD increase in DEV, the odds of having a mixed-low CF increased by 57.3% (95% CI 1.244, 1.990) and the odds of an average CF increased by 36.9% (95% CI 1.144, 1.640) respectively, compared to optimal CF. After adjusting for the mean FBG level and education status, for a 1 SD increase in RSD, the odds of having a mixed-low CF increased by 56% (95% CI 1.232, 1.974) and the odds of an average CF increased by 37.7% (95% CI 1.147, 1.653), respectively, compared to optimal CF. No significant interactions between long-term FBG variability parameters and race and sex were found. Conclusions: Higher long-term FBG variability was associated with poorer midlife CF. Further studies are needed to identify the role of long-term FBG variability in the association of cardiometabolic risk factors and midlife CF.

Alterations in gut microbiota and bile acids by proton-pump inhibitor use and possible mediating effects on elevated glucose levels and insulin resistance.

Several observational studies have suggested that proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) use might increase diabetes risk, but the mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PPI use on gut microbiota and bile acids (BAs) profiles, and to explore whether these changes could mediate the association of PPIs use with fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and insulin resistance (IR) in Chinese population. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Shenzhen, China, from April to August 2021, enrolled 200 eligible patients from the local hospital. Participants completed a questionnaire and provided blood and stool samples. Gut microbiome was measured by16S rRNA gene sequencing, and bile acidswere quantified by UPLC-MS/MS. Insulin resistance (IR) was assessed using the Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 (HOMA2-IR). PPI use was positively associated with higher levels of FBG and HOMA2-IR after controlling for possible confounders. PPI users exhibited a decreased Firmicutes and an increase in Bacteroidetes phylum, alongside higher levels of glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA). Higher abundances of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacterium as well as higher levels of TCDCA in PPI users were positively associated with elevated FBG or HOMA2-IR. Mediation analyses indicated that the elevated levels of FBG and HOMA2-IR with PPI use were partially mediated by the alterations in gut microbiota and specific BAs (i.e., Fusobacterium genera and TCDCA). Long-term PPI use may increase FBG and HOMA2-IR levels, and alterations in gut microbiota and BAs profiles may partially explain this association.

U-shaped relationship between fasting blood glucose and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in the general United States population.

The current controversy surrounding the association between fasting blood glucose (FBG) and albuminuria necessitates further investigation. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between FBG and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). A cohort of complete data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants (1999-2020) was analyzed. Linear regression analyses and a generalized additive model explored the association between FBG and UACR. Furthermore, the stability of this relationship across different populations was assessed. The study involved a total of 20,264 participants who were identified as U.S. citizens. By employing linear regression analysis, a statistically significant relationship was observed between elevated FBG levels and an increase in UACR (P<0.0001). Additionally, using a generalized additive model analysis, a U-shaped correlation between FBG and UACR was identified. Further examination using threshold effect analysis indicated a turning point for FBG at 5.44 mmol/L. A noteworthy finding in multiple populations is the consistent U-shaped association between FBG and UACR, except for individuals with serum uric acid levels ≥420 μmol/L and those who refrain from alcohol consumption. The general U.S. population has a U-shaped nonlinear relationship between FBG and UACR.

Effect of Advanced Glycation end Products (AGEs) on Sperm Parameters and Function in C57Bl/6 Mice.

This study investigated the deleterious impact of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), commonly present in metabolic disorders like diabetes, obesity, and infertility-related conditions, on sperm structure and function using a mouse model where AGE generation was heightened through dietary intervention. Five-week-old C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups, one on a regular diet (control) and the other on an AGE-rich diet. After 13 weeks, various parameters were examined, including fasting blood glucose, body weight, food consumption, sperm parameters and function, testicular superoxide dismutase levels, malondialdehyde content, total antioxidant capacity, Johnson score, AGE receptor (RAGE) content, and carboxymethyl lysine (CML) content. The results showed that mice in the AGE group exhibited increased body weight and elevated fasting blood glucose levels. Furthermore, the AGE group displayed adverse effects on sperm, including reduced sperm counts, motility, increased morphological abnormalities, residual histone, protamine deficiency, sperm DNA fragmentation, reduced testicular antioxidant capacity, and higher levels of RAGE and CML proteins. These findings underscore the negative impact of AGEs on male reproductive health, particularly within the context of metabolic disorders, emphasizing the crucial role of the AGE/RAGE axis in male infertility, especially in the context of Western dietary patterns.

The relationship between dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome and its components: a case study in Kashi urban, Xinjiang.

This paper examines the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components among Uygur adults in Kashi, Xinjiang. The study used the multi-stage random cluster sampling method to investigate the adult residents of Uighu aged over 18 years old in one county and one township/street of three cities in Kashi between May and June 2021. All dietary data collected were analyzed for energy and nutrient intake with a nutritional analysis software, followed by a calculation of DII. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between DII and the risks of MS and its components. The maximum DII value across our 1,193 respondents was 4.570 to 4.058, with an average value of 0.256. When we analyzed the DII as a continuous variable, we determined the anti-inflammatory diet has been identified as a mitigating factor for metabolic syndrome (OR = 0.586, 95% CI = 0.395-0.870), obesity (OR = 0.594, 95% CI = 0.395-0.870), elevated fasting glucose levels (OR = 0.422, 95% CI = 0.267-0.668), and hypertension (OR = 0.698, 95% CI = 0.488-0.996). When the model was adjusted by sex, age, and occupation, we found a significant correlation between high- and low-density lipoproteinemia and DII (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.040-2.323). The present study identified four distinct dietary patterns among the population under investigation. There was a linear trend in the incidence of MS and hypertension across low, middle, and high levels of fruits and milk dietary pattern model (p = 0.027; p = 0.033), within this dietary pattern may serve as protective factors against MS and hypertension, suggesting that fruits and milk within this dietary pattern may serve as protective factors against MS and hypertension. And the linear trend in the incidence of elevated fasting glucose and obesity across the low, medium, and high scores of meet and eggs dietary pattern (p = 0.006; p < 0.001), suggest that a diet rich in meat may potentially contribute to an increased risk of developing elevated fasting glucose levels and obesity. An observed linear trend in the incidence rate of high fasting blood glucose across low, moderate, and high scores of dried fruits and nuts dietary pattern (p = 0.014), indicating that increased consumption of nuts acted as a protective factor against elevated fasting blood glucose levels and contributed to their reduction. The dietary inflammation index was integrated with the findings from the study on the dietary patterns of the sampled population, revealing that an anti-inflammatory diet demonstrated a protective effect against metabolic syndrome, obesity, high fasting blood glucose, and hypertension in this specific population. laying the foundation for further research.

High prevalence of fatty liver and its association with metabolic syndrome among rural adults with chronic hepatitis C: Implications for primary healthcare

BackgroundChronic hepatitis C (CHC) virus infection is a global health concern that is associated with significant liver-related morbidity and mortality. Owing to the inflammatory pathway, CHC can causefatty liver, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer and is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes. Fatty liver is associated with metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and liver cancer. Hence, the early detection of fatty liver through noninvasive screening in adults with CHC is important in primary healthcare settings. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of fatty liver and its association with metabolic syndrome amongrural adults with CHC.MethodsThis was a series of cohort studies related to the elimination of the CHC burden around the western coastal Yunlin County, Taiwan, between August 2018 and July 2021. A cross-sectional study was conducted after hepatitis C virus RNA confirmation in a hepatitis C- endemic area. A gastrointestinal physician or radiologist assessed fatty liver by ultrasonography. Fatty liver was classified into four grades: normal, mild, moderate, and severe. Three liver enzyme biomarkers were identified. According to the Taiwan national standard, metabolic syndrome was defined based on the presence of three or more of the five abnormal biomarkers, including increased waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting blood glucose level, elevated triglyceride level, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level.ResultsA total of 256 rural adults with CHC were enrolled. The mean age of the participants was 67.5 (standard deviation = 11.8) years, with a low educational level. High prevalence of fatty liver (79%), central obesity (54.3%), elevated blood pressure (55.5%),elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) level (44.9%), and metabolic syndrome (37.9%) were observed.The results showed that adults with CHC with moderate to severe fatty liver were significantly associated with an increased risk of increased waist circumference (P < 0.001), increased blood pressure (P < 0.001), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (P < 0.05), and elevated liver enzyme biomarker levels (all P < 0.05) after adjusting for age, sex, and educational level. Furthermore, adults with CHC with moderate to severe fatty liver were significantly associated with a greater risk of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio = 2.85, 95% confidence interval = 1.66 to 4.92).ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate a high prevalence of fatty liver in rural adults with CHC, which is significantly associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and elevated liver biomarker levels. Clinicians and primary healthcare providers must encourage patients with CHC to receive antiviral therapy combined with weight loss management and lifestyle modification, allowing general improvements in their liver and cardiometabolic health.

The mediation effect of asprosin on the association between ambient air pollution and diabetes mellitus in the elderly population in Taiyuan, China.

Evidence around the relationship between air pollution and the development of diabetes mellitus (DM) remains limited and inconsistent. To investigate the potential mediation effect of asprosin on the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5), tropospheric ozone (O3) and blood glucose homeostasis. A case-control study was conducted on a total of 320 individuals aged over 60years, including both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals, from six communities in Taiyuan, China, from July to September 2021. Generalized linear models (GLMs) suggested that short-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), as well as reduced pancreatic β-cell function index (HOMA-β), and short-term exposure to O3 was associated with increased FBG and decreased HOMA-β in the total population and elderly diabetic patients. Mediation analysis showed that asprosin played a mediating role in the relationship of PM2.5 and O3 with FBG, with mediating ratios of 10.2% and 18.4%, respectively. Our study provides emerging evidence supporting that asprosin mediates the short-term effects of exposure to PM2.5 and O3 on elevated FBG levels in an elderly population. Additionally, the elderly who are diabetic, over 70years, and BMI over 24kg/m2 are more vulnerable to air pollutants and need additional protection to reduce their exposure to air pollution.

Metabolic Outcomes of Primary Aldosteronism Patients Receiving Adrenalectomy or Spironolactone Treatments

To investigate the metabolic outcomes of primary aldosteronism (PA) patients receiving adrenalectomy (ADX) or spironolactone treatment and the contributing factors to the metabolic outcomes. The clinical data of 70 patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and 86 patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) were retrospectively analyzed. All subjects received confirmatory diagnosis of APA or IHA at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital between March 2018 and October 2020. APA patients underwent ADX, while IHA patients were given spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA). After ADX or spironolactone treatment, the outcomes of the metabolic indicators and the inter-group differences between the APA patients and IHA patients were studied. There was no significant difference between the baseline data of the APA group and those of the IHA group in terms of age, sex, duration of hypertension, maximum systolic blood pressure (SBP-max), maximum diastolic blood pressure (DBP-max), body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid parameters, and renal function. IHA patients had higher waist circumference, serum potassium, and plasma renin activity (PRA) than those of the APA patients (all P<0.05). All patients showed significant improvement in blood pressure, blood potassium, and plasma aldosterone at follow-up. However, they also showed increased triglycerides (TG) accompanied by deterioration in renal function (P≤0.001). Multiple regression showed that TG levels were associated with spironolactone treatment for IHA patients and post-treatment BMI and creatinine levels. Furthermore, APA patients showed improvement in their FBG after ADX (P=0.041), while IHA patients showed elevated levels of FBG after spironolactone treatment (P=0.037). After treatment, PA patients still may experience abnormal lipid metabolism and deteriorating renal function. Spironolactone therapy may give rise to worse glucolipid metabolism than ADX therapy does.

Abstract 18239: Diabetes Status Does Not Modify the Association Between Prolonged Exposure to Elevated Fasting Blood Glucose and Midlife Cognitive Function

Introduction: The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cognitive function(CF) has been well established. However, whether the impact of elevated fasting blood glucose(FBG) levels on CF according to T2DM status remains unclear. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the impact of elevated FBG on midlife CF would be greater in people with T2DM than in those without T2DM. Methods: We studied 673 midlife participants of the Bogalusa Heart Study (age at baseline 36.7 ± 4.4 years, follow-up period 12.6 ± 1.0 years, age at midlife 49.2 ± 4.5 years, 63% women, 30.2% Black) with ≥3 measurements of FBG across the follow up period. Midlife T2DM status was defined as having FBG≥ 126 mg/dL or taking anti-diabetic medications at the time of midlife neuropsychological (NP) examination. Elevated FBG was defined as FBG≥ 100 mg/dL. Exposure duration of elevated FBG (ED_FBG) was defined as the time interval from initial detection of elevated FBG to midlife NP examination. Participants were classified into 3 distinct NP profiles (optimal, average, and mixed-low) using cluster analysis based on their NP performance, with mixed-low signifying worse CF. Associations between ED_FBG and NP profiles were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression models, adjusting for education status. Stratified analysis of the multinomial regression models according to midlife T2DM status, race and sex were performed. Results: Prevalence of midlife prediabetes and T2DM were 34.0% (n=229) and 11.1 % (n=75), respectively. A total of 120 participants (17.8%) were exposed to ED_FBG during the follow-up period. Mean ED_FBG was 9.1 ± 3.2 years. Mean ED_FBG was significantly longer in Black participants and men. The OR for having a mixed-low CF compared to optimal CF was 1.09 for a 1-year increase in ED_FBG (95% CI 1.02, 1.16), adjusted for education status. Stratified analysis according to midlife T2DM status, race, and sex did not yield significant results. Conclusions: Prolonged exposure to elevated FBG from early adulthood was associated with worse midlife cognitive function regardless of midlife T2DM status. Therefore, even among those without T2DM, prolonged exposure to elevated FBG may affect cognition.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases postoperative recurrence risk in Chinese patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Background The effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on postoperative recurrence of chronic sinusitis (CRS) is unclear. Objective To investigate the association between T2DM and postoperative recurrence in CRS patients. Methods CRS patients who underwent surgery in our hospital from January 2018 to April 2020 were included and followed up for three years. Patients were classified into non-recurrent and recurrent CRS groups based on follow-up outcome, and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for postoperative recurrence. Results A total of 412 CRS patients were included of whom 68 had T2DM. The postoperative recurrence rate was significantly higher in the T2DM group compared to the non-T2DM group (p < .05). T2DM prevalence and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were higher in recurrent CRS patients than those in non-recurrent CRS cases (p < .05). Multivariate regression analyses showed that age, duration of disease, FBG, and comorbid allergic rhinitis (AR) were significantly associated with an increased risk of postoperative recurrence of CRS (p < .05). Furthermore, adjusted logistic regression model revealed that T2DM was an independent risk factor for postoperative recurrence of CRS (p < .05). Conclusions Elevated FBG levels may significantly influenced the postoperative recurrence of CRS in Chinese patients, and T2DM was an independent risk factor for recurrence.

Metaphorical investigation of aqueous distillate of Cichorium intybus, Foeniculum vulgare and Solanum nigrum along with atorvastatin and orlistat in experimental rodent models of dyslipidaemia and obesity

BackgroundArq is a traditional Unani liquid formulation. In this study we explored Arq-Makoh, Arq-Badiyan and Arq-Kasni for their pharmacological potential to alleviate the symptoms of hyperlipidaemia and obesity and develop an amalgamation with modern drugs that have clinically well reported antihyperlipidaemic and antiobesity potential. Materials and methodsRats were fed High Fat Diet for 4 weeks. 10 ​ml/kg of each of the three arqs were given alone and along with atorvastatin and orlistat daily for 28 days P.O. During the course of treatment body weight and food intake were carefully observed and after the end of the study, liver weight, heart weight, plasma lipid profile, blood glucose level, insulin and leptin level, serum lipase, lactate dehydrogenase, and antioxidant activity were studied in all treatment groups. ResultBoth Arqs and Atorvastatin and Orlistat significantly reduced body weight, lipid profile in HFD fed rats. Arqs when given along with Atorvastatin and Orlistat produced more significant decrease in the serum lipid profile, serum lipase, atherogenic index, lactate Dehydrogenase and TBARS compared with HFD Control group and elevated the levels of HDL-C and SOD. Apart from antihyperlipidaemic and antiobesity effects the treatment groups showed a significant reduction in elevated fasting blood glucose levels (as a result of HFD model used in the study). The above parameters were further confirmed by histopathological studies. ConclusionThe present study indicates that Arq-Makoh, Arq-Badiyan and Arq-Kasni has lipid lowering potential and could potentiate the antihyperlipidaemic and antiobesity potential of Atorvastatin and Orlistat.

Effect of madecassoside in reducing oxidative stress and blood glucose in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetes in rats.

Madecassoside (MAD) is a triterpenoid constituent of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., an ethnomedical tropical plant, extracts of which were shown to reduce blood glucose in experimental diabetes. This study examines MAD for its anti-hyperglycaemic effects and tests the hypothesis that it reduces the blood glucose in experimentally induced diabetic rats by protecting the β-cells. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.v.) followed by nicotinamide (210 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)). MAD (50 mg/kg) was administered orally for 4 weeks, commencing 15 days after induction of diabetes; resveratrol (10 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. Fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, HbA1c, liver and lipid parameters were measured, along with antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde as an index of lipid peroxidation; histological and immunohistochemical studies were also undertaken. MAD normalized the elevated fasting blood glucose levels. This was associated with increased plasma insulin concentrations. MAD alleviated oxidative stress by improving enzymatic antioxidants and reducing lipid peroxidation. Histopathological examination showed significant recovery of islet structural degeneration and an increased area of islets. Immunohistochemical staining showed increased insulin content in islets of MAD-treated rats. The results demonstrate an antidiabetic effect of MAD associated with preservation of β-cell structure and function.

Association of main meal frequency and skipping with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundReduced meal frequency can increase the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, limited studies have examined the association between meal frequency and skipping meals with MetS. This study aims to analyze the association between main meal frequency and meal skipping with MetS in Korean adults aged ≥ 19 years.MethodsIn this study, we included data from 22,699 Korean adult participants from the 2016–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The 24-h dietary recall method was used to classify the participants into three groups based on main meal frequency (one, two, or three meals per day) and seven groups based on the type of main meal they skipped. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the association between main meal frequency and the types of main meals skipped with the odds of MetS and its associated components. Appropriate estimates were accounted for using sampling weights, stratification, and clustering.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS in the study population was 33.8%. The average age of the participants was 47.2 years with 42.6% being men, and 57.4% being women. Men who consumed two meals per day had higher odds of MetS than those who consumed three meals per day (odds ratio [OR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.33). Women who consumed two meals per day, and skipped breakfast had increased odds of having elevated fasting blood glucose levels (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02–1.35), and elevated triglycerides (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.02–1.39). However, women who skipped dinner had reduced odds of having elevated fasting blood glucose levels (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58–0.94).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that meal frequency and the type of main meal skipped may be associated with MetS and emphasize the importance of consuming breakfast to prevent MetS.

Gga3 gene-deleted C57BL/6J mice have elevated fasting blood glucose levels

Gga3 gene-deleted C57BL/6J mice have elevated fasting blood glucose levels