Elevated Cap Research Articles

CFD studies of the nonlinearity of NewWave group propagation and wave-structure interaction

NewWave groups are simulated using a numerical wave tank based on the CFD method. Multiple sets of NewWave groups with varying input wave amplitudes are numerically generated, and the numerical results are compared with theoretical results. The theoretical focusing time and location are backward drifting as the input wave amplitudes increase. As a result, nonlinearity should not be ignored when simulating NewWave groups for large extreme wave heights. The horizontal and vertical forces on the pile-cap foundation of a sea-crossing bridge caused by the NewWave group are investigated. Taking input amplitude A=0.06m as an example, the maximum horizontal force for a high elevated cap that is above the still water level 0.9 m is roughly twice that of a cap immersing in water 0.6 m. However, the vertical forces show less deviation. This research is primarily concerned with determining the realistic focusing location of the numerical NewWave model. Furthermore, the impact of NewWave on pile-cap foundations is studied preliminarily. It lays a solid foundation for the subsequent study of NewWave's impact on offshore structures.

Noninvasive tests for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a multi-ethnic population: The HELIUS study.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing in prevalence and severity globally, prompting noninvasive testing, yet limited data exist on noninvasive liver tests (NITs) including transient elastography (TE) in ethnically diverse populations. Therefore, we studied prevalence and ethnic differences in NAFLD with NITs in the multi-ethnic HEalthy Life In an Urban Setting (HELIUS) cohort. NITs of liver steatosis (Fatty Liver Index [FLI]) and fibrosis (Fibrosis-4 index [FIB-4], and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio [APRI]) were assessed in 10,007 participants. A subpopulation of 399 participants, selected on high-risk criteria for NAFLD (obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM], and/or elevated NITs), was examined with TE. FLI was ≥60 in 27.3% of 10,007 participants, indicating steatosis. Most participants (71.8%) had FIB-4 < 1.30, excluding advanced liver fibrosis, and 1.1% (n=113) had high FIB-4 (FIB-4 ≥ 2.67), indicating likely advanced liver fibrosis. In the TE subpopulation, 37.8% and 17.3% had steatosis and fibrosis (continuation attenuation parameter [CAP] ≥ 280 dB/m, liver stiffness measurement [LSM] ≥ 7.0 kPa, respectively). Turkish participants had highest adjusted odds ratio (OR) for elevated LSM (1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-5.01) and Ghanaians the lowest (0.24, 95% CI 0.09-0.65). Ghanaians had lowest adjusted OR for elevated CAP: 0.18 (95% CI 0.09-0.37). In diabetics, CAP and LSM were 17.6% and 14.6% higher than in nondiabetics, respectively. Correlations of FIB-4 and APRI with LSM were absent and weak. Conclusion : Liver steatosis proxy FLI was elevated in 27.3% of this multi-ethnic population. In Turkish background and in those with T2DM, proxies for steatosis and fibrosis were high, whereas in Ghanaian background, NITs were generally low. Together, this warrants awareness for NAFLD among high-risk populations, taking ethnic background into account. The absence of clear correlation between FIB-4 and APRI with LSM questions the accuracy of these fibrosis NITs to detect advanced fibrosis in the general population.

Nonlinear seismic response of the bridge pile foundation with elevated and embedded caps in frozen soils

For pile group foundations used in cold regions with frequent seismic activity, the pile cap embedment conditions and freezing-thawing effect of soil layer deserve concerns in seismic design. In this study, quasi-static tests are carried out to investigate seismic failure characteristics of the bridge pile foundation with elevated and embedded caps in frozen soils. It is found that there is a big difference of the mechanical behavior and failure characteristics between the bridge pile foundation with embedded and elevated caps under cyclic lateral loading. Meanwhile, an improved nonlinear analysis model of the pile-soil interaction (PSI) system considering frozen soil effect is established and validated by experimental results. Furthermore, nonlinear seismic responses of the bridge pile foundation with different cap embedment conditions are furtherly explored. Compared with the bridge pile foundation with elevated cap, the embedded cap is beneficial to the pile foundation but adverse to the bridge pier under seismic actions. Experimental and numerical results indicate that the bridge pile foundation with embedded cap can lead to severe damage to the bridge pier if earthquake occurs. The strong constraint of frozen soil layer on the pile foundation can effectively reduce the lateral displacement of the bridge pier with pile foundations. The nonlinearity of upper layer soil in unfrozen condition is stronger, and the residual displacement is larger than that in frozen condition. These results can provide reference guide for seismic design of bridge pile foundation in frozen soils.

Effect of Permafrost on Seismic Performance of Railway Bridge Pile Foundation with Elevated Cap

Pile foundation with elevated cap is always applied for railway bridges in permafrost region to minimize the thermal disturbance to vulnerable permafrost. Permafrost can influence the failure characteristics of the pile foundation under earthquakes and complicate the seismic performance evaluation of railway bridges with pile foundations in seismically active zones. Quasi-static tests of reduced scale models were carried out to investigate failure characteristics and hysteretic behaviors of the pile foundation with elevated cap in permafrost. Test results showed that the existence of permafrost can increase the stiffness of the foundation soil and then inhibit crack propagation of the unfrozen topsoil around the bridge pile foundation. Quite differently from the pile foundation in unfrozen soils, severer damages occurred at the pile foundation in soils with permafrost. Thus, the topsoil crack will be mitigated while the pile failure will be aggravated if strong earthquake occurs in permafrost regions for railway bridge pile foundation with elevated cap. Otherwise, the permafrost significantly influenced the loading bearing capacity and deformation features of the pile-soil interaction (PSI) system under seismic loads. The PSI system with permafrost has better energy dissipation than that with unfrozen soils due to the severe damage of the pile foundation. A simplified formula was developed to estimate the equivalent stiffness of the PSI system. It is indicated that the stiffness of the PSI system with permafrost degraded more severely than that with unfrozen soils. Therefore, permafrost effect cannot be neglected in seismic design of railway bridge pile foundations with elevated cap.

Experimental study of breaking wave loads on elevated pile cap with rectangular cross-section

Elevated pile caps are always located close to the still-water level, where breaking waves can induce great impact loads and threaten the structural stability of bridges. This paper focuses on the interaction between breaking waves and an elevated pile cap with a rectangular cross-section. An elevated cap specimen under three breaking wave conditions was employed in the experimental program. The breaking wave loads, including the resulting horizontal and vertical loads, overturning moments, and water pressures exerted on the specimen, were measured simultaneously. The effects of clearance, breaker location, and structural orientation on the breaking wave loads were investigated, and a probabilistic description of breaking wave load was presented. The results show that with increasing clearance, the horizontal breaking wave load and overturning moment increased, while the vertical load decreased when the specimen was above the still-water level. The maximum horizontal wave load was observed when the specimen was located at the breaker tongue of the wave crest. The magnitude of the maximum horizontal and vertical load varied with structural orientations of the elevated pile cap. GEV distribution is effective in modeling the stochastic maximum horizontal and vertical breaking wave load.

2452-PUB: Use of Controlled Transient Elastography (VCTETM) Evaluation in a Clinical Research Clinic to Assess Degree of Liver Fibrosis and Steatosis in a Largely Hispanic Population

The aim of this study was to describe a population referred as potential research study candidates for diabetes, obesity and nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is now the leading cause of cirrhosis, ahead of viral hepatitis and alcohol-related liver disease and is associated with type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity. The clinical challenge is how to screen these subjects to determine the degree of fibrosis and steatosis, ideally with a non-invasive procedure and to complement it with the traditional clinical and biochemical markers for NAFLD. We utilized Controlled Transient Elastography (VCTETM) measurements performed with a Fibroscan® (Echosens) to produce a minimum of ten acquired measurements with a median liver stiffness (fibrosis) measured in kPa with IQR/Median percentage and a CAP ultrasound attenuation rate (steatosis) value measured in dB/m. Patients were evaluated from December 2017 to December 2018 with a consent form obtained prior to the examination and IRB approval for the analysis of the data. A total of 198 individuals had a complete, valid Fibroscan® report, median age 52. 54% were females with a majority of them (67%)identified as of Hispanic ethnicity. The median (IQR) kPa score was 5.8 (4.5-7.9), QR/Mean percentage 11.9% (7.8-16.9)and CAP attenuation rate of 320 (282-352) dB/m. The percentage of individuals who had an elevated kPa over 7.5 (identified as F2) was 27% and CAP attenuation score over 290 was 71%, with 24% of them had both an elevated kPa and CAP scores identifying the presence of both fibrosis and steatosis. We conclude that in a population of primarily Hispanic individuals, we detected a high rate of clinically significant fibrosis and steatosis suggesting a high prevalence of NAFLD in these high-risk group and emphasize the role of non-invasive testing of individuals with T2DM, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Disclosure P.F. Mora: Consultant; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc. Speaker's Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., MannKind Corporation, Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc., Valeritas, Inc. A.S. Camacho: None. B. Adams-Huet: None.

Behavior of pile group with elevated cap subjected to cyclic lateral loads

The pile group with elevated cap is widely used as foundation of offshore structures such as turbines, power transmission towers and bridge piers, and understanding its behavior under cyclic lateral loads induced by waves, tide water and winds, is of great importance to designing. A large-scale model test on 3×3 pile group with elevated cap subjected to cyclic lateral loads was performed in saturated silts. The preparation and implementation of the test is presented. Steel pipes with the outer diameter of 114 mm, thickness of 4.5 mm, and length of 6 m were employed as model piles. The pile group was cyclic loaded in a multi-stage sequence with the lateral displacement controlled. In addition, a single pile test was also conducted at the same site for comparison. The displacement of the pile cap, the internal forces of individual piles, and the horizontal stiffness of the pile group are presented and discussed in detail. The results indicate that the lateral cyclic loads have a greater impact on pile group than that on a single pile, and give rise to the significant plastic strain in the soil around piles. The lateral loads carried by each row of piles within the group would be redistributed with loading cycles. The lateral stiffness of the pile group decreases gradually with cycles and broadly presents three different degradation patterns in the test. Significant axial forces were measured out in some piles within the group, owing to the strong restraint provided by the cap, and finally lead to a large settlement of the pile group. These findings can be referred for foundation designing of offshore structures.

Response of a RC pile group in liquefiable soil: A shake-table investigation

Soil liquefaction induced by earthquakes frequently cause costly damage to pile foundations. However, various aspects of the dynamic behavior and failure mechanisms of piles in liquefiable soils still remain unclear. This paper presents a shake-table experiment conducted to investigate the dynamic behavior of a reinforced-concrete (RC) elevated cap pile foundation during (and prior to) soil liquefaction. Particular attention was paid to the failure mechanism of the piles during a strong shaking event. The experimental results indicate that decreasing the frequency and increasing the amplitude of earthquake excitation increased the pile bending moment as well as the speed of the excess pore pressure buildup in the free-field. The critical pile failure mode in the conducted testing configuration was found to be of the bending type, which was also confirmed by a representative nonlinear numerical model of the RC pile. The experimental results of this study can be used to calibrate numerical models and provide insights on seismic pile analysis and design.

Androgenetic alopecia at various ages and prostate cancer risk in an equal-access multiethnic case–control series of veterans

Epidemiological data are conflicting regarding the association between androgenetic alopecia (AA) and prostate cancer (CaP). We examined the relationship between these two conditions. We performed a case-control study at a Veterans Affairs Hospital among 708 men: 312 healthy controls, 167 men with CaP, and 229 men without CaP on prostate biopsy. Participants were asked to self-describe hair patterns at ages 30 and 40 and at study enrollment. We tested the association between hair pattern (overall, vertex, or frontal) and CaP status using logistic regression analysis adjusting for multiple clinical features. Disease grade was similarly examined as a secondary outcome. Relative to healthy controls, younger age of AA onset was significantly associated with increased CaP risk (p = 0.008). Similar patterns were noted for frontal (p = 0.005) and not vertex balding (p = 0.22). When compared with biopsy-negative men, a similar pattern was seen with younger age of AA onset having higher risk of CaP, though this was not significant (p = 0.07). A suggestion for younger age of AA onset for frontal (p = 0.07) being associated with CaP versus biopsy-negative men was also observed. Overall balding (yes/no) was associated with greater than twofold increase in high-grade disease (p = 0.02). Men reporting earlier AA onset were at increased CaP risk and suggestively had more aggressive disease. Contrary to other studies, frontal balding was the predominant pattern associated with elevated CaP risk. Further study is required to confirm these findings in a larger sample and to better understand the role of AA, androgens, and CaP biology.

Coefficients of Settlement and Lateral Displacement in Pile Group during Tunneling

Finite element methods are adopted herein to study the group effect and sheltering effect in pile group during shield driven when the couple effect of vertical loads and soil displacement is considered. Results from the FEM show fine agreement with those from the Tianjin No.1 subway line project and the centrifuge tests carried out by Loganathan. Based on the finite element models, the effects of tunneling on pile groups are studied. The coefficients of settlement and lateral displacement are defined to assess the group effect and sheltering effect in pile groups with elevated cap.

Pseudo-Static Experimental Research and Seismic Behavior Analysis on Elevated Pile Cap Foundation

The paper deals with experimental activity on 4 scale-models of elevated pile cap foundation belonging to a real bridge. The foundation was composed of 9 piles, pile cap and pier and the special soil box was built to consider soil-pile-superstructure interaction. Two specimens were strengthened by steel protective pipe at each pile top. The tests consist of cyclically imposed displacement to 4 specimens, performed in the state key laboratory for disaster reduction in civil engineering of Tongji University. According to the test result, the peak strength of strengthening specimens is about 1.77 times of the others and the ultimate displacement is 1.66 times of the original models. Additionally, the dissipated hysteric energy capability of strengthening specimens is more than 2.15 times of the others as the equivalent viscous damping ratio is reduced by 50%. Other relevant phenomena are the pinching effect of original specimens is more obvious and the hysteretic loops of reinforced specimens are more plumpness. Moreover, the failure and collapse mechanisms of the elevated pile cap foundation were summarized. Finally, the measures to enhance the aseismic capability for elevated pile cap foundation were proposed.

Fracture and Damage Mechanism of RC Pile Group Foundation under Low Reversed Cyclic Loading

This document explains and demonstrates experimental activity on 4 scale-models of elevated pile cap foundation belonging to a long span continuous bridge. The foundation was composed of 9 piles, pile cap and pier and the special soil box was built to consider soil-pile-superstructure interaction. According to the test result, the development rule of the failure mode, the failure form, the load-displacement hysteretic loops and the plastic hinges mechanism etc. for specimens were summarized. Moreover, the energy dissipation capacity and the viscous damping ratio were gained. The test also provided the data to quantitatively assessment the positive effect of steel protective pipe for RC pile. Fiber beam-column finite element model considering the modified Park-Ang damage index was built in OpenSees. This damage model was proposed to consider the loading path, the pronounced pinching effect of concrete and bond-slip of the reinforcing bars in the paper. In calculation strength degradation and stiffness degradation effects were both embodied. The skeleton curves of test and numerical analysis are both consistent by comparing.

Partner-Abusers as Fathers: Testing Hypotheses About Their Child Rearing and the Risk of Physical Child Abuse

Children of men who abuse their partners are at risk for behavior problems and physical abuse. Few studies have investigated the child rearing of these men. To investigate the quality of child rearing spouse abusers engage in, a total of 94 fathers of children participated. Fifty-six fathers were enrolled in a batterers intervention program and 39 fathers came from the community. The men reported on their parenting behavior and attitudes, problematic behaviors linked to abuse, and two types of abnormal behavior. Only one significant group difference was found between the violent and the nonviolent fathers. However, across the two samples, men who reported engaging in more psychological abuse had higher Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP) scores. Furthermore, fathers with elevated CAP scores (all but one were in the batterer intervention group) differed significantly from the other men on seven variables including anger, trauma symptoms, and borderline personality organization. Implications for understanding perpetrators of partner violence and the links to physical child abuse are discussed.

Elevated calcium phosphate product after renal transplantation is a risk factor for graft failure

Abnormal mineral metabolism is not uncommon after renal transplant (TXP). In dialysis patients, elevated serum phosphorous (P), calcium (Ca), CaP product, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The effect of these abnormalities on recipient and graft survival after renal transplantation is unknown. We retrospectively analyzed 422 kidney-only transplants performed between June 1996 and June 2003. Cases with graft or recipient survival less than three months, pre-TXP parathyroidectomy (PTX), cinacalcet therapy and incomplete records were excluded, leaving 303 cases for analysis using Cox models that included post-TXP PTX, levels of albumin-adjusted Ca(Ca(adj)), P, Ca(adj)P product and PTH. There was an 11-25% prevalence of abnormal serum Ca(adj), P or Ca(adj)P product within the first year post-TXP. At least 24% of recipients not undergoing PTX with an equation estimated GFR of 40-60 mL/min had PTH levels >130 pg/mL at one yr post-TXP. This is above levels recommended by the U.S National Kidney Foundation kidney disease quality initiative for patients with stages I-IV chronic kidney disease. Adjusted Ca > 10.5 mg/dL at three months post-TXP was an independent risk for recipient death (OR 3.0; 95% CI: 1.2-7.4). A Ca(adj)P product >35 mg(2)/dL(2) at six months (OR 4.0; 95% CI: 1.2-13.1), and Ca >10.5 mg/dL at 12 months post-TXP (OR 4.0; 95% CI: 1.2-14) were independent risks for death-censored graft loss. Twenty-two recipients underwent PTX for severe hyperparathyroidism. Abnormalities of mineral metabolism are common early after renal TXP. An elevated serum Ca(adj) at three months post-TXP increases the risk for recipient death, while an elevated Ca(adj)P and Ca(adj) later in the first post-TXP year increases the risk of long-term death-censored graft loss.

Deficient nucleotide excision repair capacity enhances human prostate cancer risk.

Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed non-skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. The etiology of CaP is not fully understood. Because most of the DNA adducts generated by some CaP-related carcinogens, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, and pesticides, are removed by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, we pilot tested the hypothesis that CaP is associated with deficient NER capacity (NERC), measured by a plasmid-based host reactivation assay. Using cryopreserved lymphocytes collected in an ongoing, clinic-based case-control study, our results showed that the mean NERC was significantly lower (P = 0.03) in 140 cases (mean +/- SD, 8.06 +/- 5.17) than in 96 controls (9.64 +/- 5.49). There was a significant association between below-median NERC and CaP risk: odds ratio (OR), 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19-3.86, after adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, smoking history, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and family history. This association was stronger in younger (<60 years of age) subjects (OR, 3.98; 95% CI, 1.13-14.02) compared with older (> or = 60) subjects (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 0.90-3.37). When we stratified NERC values by quartiles of controls, there was a significant dose-dependent association between lower NERC and elevated CaP risk (p (test for linear trend), 0.01). Compared with the highest quartile of NERC as the referent group, the adjusted ORs for the 75th, 50th, and 25th quartiles were: 1.09 (95% CI, 0.46-2.59); 1.81 (95% CI, 0.77-4.27); and 2.63 (95% CI, 1.17-5.95), respectively. This pilot study is the first direct evidence associating deficient NERC with human CaP risk.

Ice-Tank and Numerical Study of Frazil Ingestion by Submerged Intakes

This paper addresses the problem of frazil ingestion by submerged water intakes located offshore in frigid water. It is well known that intakes under such conditions are prone to blockage by frazil, small ice crystals that commonly occur when water, agitated by wind or current, supercools. However, little quantitative information exists delineating how intake shape and size influence intake ingestion of frazil ice. Presented herein are insights and quantitative trends associated with those influences. The insights and trends were obtained from observations of frazil in a set of unique ice-tank experiments of a common intake configuration. The experiments were extended through numerical simulation. The essential intake layout considered herein comprises a conical inlet connected by pipe to an onshore pump station, and fitted with an elevated cap. The study’s findings show how either a cap or larger intake-rim diameter reduce the rate of frazil ingestion. Reducing the rate of frazil ingestion may enable an intake to operate longer during periods of water supercooling, and thereby reduce the possibility of blockage by frazil.

Histamine responsiveness of the various vascular beds of facial and nasal tissues in the dog.

The effects of the close arterial infusion of histamine upon the microcirculation of facial and nasal tissues were examined in dogs. Blood flow through arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA flow), capillaries (CAP flow) and collaterals (COL flow) were determined by electromagnetic flowmetry and the tracer-microsphere technique following an infusion of histamine at doses ranging from 0.5 to 50 nmol/min. Low doses of histamine (0.5-5.0 nmol/min) resulted in an increase in blood flow through the ipsilateral internal maxillary artery (IMA), which could be mainly attributed to a significant elevation of the CAP flow. A concomitant marked increase in AVA flow was observed only after the administration of higher doses (20-50 nmol/min). Significant changes in systemic blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output occurred only after the infusion of histamine at doses of 20 and 50 nmol/min. Significant increases in the CAP flow of tissues with relatively low perfusion were observed after the infusion of histamine at lower doses. The CAP flow of structures which play an essential role in conditioning the inspired air and exhibit high perfusion rates under control conditions exhibited significant increases only after the administration of higher doses. The present experiments provide direct evidence for a dose-dependent vasodilatory effect of histamine on different microcirculatory compartments of cutaneous and mucosal vascular beds supplied by the IMA in the dog. The results indicate that at low blood histamine levels, an increase in CAP flow predominates, and at higher doses, both elevated CAP flow and elevated AVA flow contribute to the vasodilatory response to histamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Nimodipine, an L-channel Ca 2+ antagonist, reverses the negative summating potential recorded from the guinea pig cochlea

Nimodipine, an L-type Ca 2+ channel antagonist, was tested using sound-evoked cochlear potentials in guinea pigs to investigate whether these channels are involved in cochlear function. Perilymph spaces of guinea pig cochleae were perfused with artificial perilymph solutions containing 0.1–10 μM nimodipine at a rate of 2.5 μl/min for 10 min. The cochlear potentials evoked by 10 kHz tone bursts of varying intensities were recorded from the basal turn of the scala vestibuli. Cochlear perfusion of nimodipine resulted in reversible, dose-related suppression of the compound action potential of the auditory nerve (CAP; N 1-P 1), a prolongation of N 1 latency at suprathreshold levels, an elevated CAP threshold, a decrease in N 1 latency at a constant amplitude measured at CAP threshold, a reduction in cochlear microphonics (CM), and a reduction of the negative summating potential (SP) to a point where it became positive (i.e., a reversal of SP). The endocochlear potential (EP) was not affected. These results support the hypothesis that L-type Ca 2+ channels are directly involved in the operation of the organ of Corti. We speculate that L-type Ca 2+ channels are integrally involved in generation of a negative summating potential and the dc motion of the cochlear partition described by others.

The quinoxalinediones DNQX, CNQX and two related congeners suppress hair cell-to-auditory nerve transmission

We tested 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX); 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX); 6,7-dichloro-3-hydroxy-2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid (DHQC); and 3-hydroxy-2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid (3HQC), new kainate and quisqualate receptor antagonists, upon cochlear potentials in guinea pig. Perilymph spaces of guinea pig cochleae were perfused with artificial perilymph solutions containing up to 1000 μM concentrations of DHQC and 3HQC and 500 μM concentrations of DNQX and CNQX, at a rate of 2.5 μ1/min for 10 min. Cochlear potentials evoked by 10 kHz tone bursts of varying intensity were recorded from the basal turn scala vestibuli. Cochlear perfusion of the four drugs resulted in a dose-related suppression of the compound action potential of the auditory nerve (CAP; N 1P 1), a prolongation of N 1 latency at suprathreshold levels, an elevated CAP threshold and a decreased N 1 latency at CAP threshold. None of the drugs had significant effects on cochlear microphonics (CM) or the summating potential (SP). EC 50 values (concentrations causing a 50% reduction in CAP amplitude at 68 dB SPL) were 8 μM for DNQX, 30 μM for DHQC, 35 μM for CNQX and 1 mM for 3HQC. Results support the hypothesis that kainate and quisqualate receptors are involved in neurotransmission between the hair cell and afferent nerve.

Studies on Controlled Fermentation. V. effects on color, Composition, and Quality of Red Wines

Pinot noir musts treated with sulfur dioxide at 175 mg per l prior to fermentation delayed malo-lactic fermentation after finish of fermentation for several months. Compared to wines treated with 75 mg per l they were superior. Without further addition of sulfur dioxide the malo-lactic fermentations went to completion after several months9 storage and then no taste differences were noted between treatments of 75 mg per l and 175 mg per l of sulfur dioxide. Wines of the same experiment were found to be of better quality when fermented at 70° or 80°F than at 53°F. A comparison of a pressure fermentation versus a non-pressure fermentation indicated atmospheric pressure fermentation gave better quality wine and that there was little difference in color. For Cabernet Sauvignon grades 70°F temperature of fermentation yielded more color and less tannin after storage than did fermentation at 80°F or 53°F. Pumping over with and without a submerged cap gave about equal overall color and tannin extraction while punching down gave slightly less. Fermentations with a submerged cap with pumping-over was found to have an elevated cap temperature when compared to the fermentation with pumping-over only. Log functions of O.D.₅₂₀, alcohol (per cent by volume), and tannins (g per 100 ml) plotted against log time of fermentation yield linear plots over most of the fermentation for grapes of high pigment content.