Definition Of Elements Research Articles

Through an Hourglass Darkly? Navigating The Risk Landscape of the Reasonably Foreseeable Future

Abstract As refugee law has developed over time, broad authoritative principles have been espoused as interpretive aids to the refugee definition. The maxim that a well-founded fear of being persecuted entails a forward-looking appraisal of risk is one example. In some jurisdictions, such as Australia, the temporal yardstick of the reasonably foreseeable future has been introduced to guide decision-makers over the complex terrain of risk assessment. However, a close study of the case law reveals formulaic use, inconsistency and conflation of the standard with risk and its indicia—and if the standard is intended as a real risk heuristic this is far from clear or warranted. This study critically examines the reasonably foreseeable future notion in case law in Australia, including its origins as an imported, limiting standard of due diligence from other areas of international law. It signals refugee law’s vulnerability to the standard and cautions against applying the gloss of foreseeability and reasonableness as an unnecessary and obscure overlay to interpretation. It recommends instead the unadulterated real chance standard paired with narrative conventions on time, as strategies adopted in other areas of law to sensibly navigate the fraught notion of foreseeability. It proposes that the ordering of the definitional elements of well-founded fear, downstream of being persecuted, is critical to the analysis and, in simple terms, slow and deliberate thinking is required to pinpoint the temporal underpinnings of harm in relation to risk.

The new rehabilitation definition for research purposes could improve rehabilitation description in Cochrane Systematic Reviews

AbstractIntroductionIn 2022, Cochrane Rehabilitation developed a new definition of rehabilitation for research purposes with 80 global stakeholders, aiming to support and improve the production and reporting of primary and evidence‐synthesis rehabilitation studies.Objective To compare how Cochrane Systematic Review (CSR) authors describe rehabilitation interventions against criteria derived from the new rehabilitation definition. To assess limitations or gaps in the rehabilitation definition.MethodsWe analysed a sample of 124 randomly selected CSRs tagged in the Cochrane Rehabilitation database. We converted the Cochrane Rehabilitation definition for research purposes into a set of 13 criteria grouped according to the four PICO elements and searched for the corresponding key elements in each CSR. We verified if and where in the review these elements were present. Two reviewers rated each CSR, resolving disagreements with a third author when needed. We analysed the findings using descriptive statistics.ResultsEight (6.5%) of 124 CSRs met all rehabilitation definition criteria. These were CSRs that investigated the effects of complex rehabilitation interventions. Three (2.4%) CSRs did not meet any PICO elements. Overall, the “Intervention‐General” element and disability criterion had the highest prevalence of absent and unclear reporting, while the “Intervention‐Specific” and “Outcome” elements were most frequently reported, albeit not in the “Description of the intervention” section of the review.DiscussionThis study showed that the key elements of the new rehabilitation definition are almost always reported in publications identified as rehabilitation reviews but not always consistently or clearly. The disability criterion was frequently unreported, given that the main aim of rehabilitation is reducing disability. Also, the main elements of rehabilitation were frequently not reported. We did not find important gaps in the new definition. All elements of the new definition should be considered when writing review protocols and designing strategies and tools on rehabilitation topics.

למרכזיות הדמיון המעמדי בראשית הלאומיות היהודית

This article examines the centrality of ideas of class and status in the formative years of Jewish nationalism. Based on a close reading of a variety of sources, the article illuminates the dominance of these ideas and provides a new conceptual framework for understanding the roots of the Jewish national idea in general and of proto-Zionist and early Zionist ideas in particular. In the first decades of the era of modern Jewish nationalism, national longings were often expressed as class aspirations. These two types of discourse were intertwined and mutually nurturing, often making it difficult to distinguish between them. The underpinnings of the class-nationalist discourse of the period were bourgeois-liberal and even bourgeois-conservative aspirations, and therefore these elements are presented in the article as key to understanding the formation of the modern Jewish national idea. Although the influence of social-class discourse on the shaping of early Jewish nationalism has been discussed in the literature, it has usually been presented as background, rather than as a key component in the emergence of the national idea. Unlike other studies that have focused on the question of class within Jewish nationalism by investigating the role of socialist ideology and party perspectives or which have explored the subject in a specific context, this article investigates the link between Jewish nationalism and class ideas on a broader scale—as a definitive element in proto-Zionist and early Zionist thought. Finally, the article highlights the transition from the language of class, which characterized the first decades of modern Jewish nationalism, to the language of vitalist nationalism, which became dominant during the classical period of Zionism.

THE CONFLUENCE BETWEEN CHRISTIANITY AND NEOPLATONISM: TRIADOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

Was Christianity Hellenized or was philosophy Christianized? It is a dilemma that has sparked numerous discussions and conflicting opinions to this day. This debate revolves mainly around the metaphysics of Greek philosophy, which left Christianity with its entire conceptual arsenal. The close relationship between philosophy and religion in Plotinus' time explains why many philosophers engaged in religion and ethics, but also why many Christian theologians perceived theology as the highest form of philosophy. Viewed contextually, the philosophy of Plotinus, having rich elements of mysticism and definition of divinity, can be considered a true religion.

The parallel sum in C*-algebras

Let A be a unital C ∗ -algebra with unit e and let a:b be the parallel sum of the two positive definite elements a and b of A defined by a ( a + b ) − 1 b . We show that the parallel sum a:b can be stated by the solution of the following variational problem: a : b = min x + y = e ( x ∗ ax + y ∗ by ) . This expression leads us to present some properties of the parallel sum in C ∗ -algebras and prove inequalities involving it.

A Machine Learning Approach for Early-Stage Autism Spectrum Disorders Detection

Abstract: The undertaking proposes a Machine Learning (ML) system for early ID of Autism Spectrum illness (ASD), recognizing the hardships of taking out the sickness yet endeavoring to diminish its seriousness through early therapies. The proposed system tests four Feature Scaling (FS) methods (Quantile Transformer, Power Transformer, Normalizer, Max Abs Scaler) on four normal ASD datasets from babies to grown-ups. ML calculations (e.g., Ada Boost, Random Forest, Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbors, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression, SVM, LDA) are utilized on included scaled datasets. The best classifiers and FS strategies for each age bunch are recognized utilizing factual estimations. The voting classifier predicts ASD with the greatest accuracy for Babies, Kids, Young people, and Grown-ups. The task incorporates a definite element significance examination utilizing four Component Determination Strategies to underline the significance of calibrating ML techniques in foreseeing ASD across age gatherings and to assist medical services specialists with pursuing ASD screening choices. In contrast with current early ASD discovery strategies, the proposed structure performs well. To further develop ASD identification strength and precision, a group procedure using a Voting Classifier with Random Forest (RF) and AdaBoost achieved 100% accuracy.

A policy approach to identifying food and beverage products that are ultra-processed and high in added salt, sugar and saturated fat in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis of packaged foods

Governments globally aim to reduce the intake of unhealthy foods. Many policies exist that aim to address foods high in saturated fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) but the identification of ultra-processed foods (UPF) have presented a greater challenge due to the lack of an appropriate policy definition. To support policymakers, we provide approaches that can support governments to identify both HFSS foods and UPFs. Four approaches combining elements of UPF definitions (i.e., presence of additives) and HFSS definitions were compared attempting to simplify and standardize the identification of less healthy products. Nationally representative food purchase data from NielsenIQ linked with nutrition facts label data were used to examine the mean proportion of product volume purchased by US households to be targeted. Differences between approaches were examined using Student t test; Bonferroni adjusted P value<0.0001 was considered significant. In 2020, 50% of 33,054,687 products purchased by US households were considered UPFs (65% of foods and 38% of beverages) and 43% HFSS (65% of foods and 26% of beverages), however there was not 100% agreement between the two definitions (P<0.0001). By starting with HFSS criteria and adding elements of UPF (colors and flavors), we were able to provide a method with 100% agreement between the identification of UPFs and HFSS products. Results demonstrated how combining HFSS criteria with UPF criteria can be used to identify less healthy foods and ensure policymakers have both a simple and accurate method to target products for policy intervention. Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Global Food Research Program of UNC-Chapel Hill provided funds.

Humanist Missteps, A Black Studies Critique of Posthumanist Archaeologies

Posthumanist archaeologies have attempted to move beyond humanist conceptions of the human for over a decade. But they have done so by primarily focusing on the ontological split between humans and non-human things. This only addresses one part of humanism, as Black studies scholars have long argued that it also equates humanity writ large with white, economically privileged, cis-gendered, heterosexual men, thereby excluding everyone else from the category of the human. They further argue that the violence and oppression inflicted on those excluded from humanism's definition of the human allows this ontological category to come into being. This article introduces Black studies’ critiques of humanism and applies them to posthumanist archaeologies. Ultimately, it argues that by not attending to the critiques raised by Black studies scholars, posthumanist archaeologies have inadvertently made humanist missteps wherein they continue using elements of humanism's definition of the human in their attempts to move beyond humanism.

The perspectives of people with dementia and their supporters on advance care planning: A qualitative study with the European Working Group of People with Dementia

Background: Advance care planning has been defined in an international consensus paper, supported by the European Association for Palliative Care. There are concerns that this definition may not apply to dementia. Moreover, it is not informed by input from people with dementia. Aim: To gather the perspective of the European Working Group of People with Dementia and their supporters on how advance care planning is defined and develop recommendations for changes to the definition. Design: An in-depth qualitative study was conducted, analysing online focus groups and interviews using thematic analysis. Setting/participants: We included 12 people with dementia and 9 supporters. Results: Participants suggested several changes to the current advance care planning definition: mentioning people with decreasing decisional capacity; better reflecting the role of family and/or trust-based relationships; reducing focus on end-of-life/medical decisions; strengthening focus on social aspects of care. Elements of the current definition that participants suggested keeping and highlighting include the framing of advance care planning as a continuous process, that is also optional; mention of communication next to documentation of decisions; and the importance of proxy decision makers. Based on this input, we developed three overarching and 16 specific recommendations for a modified definition of advance care planning that is inclusive of people with dementia. Conclusions: The perspectives of the European Working Group of People with Dementia and their supporters highlighted the need for a person-centred and dementia-inclusive advance care planning definition. We provide tangible recommendations for future adaptations of the definition that reflect these perspectives.

PUTATIVE PRIVATE DEFENCE IN CRIMINAL LAW Tuta v The State 2023 (2) BCLR 179 (CC)

In a country like South Africa, plagued as it is by violent contact crime, it is not surprising that the defences of private defence and putative private defence are often raised by accused in criminal trials. It is trite that, for a conviction in a criminal court, the prosecution is tasked with proving the accused’s liability beyond reasonable doubt. As an element of a crime, unlawfulness does not simply lie in fulfilment of the definitional elements of a crime. There are instances where, notwithstanding fulfilment of the definitional elements of a crime, the conduct is justified or legally regarded as objectively reasonable. These instances are known as grounds of justification and technically serve to exclude unlawfulness. A ground of justification, if successfully raised, is therefore a complete defence to any criminal charge. There is not a numerus clausus of valid grounds of justification in South African criminal law; the test remains whether the accused’s conduct was objectively reasonable in the particular situation. One such ground of justification is private defence. A person acts in private defence, and therefore lawfully, if they use the minimum force necessary to ward off an unlawful human attack that has commenced, or is imminently threatening, upon their or somebody else’s protected legal interests such as life, physical integrity, property, reputation or dignity. The defensive act in private defence must be: necessary to protect the threatened interest; directed at the attacker; reasonably proportionate to the attack; and perpetrated with the knowledge that it is performed in private defence. Unlike private defence, putative private defence is not a ground of justification that excludes unlawfulness. Putative private defence exists where an accused is under the mistaken belief that they are conducting themselves in private defence whereas there is no such ground of justification in the circumstances. If an accused labours under the genuine but erroneous belief in the existence of a ground of justification, their conduct remains unlawful. The accused lacks the knowledge that they are, in reality, acting unlawfully. While the accused’s conduct remains unlawful, the absence of knowledge of unlawfulness results in a lack of intention, since knowledge of unlawfulness is an integral part of intention. The accused’s mistaken belief that they are acting lawfully in private defence must be honest and genuine but need not be rational or reasonable. If, on the facts, there could be no honest and genuine belief on the accused’s part in the lawfulness of their defensive act, putative private defence cannot exist. &#x0D; It is trite that, for private defence to succeed as a ground of justification, the test is objective in the sense that the attack and the defensive action must meet certain objective requirements. The accused’s subjective belief, whatever it may be, has no impact on the validity of private defence as a ground of justification. The Constitutional Court in Tuta v The State (2023 (2) BCLR 179 (CC)) was recently tasked with making a finding on the correct legal test to be applied to the existence of the defence of putative private defence. In this contribution, the Constitutional Court’s decision is analysed.

On some algebraic properties related to Heron type operator means on positive definite cones of C⁎-algebras

In this paper we consider certain algebraic properties concerning variants of the Heron mean on positive definite cones of general C⁎-algebras. Those variants are the Kubo-Ando type Heron mean and the Wasserstein mean. The main part of the investigation concerns associativity properties. We present a number of results that show how far operations related to those two kinds of means are from being associative. Many of our results can also be viewed as characterizations of central positive definite elements or as characterizations of commutative C⁎-algebras.

What Is Informal Social Control? A Concept Consensus Review of Recent Criminological Literature

Is there consensus among criminologists about the meaning of informal social control? Some prominent criminologists say no. We conduct a concept consensus review of all articles using the term in the top 10 journals in criminology from 2010 to 2020 to test their dissensus assertion. We found 597 articles that mention informal social control. Of the 228 articles where the term was important to the study, only 41 attempt to define the concept. We assessed each conceptual definition using four definitional elements: subject, action, object, and reason. One or more elements were missing from most conceptual definitions. Combining the mode of the most specified elements, informal social control may mean “residents intervening with youth/children to reduce crime.” But dissensus is more common than consensus; authors differ on who applied controls, what those controls were, who was controlled, or the reasons for the control. This raises questions about how to proceed with the study of informal social control.

Some new characterizations of central positive elements in C⁎-algebras

In this paper, we give several characterizations for the centrality of elements in positive definite cones of C⁎-algebras. From the results to be presented, we mention only two. The first one is a characterization of centrality which is related to the usual order and to the positive part of selfadjoint elements which then easily implies Sherman's famous result characterizing commutative C⁎-algebras. Furthermore, we give a substantially new type of characterization of central positive definite elements in terms of a triangle inequality. Namely, we show that for a certain generalized distance measure (emerging from the Kubo-Ando geometric mean), the triangle inequality is satisfied for a given positive definite element A and for all positive definite elements B,C of a C⁎-algebra exactly when A is central. In the proofs of the results, Kadison's transitivity theorem plays a fundamental role.

Experiences and practices from application of rockfall remedial works at MKD national road network

Rockfalls, landslides and floods continue to have a growing share in the overall damages and losses, influencing considerably the national budget. Recent experiences and practices related to application of stabilisation measures and remediation of rockfall zones along MKD national road network are presented in the article. Analyses are based on case histories where the prognosis of geotechnical conditions is a key element in definition of remedial measures for rock slopes. Some issues related with Consequence Class, as suggested in Eurocode 7 202x, and the concepts of Acceptable Level of Risk are presented. Proposals in definition of Acceptable Level of Risk, through combining Probability of Failure, Reliability Index and Consequence Classes, are given in the article. These findings can help in development and/or improvement of rockfall, landslide and flood risk management strategies.

PUFGuard: Vehicle-to-Everything Authentication Protocol for Secure Multihop Mobile Communication

Vehicle area networks (VANs) encompass a spectrum of communication modes, including point-to-point visible light communication, 5G/6G cellular wireless communication, and Wi-Fi ad hoc multihop communication. The main focus of this paper is the introduction and application of physically unclonable functions (PUFs) as a pivotal element in secure key generation, authentication processes, and trust metric definition for neighboring vehicles. The multifaceted protocols proposed herein encompass comprehensive security considerations, ranging from authentication and anonymity to the imperative aspects of the proof of presence, freshness, and ephemeral session key exchanges. This paper provides a systematic and comprehensive framework for enhancing security in VANs, which is of paramount importance in the context of modern smart transportation systems. The contributions of this work are multifarious and can be summarized as follows: (1) Presenting an innovative and robust approach to secure key generation based on PUFs, ensuring the dynamic nature of the authentication. (2) Defining trust metrics reliant on PUFs to ascertain the authenticity and integrity of proximate vehicles. (3) Using the proposed framework to enable seamless transitions between different communication protocols, such as the migration from 5G/6G to Wi-Fi, by introducing the concept of multimodal authentication, which accommodates a wide spectrum of vehicle capabilities. Furthermore, upholding privacy through the encryption and concealment of PUF responses safeguards the identity of vehicles during communication.

Juridical Analysis Of The Drafting and Formulation Of Regulations Villages in Realizing Management Principles Of Regional Empowerment and Area Development (Research Study In Bintan District)

The preparation and formulation of Village Regulations in Realizing the Management Principles of Regional Empowerment and Regional Development must go through the stages of the process of drafting and formulating draft village regulations with the aim of ensuring that the village regulations do not conflict with the public interest and/or higher statutory regulations. However, the Village Government in Bintan Regency has not implemented the stages of the process of drafting and formulating village regulations which have not been maximized, resulting in village regulations that are not in accordance with the systematicity of statutory regulations and it is feared that village regulations will conflict with the public interest and/or statutory regulations. higher invitation. The problems in this research are: How are the Legal Arrangements in the Preparation and Formulation of Village Regulations in Realizing the Principles of Management of Regional Empowerment and Regional Development, How are the Implementation of the Drafting and Formulation of Village Regulations in Realizing the Principles of Management of Regional Empowerment and Regional Development, what factors are obstacles/constraints and solutions in the Preparation and Formulation of Village Regulations in Realizing the Management Principles of Regional Empowerment and Regional Development. Based on these problems, this research uses normative and empirical legal research methods. The research results show that this arrangement does not contain definite elements of an evaluation and clarification team, and has not been running optimally in practice, there are obstacles in the field. The implementation of the stages of drafting and formulating Village Regulations has not been carried out and well coordinated so that the results of village regulations have not been optimal. The obstacles faced are the lack of knowledge, understanding and experience of village officials' human resources regarding the preparation of village regulations, the geographical location between villages and sub-districts and districts, not all of which can be reached by land and not all of them require quite a short time, coordination is not optimal. As for suggestions from the research results on the need for statutory regulations that contain an attachment to the technical format for drafting village regulations, the Regional Government of Bintan Regency can carry out outreach to all village governments regarding the preparation and formulation of village regulations, and strengthen human resource capacity.

Definition of periprosthetic joint infection and fracture-related infection

Diagnosis of bone and joint infections can be difficult. In recent years there has been great progress in defining how we diagnose fracture-related infection (FRI) and prosthetic joint infection (PJI). Definitions have been proposed based on the best evidence from the literature, including well-established tests performed before and during surgery. These allow surgeons to make better decisions for treatment and to counsel patients. This paper presents the elements of the International Consensus Definition of FRI and the European Bone & Joint Infection Society Definition of Prosthetic Joint Infection (PJI), together with the current knowledge on how these definitions can help in clinical practice.

Why Aristotle Can’t Do without Intelligible Matter

I argue that intelligible matter, for Aristotle, is what makes mathematical objects quantities and divisible in their characteristic way. On this view, the intelligible matter of a magnitude is a sensible object just insofar as it has dimensional continuity, while that of a number is a plurality just insofar as it consists of indivisibles that measure it. This interpretation takes seriously Aristotle's claim that intelligible matter is the matter of mathematicals generally – not just of geometricals. I also show that intelligible matter has the same meaning in all three places where it is explicitly invoked: Z.10, Z.11, and H.6. Since the H.6 passage involves a mathematical definition, this requires determining what the mathematician defines and how she defines it. I show that, as with natural scientific definitions, there must be a matterlike element in mathematical definitions. This element is not identical with, but rather refers to, intelligible matter.

Reframing the English Foreign Act of State Doctrine

This article proposes a way to reframe the English foreign act of State doctrine. The doctrine is an established rule of English common law but its contours and application remain ill‐defined, despite the Supreme Court's restatement in Belhaj v Straw. The doctrine in its current form emerges from the accretion of precedents over some 350 years, but still lacks a unifying framework bringing its different strands together. This article argues that English courts should reframe the doctrine by reference to the distinction between elements of a rule that are embedded in its definition, called ‘limitations’, and elements of a rule that exist separately from it, called ‘exceptions’. This distinction has been developed in legal philosophy to classify the elements of wrongs as definitional elements, constitutive of liability, and defences, defeating liability. Reframed according to this distinction, the English foreign act of State doctrine can be streamlined into one, single rule, instead of the three rules set out in Belhaj v Straw. This reframing has implications for the doctrine's characterisation as one of justiciability, abstention or restraint, and its compatibility with the duty to do justice, including under the European Convention on Human Rights.

Developing a definition of body neutrality and strategies for an intervention

The aim of this study was to provide a definition for body neutrality and understand the key strategies recommended to improve body neutrality for testing in future interventions. There is minimal academic literature on body neutrality and thus this study focused on examining websites where the concept has been discussed for some time. This was achieved using a realist synthesis of websites and a common elements approach to extract the key definition elements of body neutrality, strategies to improve body neutrality, in addition to the common critiques of both the body positivity and body neutrality movements. The initial search found 175 websites, of which 107 were included in the final synthesis, and common elements analysis followed after removal of duplicates and ineligible websites. Three elements, with several sub-elements, best operationalised the definition of body neutrality. Six strategies were found for development of a body neutrality intervention. This innovative study paves the way for rigorous evaluation of body neutrality. Recommendations for future work are provided, including the use of current measures, creating a new measure, and evaluating prevention and intervention programs including Single Session Interventions (SSIs).