Eleutherine Americana Research Articles

Effect of Drying Methods and Harvest Age on the Quality of Sliced Tiwai Onion (Eleutherine americana Merr) as A Potential Functional Food

Tiwai onion (Eleutherine americana L. Merr) is renowned for therapeutic properties due to the bioactive constituents, including polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize water content, ash, fat, protein, polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin, and antioxidant capacity, as well as to observe the functional groups and morphology of dried tiwai powder. The methodology comprised 2 factors, namely harvest age and drying methods. The results showed significant effects of harvest age and drying methods on water, fat, total phenol, total flavonoid, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant capacity, while ash, protein, and tannin content were not significantly affected. In Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, changes in functional groups were observed, although not significant in wave numbers range of 1,800 - 1,350 and 1,200 - 950 cm−1. Specifically, an increase was observed in signals from C-C, C-O, and C-O-C vibrations. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at 1000x magnification showed that air drying at 5 months of harvest age produced dense granules, while electric oven and microwave drying of older harvests led to a flatter structure and crumbly texture. HIGHLIGHTS Tiwai Onion's Medicinal Properties: Tiwai onion (Eleutherine americana Merr) is traditionally used in Indonesia for its medicinal properties, including high levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to its antioxidant potential, protecting cells from free radicals and supporting overall health. Impact of Drying Methods: The study compares three drying methods-air, electric oven, and microwave-on the water content and bioactive compounds in tiwai. Microwave drying is shown to preserve bioactive compounds like phenols and flavonoids better, while air drying is more suited for heat-sensitive products. Chemical Content Variability: The drying method and harvest age significantly affect the chemical composition of tiwai, including water, fat, protein, and phenolic content. Microwave drying at 5 and 7 months resulted in the highest total phenol content, while air drying retained the most flavonoids at 9 months. Antioxidant Capacity: Despite the different drying methods, no significant variation was observed in the antioxidant capacity of tiwai at different harvest ages. However, microwave drying shows promising results in preserving the active compounds and antioxidant properties. Microstructural Effects: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that air drying leads to denser, irregular granules with lower solubility, while microwave drying creates more brittle, compact structures, improving solubility and rehydration capacity. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Potential and Activities of the Sunscreen Lotion Preparation of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl.) Merr. by Ethanol Extract Fraction from East Boneo

Has conducted research Potential and Activities of the Sunscreen Lotion of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl.) Merr. by ethanol extract fraction from East Borneo. The purpose of the study was to determine the potency ann activity of the sunscreen ethanol extracts fraction of Bawang Dayak in the preparation of a lotion with the parameter measuring the percent transmission erythema (% Te) and pigmentation (% Tp) in vitro in the room temperature 27oC storage and accelerated temperature 40oC. Lotion dosage formulations using ethanol extracts fraction bawang Dayak with a concentration of 0.1% and 0.2%, and positive control is a trademark preparation Bless Sunscreen Lotion SPF 15®. Stages of research include the formulation and measurement of absorbance and value %Te) and %Tp at various storage temperatures with UV-Vis spectrophotometry at λ 292.5 to 372.5 nm. The analysis of research data using a program SPSS. The results showed that ethanol extract fraction concentration in lotion preparations of bawang Dayak 0.1% and 0.2% active as a sunscreen included in the category of sunblock. The extract fraction is active as a sunscreen and in the Sunbloc category, with the best concentration as a sunscreen being 0.2%, with its sunscreen potential not being significantly different from the control Sunscreen SPF 15® at the 5% level.

Molecular Network Simulation of Bawang Ada’ (Eleutherine americana Merr.) from Dayak Lundayeh in North Kalimantan Tackle various Viral Infection Targeting Key Protein

Viral replication inhibition strategies are needed to prevent pandemics through the latest therapeutic agent designs. A viral infection occurring over a wide area is called a pandemic. The strategy of inhibiting virus replication is used to tackle the pandemic Viruses can trigger negative regulation of apoptosis in host cells for viral survival. Apoptosis can reduce viral load and inhibit viral replication. Several types of viruses can evade the immune response through upregulation of various anti-apoptotic proteins, which allows this research to explore specific types of anti-apoptotic proteins in host cells for the design of candidate therapeutic agents.Medicinal plants from the Dayak Lundayeh tribe in North Kalimantan have potential for health, the antiviral potential of these plants has not been identified. This study aims to reveal the potential of the bioactive compounds from Bawang Ada' as antivirals with a molecular mechanism through apoptosis with an in silico approach.The in silico method used in this study consisted of ligand preparation, druglikeness analysis, pathway prediction, docking, and molecular interaction.Bawang Ada' acts as the best antiviral candidate through the activity of Erythrolaccin and Isoeleutherin compounds in inhibiting antiapoptotic proteins consisting of GSK3B and AKT1. We recommend the binding sites Val70, Leu132, Ile62, Leu188, Asp200, and Cys199 (GSK3B) and Leu210, Leu264, Tyr272, Asp292, Trp80, Lys 268, Val270, and Ser205 (AKT1) for further research as antiviral target development.

Evaluation of the antiplasmodial and anti-Toxoplasma activities of several Indonesian medicinal plant extracts

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMalaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. At the same time, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis has been reported to be 30% worldwide. Traditional medicines have long played a vital role in discovering and developing novel drugs, and this approach is essential in the face of increasing resistance to current antimalarial and anti-Toxoplasma drugs. In Indonesian traditional medicine, various plants are used for their therapeutic properties. This study focuses on eleven medicinal plants from which nineteen extracts were obtained and screened for their potential medicinal benefits against malaria and toxoplasmosis. Aims of the studyThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of extracts from Indonesian medicinal plants to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum, a parasite responsible for malaria, and Toxoplasma gondii, an opportunistic parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis. MethodsNineteen extracts from eleven plants were subjected to in vitro screening against P. falciparum 3D7 (a chloroquine-sensitive strain) and the T. gondii RH strain. In vitro treatments were conducted on P. falciparum 3D7 and K1 (multidrug-resistant strains) using the potent extracts, and in vivo assessments were carried out with mice infected with P. yoelii 17XNL. LCMS analysis was also conducted to identify the main components of the most effective extract. ResultsSeven extracts showed significant antiplasmodial activity (>80% inhibition) at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. These extracts were obtained from Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm., Elaeocarpus glaber (Bl.) Bijdr., Eleutherine americana Merr., Kleinhovia hospita L., Peronema canescens Jack, and Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. Notably, the D. parasiticum ethyl acetate extract exhibited high selectivity and efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, the key active compounds oleamide and erucamide were identified, which had IC50 values (P. falciparum 3D7/K1) of 17.49/23.63 μM and 32.49/51.59 μM, respectively. ConclusionsThe results of this study highlight the antimalarial potential of plant extracts collected from Indonesia. Particularly, extracts from D. parasiticum EtOH and EtOAc stood out for their low toxicity and strong antiplasmodial properties, with the EtOAc extract emerging as a notably promising antimalarial candidate. Key compounds identified within this extract demonstrate the complexity of extracts' action against malaria, potentially targeting both the parasite and the host. This suggests a promising approach for developing new antimalarial strategies that tackle the multifaceted challenges of drug resistance and disease management. Future investigations are necessary to unlock the full therapeutic potential of these extracts.

The effect of dayak onion (Eleutherine americana L. Merr) with cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) and its application as an instant drink on fasting blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The effect of dayak onion (Eleutherine americana L. Merr) with cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) and its application as an instant drink on fasting blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Utilization of the tiwai plant (Eleutherine americana merr) as a functional instant drink containing antioxidant

Utilization of the tiwai plant as a functional instant drink containing antioxidants, one of the product diversifications to increase farmers’ income. This study aims to determine the effect of the ratio of tiwai extract and palm sugar on physical properties, organoleptic, antioxidant activity, and glucose response. This study used a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 levels of treatment and 3 replications. The data obtained were analysed using variance, if it had an effect, a further test of Honest Significant Difference (HSD) was carried out, while the glucose response data was carried out by the T-test. The results showed that the comparative treatment of tiwai extract and palm sugar had no significant effect on hedonic taste, water content, ash content, Brix degree, precipitate, and glucose response. The water content obtained ranged from 3.67%-5.17%. The antioxidant activity values obtained ranged from 60.77 ppm to 153.81 ppm (strong to weak categories). Instant tiwai drink does not increase blood glucose levels, does not interfere with systolic and diastolic responses, and does not trigger an increase in heart rate.

Value-Added Natural Colorants from Oryza sativa L. and Eleutherine americana (L.) Merr. Waste as a Safe Alternative for Remedial Cosmeceutical Applications

Value-Added Natural Colorants from Oryza sativa L. and Eleutherine americana (L.) Merr. Waste as a Safe Alternative for Remedial Cosmeceutical Applications

Effect of Drying Method on Levels of Antioxidant Activity, Total Flavonoid Levels, and Total Phenol Levels in Ethanol Extract of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine americana) Leaves

The drying process can affect the content of seconder metabolites such as flavonoids and phenols in plants. The content of flavonoids and phenols plays an important role in the antioxidant activity of a plant. This study aims to determine the effect of drying methods using sunlight and oven on antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, and total phenols. Measurement of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method with vitamin C as a standard, total flavonoid levels using quercetin as a standard, and total phenol using gallic acid as a standard were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results of antioxidant activity (IC50)by sun drying and oven respectively were 123 ppm and 152 ppm, total flavonoid content by sun drying and oven respectively were 22.5% and 20.698%, and total phenol content by sun drying and oven respectively amounted to 37.35% and 36.648%. The conclusion is that the sun-drying method has antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, and total phenol levels which are greater than the oven-drying method.

Study Natural Compound of Eleutherine americana as a SaR-CoV-2 Therapeutic Agent : In Silico Approach

Sar-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread globally where it has killed thousands of individuals and infected almost 1,016,395 others. Numerous people have died as a result of what the World Health Organization (WHO) has deemed a top worldwide health issue, which has also had severe detrimental social and economic impacts. Some Eleutherin americana are said to possess antiviral effects. Children's colds and nasal congestion can be treated with eleutherin americana. Naphthalene, anthraquinone, and naphtoquinone are the three main chemical families that have been identified from E. americana. Eleutherol, hongconin, isoeleutherol, and eleutherin were the compounds that were identified from E. Americana. Drug-receptor interactions are simulated using computational techniques toward 14 compounds isolated from E. americana. The docking method has been validated by redocking the N3 molecule as a native ligand to the Mpro of Sar-CoV-2 (PDB ID: 7BQY) as a receptor protein. The smaller the RMSD value 0.651 Å, the better the pose obtained through the docking process. Compound 12 has a more negative binding energy are showed -8.6 kcal mol-1, regarding to hydrogen bond interaction toward Thr26, His41, Leu141, Asn142, Gly143, Ser144, His163. The stability of the association between the ligand and receptor increases with decreasing binding energy value (∆G). On the other hand, Compounds 11 and 2 are depicted -8.2 kcal mol-1 and -8.1 kcal mol-1 respectively which close to N3 -8.3 kcal mol-1. Undergoing hydrogen bond interaction between 11 with Gly143,Thr26, Leu141, Glu166, Ser144, Cys145, His163, and less hydrogen bond interaction 2 toward Arg188 and Asn 142. Those result resembling hydroxy group have the best interaction with 7BQY. According to fulfilled data from three candidates 2, 11, 12, it can be expected that compound with many hydroxy groups are within realm of possibility as antiviral agent for Sar-CoV-2 through inhibit replication of this virus.

Nephroprotective effects of Eleutherine Americana Merr against lead acetate-induced cytotoxicity in mice BALB/C

Lead is a poisonous metal, hurtful to most human body organs if exposure surpasses a permissible level of 50 µg/m3 and an action level of 30 µg/m3. This occurs through the initiation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Studies have indicated that Eleutherine americana Merr contains profound biological properties which protects against cancer cells, decreased in prothrombin level, and vessel vasoconstriction. It will be interesting to study the effect of the plant extract on kidneys exposed to lead acetate. This study aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effects of Eleutherine americana Merr extract on lead acetate cytotoxicity in mice BALB/c. A total of 25 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups. Group1 was given 0.5% Na-CMC orally while Group 2 was treated orally with 0.075 g/kg body weight lead acetate (Pb(CH3COO)2). Group 3 to 5 was given different dosages of Eleutherine americana Merr of 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg body weight accordingly and simultaneously with Pb(CH3COO)2 . All treatment were for 35 days. Mice were sacrificed after 35 days, blood samples were collected for analysis of creatinine and urea while the kidneys were for histological studies. The levels of creatinine and urea was significantly higher in Pb(CH3COO)2 treated mice (p<0.05). Treatment with the plant extract significantly reduced the level of blood creatinine and blood urea at extract concentration of 30mg/kg body weight (p<0.05). Histology studies of the kidneys showed that Pb(CH3COO)2 caused glomeruli atrophy and tubular destructions. Treatment with the plant extract at dosages of 30 and 60 mg/kg body weight seemed to ameliorate the effect Pb(CH3COO)2 on the structure of the nephrons. Extract of Elutherine americana Merr was shown to have nephroprotective effect against the assault of Pb(CH3COO)2 in mice.

Daya Hambat Perasan Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine Palmifolia (L.) Merr) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Stapylococcus aureus Metode Difusi

Traditional medicine is an ingredient that can be derived from plants, animals, minerals, preparations of extract (galenic) or a mixture of these materials which have been used for generations for treatment. The use of medicinal plants as traditional medicine has many advantages. It is easy to obtain because the raw materials can be grown and mixed by yourself, so it is cheaper. People also consider traditional medicine to be safer than chemical drugs because the side effects are relatively smaller.One of the plants that have been used as traditional medicine is the Dayak onion. Dayak onion (Eleutherine americana L. Merr) is empirically used by local people in Kalimantan as a traditional medicinal plant. Dayak onions can be used as raw materials for medicine because they contain active compounds in the form of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids or steroids and anthraquinones which have been known as medicinal raw materials. Until now, the Dayak onion plant is used for the treatment of colon cancer, breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, lowering cholesterol, stroke, stomach pain medication after childbirth and ulcer medicine.This study aims to determine the inhibition of Dayak onion (Eleutherine americana L. Merr) on the growth of Stapylococcus aureus bacteria by diffusion method. The research design was a quasi-experimental. The population of Dayak onion bulbs. As a sample of Dayak onion bulbs made in concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. With the formula of Randomized Block Design (RAK), 30 samples were obtained. Antimicrobial testing using the diffusion method.The results obtained were resistant at a concentration of 10% - 60% (inhibition zone < 9 mm) and a concentration of 70-90% intermediate (inhibition zone 10-11) and a concentration of 100% sensitive (inhibition zone > 12). After being analyzed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis test, a significant asymp value was obtained. sig = 0.001 < 0.050. It was concluded that there was an effect of the juice of the Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) in inhibiting the growth of Stapylococcus aureus bacteria.

The Potential at Phytochemical Compounds from the Indonesian Kalimantan Plant as Covid-19 Immunomodulators

Herbal plants are alternative medicine and immunity boosters related to the Covid-19 pandemic. Typical Kalimantan plants that have the potential are dayak onion (Eleutherine americana Merr.), karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tematosa (Aiton) Hassk), pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack), and tigaron (Crataeva adansonii DC). This study aims to determine the potential of phytochemical compounds from Indonesian Kalimantan plants as Covid-19 immunomodulators. Descriptive research with cross-sectional study design by testing the typical plants of Kalimantan, which were extracted first through the maceration method and then carried out qualitative and quantitative phytochemical tests. Qualitative and quantitative results showed that the four positive plants contained phytochemical alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in certain levels. Quantitative results on dayak onion (Eleutherine americana Merr.) obtained alkaloid content; flavonoids; saponins; tannins were 74.540%; 22.125 mg/mL; 58.350%; 0.342 mg/mL. karamunting fruit (Rhodomyrtus tematosa (Aiton) Hassk) 72.815%; 20,500 mg/mL; 78.225%; 0.541 mg/mL. pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) 68.575%; 12,250 mg/mL; 53.930%; 0.383 mg/mL; and tigaron (Crataeva adansonii DC) 82.330%; 40,750 mg/mL; 75.395%; 0.609 mg/mL. The four phytochemical compounds have the potential as Covid-19 immunomodulators. This study concludes that the typical plant from Kalimantan that has been studied has the potential. This research can be continued by testing the effectiveness of phytochemicals as Covid-19 immunomodulators in experimental animals.

Dayak Onions (Eleutherine americana L Merr) Reduced Mesothelial Cell Detachment After Laparoscopy in Rats

Background: Laparoscopy induces changes and detachment of mesothelial structure. Studies on the prevention of mesothelial cell detachment are rarely found. The Dayak tribe uses the Dayak onion (Eleutherine americana L. Merr) as a wound-healing agent due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This study aimed to prove the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Dayak onions in preventing mesothelial cell damage after laparoscopy.
 Materials and methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into five groups (n = 6 per group), namely: (a) control, (b) Mediclore, (c) Dayak onion, 30-, (d) 60-, and (e) 90 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and total oxidant status in the peritoneal fluid were determined 24 hours after laparoscopy. Histopathological analysis of mesothelial cell numbers and the protein Zone Occludin-1 (ZO-1) expression in the peritoneum, small intestines, greater omentum, and liver were performed 7 days after the procedure. An in-silico study was conducted to analyze the anti-inflammatory effects of the components of Dayak onions.
 Results: The in-silico study showed that one of the Dayak onion active compounds, eleutherine, had a potential anti-inflammatory effect and acted as a modulator of TGF-β. Following Dayak onion administration, the TGF- level, the number of mesothelial cell detachments, and ZO-1 expression were all significantly reduced (p<0.05), whereas the total oxidant status (TOS) level was not (p>0.05).
 Conclusions: Our study showed that Dayak onion administration reduced TGF-β level, number of mesothelial cell detachment, and ZO-1 expression following laparoscopy.

Plant-extract-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Eleutherine americana bulb extract and its characterization

Abstract. Manullang JR, Nugroho RA, Rohmah M, Rudianto, Qorysuchi A. 2021. Plant-extract-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Eleutherine americana bulb extract and its characterization. Nusantara Bioscience 13: 247-254. The plant-based biosynthesis of nanoparticles has gained increasing momentum due to being lower in cost and eco-friendly. This study aimed to biosynthesize nanoparticles from the bulb ethanolic extract of Eleutherine americana (Aubl.) Merr. ex K.Heyne (Ea-AgNPs), then characterize Ea-AgNPs and determine their phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity. The Ea-AgNPs were synthesized using ethanolic extract of E. americana bulb along with various concentrations of AgNO3 (0.5-4 mM). The Ea-AgNPs were then characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopic, Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Powder Diffractometry (XRD), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The results indicated that E. americana can be used to reduce AgNO3 to synthesize Ea-AgNPs, indicated by color change, and had optimum UV/VIS spectra at 400 nm. The FTIR analysis found that Ea-AgNPs showed peaks at 2919, 2850, 1586, and 1031 cm1, containing several important biocompounds. Additionally, the XRD results found an amorphous Ea-AgNP peak with maximum intensity and proportion of silver occurring at 24 Theta. The particle size distribution curve of Ea-AgNPs showed a size of 105 nm. Furthermore, SEM/EDX analysis revealed an optical absorption characteristic peak at 3 keV. The EDX examination revealed three signals: a strong signal from the C atom (70.99 %), an O atom (28.95 %), and Ag atom (0.06 %). The TEM imaging also showed the characteristics of Ea-AgNPs. Some phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins were found in Ea-AgNPs, with IC50 values of 45.30 ppm.

Simple Method of 9,10-Anthraquinone Assay in <i>Eleutherine americana</i> (Aubl.) Merr. ex K. Heyne using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Eleutherine americana (E. americana) is a medicinal plant commonly found on the island of Borneo, Indonesia. This plant is known to have several biological activities. However, anthraquinone residues are generally present as contaminants. This study was aimed to develop a method of determining the levels of 9,10-anthraquinone in plant extracts and fractions using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The research aims to optimize the mobile phase, the system suitability test, and the system validation. The optimal mobile phase was acetonitrile:distilled water 1:1 v/v with a flow rate of 1.25 mL/min. The validation result shows that the linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9995 and an r2 coefficient of 0.9991. The estimated limits for detection and quantification values were 0.178 and 0.594 µg/mL, respectively. In the intraday and inter-day accuracy test, the coefficient of variance for reference was 0.627 and 0.774, while the results for the sample were 2.966 and 2.658. The percentage recovery rate for reference was between 98.976–101.452%, and for the sample, the result was 89.191–94.667%. The average 9,10-anthraquinone content in the acetate fraction of E. americana plant was 9.799 µg/g ± 5.243.

Analgesic Effect of Dayak Onion (Eleutherine americana (Aubl.) Merr.) on Mice (Mus musculus) by Hot Plate Test Method

Introduction: Pain is an unpleasant experience that reduces a person's quality of life. Pain related complain can be treated by administering analgesic drugs. Several studies show that the availability of analgesics is still low, especially opioid analgesics. Dayak onion (Eleutherine americana (Aubl.) Merr.) are used by the Dayaks to relieve pain. Several empirical studies have shown that Dayak onion contain compounds including quercetin as a potential analgesic. This research aimed to investigate the potential analgesic effect of Dayak onion using hot plate method.Methods: The research was conducted experimentally on 36 BALB/c male mice which randomly divided into 6 different treatment groups of Dayak onion exctract, aspirin, codein and aquadest. Each group were thermally pain-induced for latency period measurement by the hot plate test method. Obtained data were processed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett test.Results: There was a difference in the latency period between the baseline response time and the response time after being treated in each group. ANOVA test results showed significant results (p<0.05) so that the resulting latency period was significant. Dunnett test results showed significant results (p<0.05) in negative control group. Based on these results, Dayak onion are proven to have an analgesic effect on heat stimulation.Conclusion: Dayak onion possess significant analgesic effect on thermally pain-induced mice. Dayak onion extract 90 mg/kg mouse produced better analgesic effects than aspirin 65 mg/kg mouse.

The Effect of Tiwari Onion (Eleutherine americana Merr) Tablet on Blood Pressure Stability in Diagnosed Hypertension Patients

BACKGROUND: Non-pharmacological management is carried out by adjusting the lifestyle and non-pharmacological therapy for hypertension sufferers. They use herbal therapy, which is believed to have low side effects, easy, and inexpensive, such as Eleutherine americana Merr Tea. AIM: This study aimed to analyze Effect of E. americana Merr Tablet on blood pressure in hypertensive patients to be used as supportive therapy to reduce and stabilize blood pressure. METHODS: This study used a quasi-experimental research design pre-post-test with a control group design, involving 30 respondents. Data collection was carried out for 1 month. Then blood pressure observations were carried out every 1 week for a month after giving E. americana tablets. The sampling technique was purposive sampling method. The data analysis used was the Independent Sample T-Test with a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: The majority of respondents according to age were in the final elderly age range; 15 people (50%) were 56–65 years old. Most of the respondents involved were female, about 18 people (60%). The respondents’ hypertension category included hypertension Grade 1 (57%) and hypertension Grade II (43%). The independent sample t-test obtained p = systole was 0.029 and diastole was 0.000 (p < 0.005). It showed a significant difference in blood pressure before and after being given E. americana tablets in hypertensive patients. CONCLUSION: Significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with suspected hypertension who obtained E. americana tablets.

Antimicrobial effect of Eleutherine americana bulb extract on the growth of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler meat

Antimicrobial effect of Eleutherine americana bulb extract on the growth of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler meat

The Effect of Spacing and Weeding Time on growth and production of Bawang Sabrang (Eleutherine Americana Merr.)

The potential of sabrang onions as a medicinal plant for industrial scale is very large because these plants can grow and adapt in all climates and types of soil with a relatively short harvest time (3-4 months). This research aim was to determine the effect of spacing treatment and weeding time as well as their interaction with the growth and production of sabrang onions (Eleutherine americana Merr.). Penelitian ini dilakukan di Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan dengan ketinggian + 32 meter di atas permukaan laut, yang dimulai pada bulan September hingga Desember 2017. The research design used was Factorial Randomized Group Design with two factors. The first factor is the spacing with 3 types, namely: 10 cm x 20 cm; 15 cm x 20 cm; 20 cm x 20 cm and the second factor is the time of weeding with 4 types, namely: Weeds are weeded up to 28 days after planting, then weeds are left to harvest; Weeds are weeded up to 56 days after planting, then weeds are left to harvest; Weeds are weeded up to 84 days after planting, then weeds are left to harvest; Weeds are weeded up to 14 days after planting, then weeds are left until harvest. The observation parameters were plant height, number of leaves per clump, number of tubers per clump, tuber wet weight per clump, tuber dry weight per clump, tuber wet weight per plot, tuber dry weight per plot, and weed wet weight. The research results showed that the treatment of spacing significantly affected the number of leaves at 6 & 7 weeks after planting and the number of tubers. The treatment of weeding time significantly affected the number of tubers and weed wet weight per plot. Interaction treatment between spacing and weeding time did not significantly affect all observed parameters. The best result obtained was at a spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm or weeding time up to 84 days after planting, then weeds are left until harvest.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kombinasi Umbi Bawang Tiwai dan Kulit Buah Lemon Terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli

Tiwai onion (Eleutherine americana (Aubl.) Merr) is a plant that contains several groups of secondary metabolites, one of which is the alkaloid group. Lemon rind (Citrus limon) is a plant that contains more than 2.5% essential oil and hesperidin. Several classes of secondary metabolite compounds from these two plants have antibacterial activity. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the extract and the antibacterial activity of the extract combination. The extract characteristics were tested in the form of organoleptic, pH and solubility. Meanwhile, the antibacterial activity test was carried out by using the well diffusion method. The results obtained were the characteristics of the tiwai bulb extract and lemon peel in the form of organoleptic (color: blackish red and yellow, thick texture, distinctive aroma of onion bulbs and lemon peel); pH (6.4 and 4.8); solubility (soluble in ethanol, methanol and aquades) and antibacterial activity at a concentration of 12: 3 with an average of 8.75mm (S. aureus) and 7mm (E.coli); 12: 6 with a mean of 11mm (S.aureus) and 7.25mm (E.coli); 12: 8 with an average of 12.25mm (S.aureus) and 13.75mm (E.coli). It can be concluded that at a concentration of 12: 8 the combination of these extracts had the highest average inhibition zone in inhibiting the two bacteria.