Additional Elements Research Articles

Strong coupling between the East Asian summer monsoon and regional hydrological conditions as evidenced by multiproxy stalagmite records for the last deglaciation

Millennial-to centennial-scale abrupt climate events during the last glacial‒interglacial transition have significant relevance to modern-day extreme climate changes, which are occurring more frequently in the context of global warming. However, the regional expression of humidity conditions during the last deglaciation and their possible forcing mechanism in northern China are controversial. Here, combined with published δ18O data, we report 35-year-resolved δ13C and 76-year-resolved Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca records from a stalagmite from 15.3 to 10.9 ka BP from Lianhua Cave, northern China. The LH4 stalagmite δ18O record clearly records a weak monsoon event during the Younger Dryas (YD) from 12.8 to 11.6 ka BP and a strong monsoon event during the Bølling-Allerød (BA) from 14.6 to 12.8 ka BP. In addition, the δ13C and trace element ratio records, which represent local hydroclimatic changes, indicate wetter conditions during the BA and drier conditions during the YD, which appear to match well with the δ18O variations on the millennial timescale. A comparison of 28 records from 17 sites along the modern margin of the China summer monsoon revealed that the BA was characterized by wet conditions; inversely, the YD was characterized by dry conditions throughout northern China, which is obviously different from the consensus of the wet YD and the dry BA in northern northeastern China. The covariance in northern China suggests that the hydrological variation may be modulated by the advance and retreat of the large-scale East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation. Further comparison revealed an anticorrelated relationship between millennial-scale precipitation changes in northern China and the middle‒lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley during the last deglaciation. This correlation is analogous to the dipole precipitation mode at present, which is likely associated with the strength and position of the westerly jet and/or the western Pacific subtropical high, both of which play important roles in the spatial distribution of precipitation over eastern China.

Bilateral Syndactyly Release of Third and Fourth Fingers

Syndactyly is amongst the most frequent congenital hand anomaly. Syndactyly is termed simple when the digits are connected by soft tissue only, complex when one or more phalanges are fused. In complicated syndactyly, there are additional bony elements in between the digits making it challenging if not impossible to separate safely. The patient in this case is a 1-year-old male with complex syndactyly of the left hand and simple syndactyly of the right hand. Here, we release both sides, with the left side involving a full-thickness skin graft taken from the patient's groin crease. This case was filmed during a surgical mission with the World Surgical Foundation in Honduras.

The Egyptian 24-h movement guidelines for children and adolescents: an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep and eating habits—by the Egyptian Academy of Bone and Muscle health

BackgroundThe objectives of this work were as follows: (1) to develop holistic recommendations for physical activity, sleep, sedentary behaviours and eating habits adapted to children and adolescent life stage (5–17 years) and targeting optimal metabolic cycle and achieving energy balance; (2) to provide evidence-based information that can be used by the government, policy makers, healthcare professionals, community, schools as well as families to endorse active, healthy, living in apparently healthy children and youth aged 5–17 years, and as a base for monitoring the activities, particularly the physical ones, on the people level. The Egyptian Academy of Bone and Muscle Health followed an established guideline development process to create the Egyptian 24-h movement clinical guideline for children and adolescents. Online databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library) were searched for relevant peer-reviewed studies that met the a priori inclusion criteria.ResultsA total of 41 studies met the inclusion criteria. Leveraging evidence from the review of the literature led to the development of 11 key questions covering 8 domains. Fifteen statements focus on the overall identified targets through integration of the movement activities and eating behaviour. Results revealed a major change in the previous basic understandings as it shifts away from segregated into integrated movement behaviour and dietary habit paradigm. Based on this, the final guideline was developed providing evidence-based recommendations for a “Healthy 24-h day”, for Egyptian children and adolescents.ConclusionThe 24-h composition of movement behaviours has principal implications for health at all ages. The developed guideline provides an up-to-date evidence-based recommendation towards a holistic approach for favourable daily life activities and adopts a feasible perspective by outlining these activities within a 24-h period. In addition, eating and dietary elements have been included to complete the energy cycle. Children and adolescents who meet the 24-h movement guidelines generally report more favourable health indicators than those who do not.

Contribution of the Mobilome to the Configuration of the Resistome of Corynebacterium striatum

Corynebacterium striatum, present in the microbiota of human skin and nasal mucosa, has recently emerged as a causative agent of hospital-acquired infections, notable for its resistance to multiple antimicrobials. Its mobilome comprises several mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, transposons, insertion sequences and integrons, which contribute to the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes. This study analyzes the contribution of the C. striatum mobilome in the transfer and dissemination of resistance genes. In addition, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), essential in the dissemination of resistance genes between bacterial populations, whose role in C. striatum has not yet been studied, are examined. This study examined 365 C. striatum genomes obtained from the NCBI Pathogen Detection database. Phylogenetic and pangenome analyses were performed, the resistance profile of the bacterium was recognized, and mobile elements, including putative ICE, were detected. Bioinformatic analyses identified 20 antimicrobial resistance genes in this species, with the Ermx gene being the most predominant. Resistance genes were mainly associated with plasmid sequence regions and class 1 integrons. Although an ICE was detected, no resistance genes linked to this element were found. This study provided valuable information on the geographic spread and prevalence of outbreaks observed through phylogenetic and pangenome analyses, along with identifying antimicrobial resistance genes and mobile genetic elements that carry many of the resistance genes and may be the subject of future research and therapeutic approaches.

Synergistic Effects of Elemental Sulfur Soil Addition and Beneficial Elements Spraying on Onions

Synergistic Effects of Elemental Sulfur Soil Addition and Beneficial Elements Spraying on Onions

Effects of Ag/Sc microadditions on the precipitation of over-aged Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys

Microalloying addition plays a significant role in controlling the characteristics of precipitates in Al alloys. This study investigates the effects of Ag and Sc microalloying addition on the thermal stability of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys, via differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and atom-probe tomography. The results demonstrate that Ag and Sc additions increase the number density of η-MgZn2 type nano-precipitates (formed during heat treatment) by forming direct (Mg–Ag phase, prototype of precipitate) or indirect precursors (Al2Sc phase, constituent of precipitate) for the precipitate. In addition, the Ag and Sc elements can effectively prevent the coarsening of η precipitates and facilitate the high-density distribution of fine η precipitates, during the over-aging period, improving the thermal stability of the Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys. The thermal stability is particularly improved by Ag addition because Ag atoms directly prevent the coarsening of η precipitates by hindering Zn diffusion into the precipitate. On the contrary, Sc addition indirectly prevents the coarsening of η precipitates by depleting the solute species from the Al matrix, enabling abundant precipitates limited growth. Thus Ag addition improves precipitation strengthening by preventing the coarsening of precipitates during over-aging.

Unlocking Continuous Improvement in Heart Failure Remote Monitoring: A Participatory Approach to Unveil Value Dimensions and Performance Indicators.

Introduction: Heart failure (HF) constitutes a public health concern affecting quality of life, survival, and costs. Remote patient monitoring (RPM) can enhance HF management, involving patients actively and improving follow-up. While current HF RPM assessments emphasise cost-effectiveness analysis, there is a need to consider wider RPM impacts and integrate stakeholders' perspectives into assessments for better comprehensiveness. Methods: We developed a four-stage participatory approach to select value dimensions and indicators for continuous HF RPM assessment: Stage 1 involved building a literature-informed initial list; Stage 2 utilized expert interviews for validation and list expansion; Stage 3 involved a web-Delphi process with Portuguese stakeholders and experts for agreement assessment; and Stage 4 included a conclusive expert interview. Results: A literature review identified fourteen studies on telehealth, RPM, and HF, informing an initial list of four value dimensions (Access, Clinical aspects, Acceptability, and Costs) and 22 indicators. Seven semistructured interviews validated and further adjusted the list to 38 indicators. Subsequently, the web-Delphi process engaged 29 stakeholders, giving their opinions regarding assessment aspects' relevance and proposing additional elements - 1 dimension and 12 indicators. Five value dimensions and 38 indicators (76.0%) reached group agreement for selection, while 12 did not reach an agreement. Upon expert appreciation, 5 dimensions, 43 indicators, and 6 case-mix parameters were considered relevant. Discussion: This comprehensive social approach captured diverse stakeholder perspectives, achieving agreement on pertinent HF RPM monitoring and evaluation indicators. Findings can inform visualization and management tool development, aiding day-to-day RPM evaluation and identification of improvement opportunities.

Low-cost O2 plasma activation assisted direct bonding of β-Ga2O3 and Si substrates in air

This study presents a novel technique for directly bonding β-Ga2O3 and Si substrates using O2 plasma activation at room temperature. The activation process resulted in excellent surface hydrophilicity and roughness. Annealing in an N2 atmosphere revealed a bonding strength of 6.23 MPa, with partial fracture of the Si substrate. The bonding interface was observed by TEM and EDS. A distorted amorphous intermediate layer with a thickness of 100 nm and amorphous bubbles were observed in the bonding interface. In addition, the Ga, O, and Si elements were diffused and enriched, forming approximately 30 nm nodules at the bonding interface. This method offers a promising approach for integrating wide bandgap semiconductor materials in devices, bypassing the need for vacuum treatment.

A High Step-Up Resonant Converter Based on Current-Fed Voltage Multiplier Technique

An extendable non-isolated resonant dc-dc converter based on current-fed voltage multiplier (VM) technique is proposed in this paper for high step-up applications. These VM cells capacitors participate in a resonant network; therefore, no additional elements are required to provide a resonant tank circuit to realize soft switching conditions for power switches. Zero voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS) conditions are realized here for switches and diodes, respectively. Consequently, MOSFETs dominant switching losses and the diodes reverse recovery problems are well overcome. Furthermore, the input source current waveform is continuous. Also, using the VM cells reduces the power devices voltage stresses. Accordingly, low voltage rating devices can be used, which reduce conduction losses and cost, and improve the converter efficiency. Also, by using more VM cells, the proposed converter can be used for high-voltage applications, without using extremely high duty cycle values to regulate the output voltage. The operation principles, steady-state analysis, design guidelines, and main characteristics of the proposed converter are given here, in detail. Finally, an 800 W prototype converter, with 80–100V input voltage and 2 kV output voltage, has been implemented to validate the given analyses, simulation results, as well as to show the proposed converter main advantages.

Correspondence of the aging behaviors and the phase constituents of the Ti-Mo-based alloys tailored by the Al and Zr additions

Ti-based alloys are promising materials for wide applications, such as aerospace community and biomedical materials. Concerning the applications, the mechanical properties are fundamental and crucial issues. Therefore, effect of the phase constituents on the aging behaviors of the Ti-Mo-Al-Zr alloys has been investigated in this study. The phase constituents of the Ti-Mo-based alloys were manipulated by the introductions of the Al and Zr elements. These metals were chosen since Mo and Al are typical β-stabilizer and α-stabilizer, respectively; while the Zr element is classified as the neutral element. Hence, these three typical addition elements were chosen for tailoring the mechanical properties of the Ti-based alloys making this system a fundamental guideline for further alloy fabrications. The phase identification, microstructure observations, and examinations of micro Vickers hardness were conducted for explaining the mechanical properties of the alloys. The typical ω-phase and α-phase, which often accompany the formation of the β-phase, were focused to clarify the influence of the phase constituents and microstructures on the micro Vickers hardness. A color mapping of micro Vickers hardness along with the recognition of phase constituents explains the alternations of the mechanical properties brought about by the phase transformations.

Dirac Geometric Approach for the Unimodular Holst Action

We perform a Hamiltonian analysis of unimodular gravity in its first-order formulation, specifically a modification of the Holst action. In order to simplify the analysis, prior studies on this theory have introduced (for several reasons) additional elements, such as parametrization, complex fields, or considering the Barbero–Immirzi parameter as imaginary. We show that, by using a geometric implementation of the Dirac algorithm, a comprehensive analysis of the theory can be conducted without relying on these additional ingredients. The resulting theory reproduces the behavior of metric unimodular gravity.

Identifying central elements of the therapeutic alliance in the setting of telerehabilitation: A qualitative study.

Therapeutic alliance is a relevant aspect of healthcare and may influence patient outcomes. So far, little is known about the therapeutic alliance in telerehabilitation. To identify and describe central elements of therapeutic alliance in the setting of telerehabilitation and compare it to those in conventional rehabilitation. In this qualitative study, a literature search and in-depth semi-structured interviews with rehabilitation and telerehabilitation experts were conducted from 15.5.-10.8.2020 on elements influencing the therapeutic alliance in rehabilitation and telerehabilitation. Using a combined deductive and inductive approach, qualitative content analysis was used to identify categories and derive central themes. The elements bond, communication, agreement on goals and tasks and external factors were identified in the literature search and informed the development of the interview guide. Twelve purposively sampled experts from the fields of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, psychology, general medicine, sports science and telerehabilitation software development participated in the interviews. We identified three central themes: building effective communication; nurturing a mutual relationship of trust and respect; and agreement on goals and tasks and drivers of motivation. In this qualitative study, key elements of therapeutic alliance in rehabilitation confirmed those reported in the literature, with additional elements in telerehabilitation comprising support from others for ensuring physical safety and technical connectedness, caregivers acting as co-therapists and applying professional touch, and promoting patient autonomy and motivation using specific strategies.

ACE mRNA (Additional Chimeric Element incorporated IVT mRNA) for Enhancing Protein Expression by Modulating Immunogenicity.

The development of in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT mRNA)-based therapeutics/vaccines depends on the management of IVT mRNA immunogenicity. IVT mRNA, which is used for intracellular protein translation, often triggers unwanted immune responses, interfering with protein expression and leading to reduced therapeutic efficacy. Currently, the predominant approach for mitigating immune responses involves the incorporation of costly chemically modified nucleotides like pseudouridine (Ψ) or N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ) into IVT mRNA, raising concerns about expense and the potential misincorporation of amino acids into chemically modified codon sequences. Here, an Additional Chimeric Element incorporated mRNA (ACE mRNA), a novel approach incorporating two segments within a single IVT mRNA structure, is introduced. The first segment retains conventional IVT mRNA components prepared with unmodified nucleotides, while the second, comprised of RNA/DNA chimeric elements, aims to modulate immunogenicity. Notably, ACE mRNA demonstrates a noteworthy reduction in immunogenicity of unmodified IVT mRNA, concurrently demonstrating enhanced protein expression efficiency. The reduced immune responses are based on the ability of RNA/DNA chimeric elements to restrict retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-mediated immune activation. The developed ACE mRNA shows great potential in modulating the immunogenicity of IVT mRNA without the need for chemically modified nucleotides, thereby advancing the safety and efficacy of mRNA-based therapeutics/vaccines.

From pathological mechanisms in Krabbe disease to cutting-edge therapy: A comprehensive review.

Since its initial documentation by Knud Krabbe in 1916, numerous studies have scrutinized the characteristics of Krabbe disease (KD) until the identification of the mutation in the GALC gene. In alignment with that, we investigated the natural history of KD spanning eight decades to gain a deeper understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of its mechanisms. Through our comprehensive analysis, we unearthed additional novel elements in molecular biology involving the micropathological mechanism of the disease. This review offers an updated perspective on the metabolic disorder that defines KD. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), autophagy impairment, and α-synuclein have emerged as pivotal players in the neuropathological processes. EVs might serve as a cellular mechanism to avoid or alleviate the detrimental impacts of excessive toxic psychosine levels, and extracting EVs could contribute to synapse dysfunction. Autophagy impairment was found to be independent of psychosine and reliant on AKT and B-cell lymphoma 2. Additionally, α-synuclein has been recognized for inducing cellular death and dysfunction in common biological pathways. Our objective is to assess the effectiveness of advanced therapies in addressing this particular condition. While hematopoietic stem cells have been a primary treatment, its administration proves challenging, particularly in the presymptomatic phase. In this review, we have compiled information from over 10 therapy trials, comparing them based on their benefits and disadvantage.

An effort to improve the collection of patient-generated data: readability and understandability of patient-reported outcomes measures in a survivorship cohort.

In this study, we evaluated readability and understandability of nine French-languagePatient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) that are currently used in a contemporary longitudinalcohort of breast cancer survivors as part of an effort to improve equity in cancer care and research. Readability of PROMs was assessed using the Flesh Reading Ease Score (FRES), the Gunning's Fog Index (FOG), and the FRY graphics. Readability was considered ideal if mean score ≤ 6th-grade level and acceptable if between 6th and 8th grade. Understandability was evaluated using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool and defined as ideal if PEMAT ≥ 80%. The Evaluative Linguistic Framework for Questionnaires (ELF-Q) provided additional qualitative elements to assess understandability. Plain-language best practice was met if both readability and understandability were ideal. None of the 9 PROMs evaluated had ideal readability scores and only 1 had an acceptable score. Understandability ranged from 55% to 91%, and only 3 PROMs had ideal scores. ELF-Q identified points for improvement in several understandability dimensions of the PROMs. None of the instruments met the definition of plain-language best practice. None of the studied PROMs met the standards of readability and understandability. Future development and translation of PROMs should follow comprehensive linguistic and cultural frameworks to ensure plain-language standards and enhance equitable patient-centered care and research.

Assessing light performance of vertical greenery shading in tropical climate

Natural light is abundant in tropical climates and advantageous for incorporating daylighting into building designs. However, this daylight intensity often leads to excessive brightness indoors, specifically in high-rise buildings with glass façades. In addressing sustainability concerns, incorporating greenery outside glass façades can effectively shade and alleviate eyestrain for building occupants. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of plant leaves in reducing the high light intensity on glass facades. An experiment was conducted using the Vernonia elliptica plant, which thrives in medium to high sunlight in tropical climates. Three different leaf area indexes (LAI) were examined in this study as the independent variables, while light illuminance and luminance served as the dependent variables. Two identical box models measuring 1 m × 1 m × 1 m were utilized for the experiment. The two models were oriented towards the west and north, representing intense and longer light exposure. The first, the base case, featured a glass façade without any other additional element, whereas the other incorporated greenery on its glass façade. The obtained results indicated that the impact of leaf density on illuminance and luminance is significant, specifically when the LAI is doubled. It was also found that denser foliage with longer leaf strands produced better results, specifically at low altitudes. These results can be used to implement vertical greenery shading in high-rise office buildings.

Titanium-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Layers as a Promising Coating for Joint Replacements Supporting Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) layers are known for their high corrosion and wear resistance, low friction, and high biocompatibility. However, it is often necessary to dope DLC layers with additional chemical elements to strengthen their adhesion to the substrate. Ti-DLC layers (doped with 0.4, 2.1, 3.7, 6.6, and 12.8 at.% of Ti) were prepared by dual pulsed laser deposition, and pure DLC, glass, and polystyrene (PS) were used as controls. In vitro cell-material interactions were investigated with an emphasis on cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. We observed slightly increasing roughness and contact angle and decreasing surface free energy on Ti-DLC layers with increasing Ti content. Three-week biological experiments were performed using adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) in vitro. The cell proliferation activity was similar or slightly higher on the Ti-doped materials than on glass and PS. Osteogenic cell differentiation on all materials was proved by collagen and osteocalcin production, ALP activity, and Ca deposition. The bmMSCs exhibited greater initial proliferation potential and an earlier onset of osteogenic differentiation than the ADSCs. The ADSCs showed a slightly higher formation of focal adhesions, higher metabolic activity, and Ca deposition with increasing Ti content.

PETROARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF MEDIEVAL RUINS OF BZOVÍK FORTIFIED MONASTERY

The article represents the results of the complex petroarcheological study focused on the building material with respect to the restoration of the old fortified monastery Bzovík (Central Slovakia). The aim of the study was to determine the original building material and to suggest the best solutions of the building recovery. The petroarcheological study enabled to describe the present state of the used rocks, their resistance and several types of mortars. The aim of the study was determining the material of building We found that the majority of the building stones are from the Neogene volcanics of the Štiavnica stratovolcano. Mainly effusive and extrusive activity of andesite volcanism. Distinguish the original and more new additional building elements, suggest suitable procedures and materials with respect to the sanitation of the building complex.

Screening Efficient C-N Coupling Catalysts for Electrosynthesis of Acetamide and Output Ammonia through a Cascade Strategy of Electrochemical CO2 and N2 Reduction Using Cu-Based Nitrogen-Carbon Nanosheets.

Due to the limitation of the high-value-added products obtained from electrocatalytic CO2 reduction within an acid environment, introducing additional elements can expand the diversity of the products obtained during the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). Thus, coelectroreduction of CO2 and N2 is a new strategy for producing acetamide (CH3CONH2) via both C-C and C-N bond coupling using Cu-based nitrogen-carbon nanosheets. CO2 can reduce to CO, and a key ketene (*C═C═O) can be generated from *CO*CO dimerization; this ketene is postulated as an intermediate in the formation of acetamide. However, most studies focus on promoting the C-C bond formation. Here, we propose that C-N bond coupling can form acetamide through the interaction of *C═C═O with NH3. The acetamide is formed via a nucleophilic attack between *NH3 and the *C═C═O intermediate. The C-N coupling mechanism was successfully applied to expand the variety of nitrogen-containing products obtained from CO2 and N2 coreduction. Thus, we successfully screened Cu2-based graphite and Cu-based C3N4 as catalysts that can produce C2+ compounds by integrating CO dimerization with acetamide synthesis. In addition, we observed that Cu2-based C2N and Cu-based C3N4 catalysts are suitable for the NRR. Cu-based C3N4 showed high CO2RR and NRR activities with small negative limiting potential (UL) values of -0.83 and -0.58 V compared to those of other candidates, respectively. The formation of *COHCOH from *COHCO was considered the rate-determining step (RDS) during acetamide electrosynthesis. The limiting potential value of Cu2-based C2N was only -0.46 V for NH3 synthesis, and the formation of *NNH was via the RDS via an alternating path. The adsorption energy difference analysis both CO2 and N2 compare with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), suggesting that Cu2-based C2N exhibited the highest CO2RR and NRR selectivity among the 13 analyzed catalysts. The results of this study provide innovative insights into the design principle of Cu-based nitrogen-carbon electrocatalysts for generating highly efficient C-N coupling products.

Characteristics of Natural Ti-Bearing Nanoparticles in Groundwater within Karst Areas of Northern China

Karst areas are widespread in China and can be divided into southern karst and northern karst based on the geographical boundary of Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River. In northern karst regions, karst springs are the predominant landform. Previous studies on karst springs have predominantly focused on macroscopic perspectives, such as water chemistry characteristics, with less attention given to the microscopic characteristics of springs. Therefore, this study focused on the Jinan Baotu Spring area, representative of a typical northern karst region, and investigated the natural nanoparticles present in different aquifers at various depths from a microscopic point of view. Through the observation of nanoparticle tracking analyzer (NTA), numerous nanoparticles were identified in the groundwater samples. The particle size range of the particles contained in groundwater is mainly concentrated in the range of 150–500 nm, and the particle concentration is mainly concentrated in the range of 1.5–5.0 × 105 Particles/L. The microstructure, chemical composition, and element distribution of these nanoparticles were analyzed using TEM-EDS techniques. The results unveiled the presence of Ti-bearing nanoparticles in various groundwater layers, including both crystalline and amorphous states, as well as nanoparticles exhibiting the coexistence of crystal and amorphous structures. By comparing the measured lattice spacing with PDF cards, the crystalline Ti-bearing nanoparticles were identified as rutile, brookite, anatase, ilmenite, pseudorutile, and ulvospinel. Furthermore, the main components of the amorphous Ti-bearing nanoparticles predominantly consisted of Ti or a mixture of Ti and Fe. EDS analysis further indicated that the Ti-bearing nanoparticles carried additional metal elements, such as Zn, Ca, Mn, Mo, Cr, and Ni, suggesting their potential role as carriers of metal elements during groundwater transportation. This discovery provided new insights into the migration of metal elements in groundwater and underscores the capacity of nanoparticles to enhance the mobility of inorganic substances within the water environment. Notably, brookite was detected in three different areas, including the direct discharge area, indirect recharge area, and discharge area, which may indicate that some special natural nanoparticles could serve as natural mineral tracer particles in the process of groundwater migration.