Elementary Interpretation Research Articles

Organ właściwy do wydania europejskiego nakazu dochodzeniowego w postępowaniu przygotowawczym w fazie in rem w zakresie informacji objętych tajemnicą bankową. Uwagi na tle postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z 2 czerwca 2022 r., I KZP 17/21, OSNKW 2022/7/26

"This article is devoted to the decision of the Supreme Court of 2 June 2022, no. I KZP 17/21, which applies to the authority competent to issue a European Investigation Order in the pre-trial proceedings during the in rem phase with regard to information covered by banking secrecy. In the commented decision, the Supreme Court refused to adopt the resolution on the presented legal issue, submitted pursuant to Article 441 § 1 of the Act of 6 June 1997 – the Code of Criminal Procedure by the Court of Appeal in Kraków. It required an elementary interpretation of the Act to answer the question whether it is the public prosecutor or the regional court (Sąd Okręgowy) that is competent to issue the European Investigation Order under Article 589w § 1 and § 5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in pre-trial proceedings concerning disclosure of information constituting a banking secret with regard to a bank established beyond the territory of the Republic of Poland’. Regardless of the foregoing, given the importance of the problem and the consequences of an incorrect interpretation of Article 589w § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which may occur in practice on the basis of the current prosecutorial practice and jurisprudence, the Supreme Court examined the above issue in the statement of reasons for its ruling in response to the Court of Appeal in Kraków, from which it follows that a prosecutor cannot issue an EIO pursuant to Article 589w § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in order to obtain information constituting banking secrecy from another Member State under to Article 106b(1) of the Banking Law Act of 29 August 1997, unless the court gives its consent thereto. The article is devoted to the legal analysis of the above decision of the Supreme Court; and the consequential assessment of the issued ruling is critical."

Normative Model of Global History

The global (geo) political system is determined. The first, elementary interpretation of the concept of freedom and its calculus is introduced. Two global metahistorical goals of the realms of freedom and necessity have been identified. The basic aspects of modeling history, right and left in politics, tradition, innovation, progress are determined. The concept of an “actor” (a player, a decision-maker) is formulated. The formulation of the moral code of actors is given. The inevitability of actors' awareness of the choice between the realms of freedom and necessity is discussed, which leads to a second, deeper interpretation of the concept of freedom. The space and time of actors are discussed, and the relevant aspects of the transition between two target sets of actors are listed. The content of ethics is determined, providing a return to the realm of freedom and necessity. Metaethics of the outcome of choice —the third interpretation of the category of freedom.

On the occurrence of lumped forces at corners in classical plate theories: a physically based interpretation

The paradigmatic example of a twisted square plate is here considered. An equivalent partition of the plate in a grid of beams a la Grashof is found such that, as the number of beams tends to infinity, the grid exhibits the same deflection of the plate. This scheme is used to interpret, through the distinction between Euler‐Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories, the different types of natural boundary conditions that can arise in the Kirchhoff‐Love and Mindlin‐Reissner theories of plates. A physically based interpretation for the occurrence of lumped forces at the plate corners through the formation of a boundary layer is provided. It is well known that the solution of the biharmonic equation governing the bending of plates in Kirchhoff‐ Love theory is compatible with only two distinct conditions at each boundary point, whereas in general three boundary data can be independently assigned on an unconstrained border. This contradiction for the order of the equation is a two-hundred-year-old problem. The paradox arose when the three-boundarydata statement by Poisson [1829] was criticized by Kirchhoff [1850], who obtained only two natural conditions at the border within a variational framework, using a static equivalence sometimes referred to as the “Kirchhoff transformation” [Vasil’ev 2012]. This result arose from the first variation of the energy functional, but it was not corroborated by any physically based interpretation. A long discussion ensued among the most eminent scientists of the period with the purpose of reconciling the Poisson and Kirchhoff theories. The dispute culminated with the elementary interpretation by Thomson and Tait [1883], who showed how to reduce the torque per unit length on the contour to a shear transverse force. Friedrichs and Dressler [1961] and Gol’Denveiser and Kolos [1965] have independently shown that the plate theory is the leading term of the expansion solution (in a small thickness parameter) for the linear elastostatics of thin, flat, isotropic bodies. As expected, this leading term alone is unable to satisfy arbitrarily prescribed edge conditions. There has been a renewed interest during the last years in the fundamental problem of understanding the relationship between the three-dimensional elasticity theory and theories for lower-dimensional objects (plates, shells, rods). Due to the availability of sophisticated methods of variational convergence [Ciarlet 1997], important achievements have been obtained by showing that various theories of plates arise as a rigorous variational limit (or 0-limit) of the equations of three-dimensional elasticity as the

An exact formulation of the time-ordered exponential using path-sums

We present the path-sum formulation for the time-ordered exponential of a time-dependent matrix. The path-sum formulation gives the time-ordered exponential as a branched continued fraction of finite depth and breadth. The terms of the path-sum have an elementary interpretation as self-avoiding walks and self-avoiding polygons on a graph. Our result is based on a representation of the time-ordered exponential as the inverse of an operator, the mapping of this inverse to sums of walks on a graphs, and the algebraic structure of sets of walks. We give examples demonstrating our approach. We establish a super-exponential decay bound for the magnitude of the entries of the time-ordered exponential of sparse matrices. We give explicit results for matrices with commonly encountered sparse structures.

Inference of field‐scale fracture transmissivities in crystalline rock using flow log measurements

Characterization of transmissivity for crystalline rock is conducted through simulation by conditioning against borehole flow rates obtained from high‐resolution, in situ field measurements during extraction pumping. Full three‐dimensional discrete fracture network simulations are carried out according to specifications obtained from site characterization data in a stochastic Monte Carlo setting. A novel method of conditioning is thereby introduced and applied using nonparametric comparison tests, which provide quantifiable measures of accuracy enabling evaluation of simulated results against field measurements. The assumption of a constitutive relationship (perfect correlation) between fracture size and transmissivity is adopted. The method is evaluated against both single and multiple realizations, various domain size, and fracture length configurations and shown to be robust for the cases considered. When the introduced method of conditioning is applied, transmissivity parameterization can be inferred to a narrow range with a quantifiable accuracy in terms of a probability value. Results indicate that elementary interpretation of transmissivity based on homogenization of a porous medium will generally underestimate transmissivity. Further implications on advective transport for natural flow conditions are briefly evaluated, indicating advective breakthrough times can be overestimated up to a factor of about 10 in the median.

A Category of Pseudo-tangles with Classifying Space Ω∞ S ∞ and Applications

By using Quillen's S −1 S construction,we construct a category 𝒢 with classifying space Ω∞ S ∞,which has a pictorial description by pseudo-tangles. This leads to an elementary interpretation of the generators of the stable stems = π n (Ω∞ S ∞) for n = 0,1,2. In addition,we investigate the homotopy fibre of the inclusion 𝒢 ↪ ℱ P,D ,where ℱ P,D denotes the free permutative category with duality,and compute the homotopy groups of ℱ P,D for n = 0,1,2.

An Elementary Interpretation of the Gini Inequality Index

This note presents a very simple way of interpreting the Gini coefficient of inequality, in `equivalent' welfare terms, as the proportion of a cake of given size going to the poorer of two individuals in a two-person cake-sharing problem.

Deglacial land emergence and lateral upper-mantle heterogeneity in the Svalbard Archipelago-I. First results for simple load models

The glacial-isostatic adjustment following the removal of the Pleistocene ice sheets furnishes basic information on the thickness of the Earth's lithosphere and the viscosity of the subjacent mantle. Paper I is concerned with an elementary interpretation of the post-glacial land emergence observed at a restricted set of six locations in the Svalbard Archipelago. The interpretation is based on a three-layer, incompressible Maxwell-viscoelastic earth model, which is forced by a time-dependent load distribution simulating the deglaciation history of the Svalbard Archipelago and the Barents Sea. In view of inconclusive geomorphological evidence suggesting either total or partial glaciation of the area at glacial maximum, two simple load models, BARENTS-T1 and BARENTS-P1, are considered in the first instance. A comparison between the calculated and observed values of land emergence suggests increases in lithosphere thickness and asthenosphere viscosity with increasing distance of the location from the continental margin. The trends are qualitatively insensitive to the load model, load thickness or load cross-section used. For load model BARENTS-T1 with parabolic cross-section, an initial load thickness of 1.50 km and a relaxed fitting criterion, the lateral variations are only weak. If a more restrictive fitting criterion is employed, the variations become more prominent and suggest increasing values of lithosphere thickness from below 80 km to above 140 km and of asthenosphere viscosity from below 3 × 1018 Pa s to above 2 × 1019 Pa s over a distance of about 300 km. In Paper II (Kaufmann & Wolf 1995), a high-resolution load model and an extended set of land-emergence observations are used to study further the possibility of resolving lateral heterogeneity in the upper mantle below the Svalbard Archipelago.

An elementary interpretation of entry 12 in Gauss's Tagebuch

Perhaps this obscure entry refers to the sum of all numbers smaller than a given number and relatively prime to it.

The adequacy condition as a definition of elementary interpretation

A definition of elementary interpretation, equivalent (up to isomorphisms) to the ones of [3] and [4], is given. The defining condition, used here, seems to confirm that intuitions agree with the choice of the class of elementary interpretations, which was done in [3].

The Great Tonypandy Debate Continued

The crux of Schnabel's challenge to my article appears to depend on his unsupported hypothesis of a discriminatory rate structure with discounts beginning at budgets of under $500,000 and reaching a maximum rate in the $500,000-$5 million advertising budget range. The challenge can be dealt with from several perspectives. The two tables appearing in my earlier article were attempts to compress and summarize a great deal of data in relatively concise form.' In his discussion, Schnabel does not go beyond elementary interpretation of the data. While generally the acquiring firms were larger advertisers, this was not universally the case. In breaking down some of the data, the patterns of spending concentration for acquiring and acquired firms of the same size were found to be very similar. For acquired firms of less than $1 million, 76.3 percent (29 of 38) concentrated their expenditures on a single network while only 14.3 percent (1 of 7) of firms with budgets of more than $1 million had single network concentration. Similarly, 60 percent of the acquiring firms of less than $1 million (37 of 62) concentrated their expenditures on one network while only 9.2 percent (11 of 120) of firms with budgets of more than $1 million had single network concentration. If one were to follow Schnabel's technique of inferring the discount structures from these data, then one would have to conclude that the maximum discount rates existed for the smallest advertisers which flies in the face of logic and, more importantly, contradicts the evidence from numerous investigations over almost a 10-year period. Sixty-seven percent of the acquired firm observations in my original table 1 were concentrated on a single network simply because a very large number of these firms were extremely small advertisers with budgets of less than $500,000. As pointed out earlier, much of Schnabel's argument rests on his positing of a rate structure beginning at budgets of less than $500,000 and reaching a maximum in the $500,000-$5 million range. My original argument that firms with budgets of less than $500,000 were not entitled to discounts or price concessions and therefore concentrated their advertising for other reasons was not made arbitrarily or capriciously but, rather, in response to a considerable amount of evidence in this regard. Most authorities have stated that a budget of around $500,000 is extraordinarily small even for a single network and that the question of access to network television was the major concern for advertisers of this size.

An Elementary Interpretation of the Average Behavior of Multiple Production Processes at Very High Energies

It is shown that the model of ultra high energy interactions originally based on cosmic ray data can account for virtually all the CERN-ISR and FNAL data, including the angular distributions, the x-distributions, the (ymax-y) -distributions and the large transverse momentum distributions of single particles as well as the correlations of charged particles to the large transverse momentum γ-rays.

Lunar deflections of the vertical and their elementary interpretation

The selenopotential was determined at the Apollo 12 landing site (A12) using the selenocentric constant, Stokes' constants of the Moon up to n=13, the angular velocity of rotation of the Moon and the value of gravity directly observed at A12. Using and the constants mentioned above, the radius-vector of the equiselenopotential surface passing through A12 was derived. The fundamental selenocentric parameters, based on this surface, were computed, as well as the deflections of the vertical especially in some strongly anomalous regions of the Moon. For some mascons an elementary interpretation has been carried out.

Gauge condition and the equal time axial and vector current commutator

The equal time commutator between the axial and the vector current is related to the longitudinal component of the off mass shell meson production amplitude by a conserved vector field, and an elementary interpretation is given for this result.

A General Use of the Poisson Approximation for Binomial Events, with Application to Bacterial Endocarditis Data

Abstract : Use of past data to predict future results is the goal of much medical research. Unfortunately, even partial attainment of this goal is ordinarily difficult. For two special types of situations involving binomial events, however, usable methods can often be developed. Let success and failure denote the outcomes for an event. Estimation of the distribution for the number of successes is considered for new groups containing at least moderately large numbers of events. The probabilities of success (not necessarily equal) are known to be small for one of the special situations. The failure probabilities are small for the other special situation. For each situation, a Poisson approximation to the distribution can often be used, even for mild dependence among the events. Estimation of the distribution is then reduced to estimation of a parameter that has an elementary interpretation. The estimation method developed contains adjustment factors to allow for differences between the new group and the past data. Cases where the special situations both occur are also considered. Stratification of characteristics is used to obtain events of the two special types and to relate past data to these events. This methodology was originally developed for a mortality study of persons who had bacterial endocarditis. (Author)

An Elementary Interpretation of Science

An Elementary Interpretation of Science

Seismic waves from the underground atomic explosion in Nevada

>Abstract Seismic waves from the underground atomic explosion of September 19, 1957, were recorded for 45 minutes on multichannel magnetic tape at a point 25 miles north of Holbrook, Arizona, about 370 miles from their source. Twelve vertical-component seismometers were laid out in the form of an L 5,280 ft. by 1,600 ft. to permit determinations of apparent velocity and of direction of arrival. The frequency range recorded, about 6 to 40 cps, was higher than usual in earthquake seismology. During tape playback, supplementary filtering, gain adjustments, and changes in time scale served to improve the quality and legibility of the records. The playback seismograms reveal strikingly well not only to Pn and P* waves transmitted and refracted by the crust, but also many others as well. Some of these, as clearly indicated by their directions of arrival, did not originate from the explosion. We have attempted only an elementary interpretation, our main purpose being to make the data available to anyone who might be interested in them. The relatively short wave lengths of the recorded events may make them of unusual significance. In addition to arrival times, we made a few measurements of absolute amplitude and of frequency spectra.

On the Theory of LiquidHe3

The difficulties raised by the elementary interpretation of the recently observed temperature variation of the nuclear paramagnetic susceptibility of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ as an ideal antisymmetric fluid type of degeneration phenomenon are discussed. The susceptibility data are then shown to lead to a direct and rigorous evaluation of the entropy of spin disorder and the associated heat capacity. The observed enormous total entropy of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ at low temperatures is thus explained to be overwhelmingly entropy of spin disorder. The spin heat capacity is about half of the observed total heat capacity at the lowest temperature of observations. It should tend to become the dominant part of the total liquid heat capacity below this temperature. The maximum of the spin heat capacity at low enough temperatures may become observable indirectly through the total heat capacity of the liquid.

Radiation units and radiation instruments.

The field of radiation dosimetry involves a close relationship between units and instrumentation that is similar to the proverbial chicken and egg relationship, in which it is difficult to state unequivocally which came first. This duality has had a profound influence on the historical development of the field. It also justifies the presentation of the background for this symposium in a way that intermingles units and instruments. It is to be understood that the principles of instrumentation, rather than the detailed design, construction, and operation of specific apparatus, will be considered. Basic Choice of Measuring Method A unit is the specific magnitude of a quantity, set apart by appropriate definition, which serves as a basis for comparison or measurement for other quantities of the same nature. Whenever a phenomenon of science is discovered, a measuring system, and eventually a unit, develops upon the basis of some conveniently observable effect of the new agent. It is not uncommon to find that familiar agents can be satisfactorily measured, for different applications, by more than one method. In the case of electric current, for example, the scientific unit is based on the magnetic effect of the current, whereas the practical unit is based on the unrelated electrochemical deposition effect. It should be neither surprising nor discouraging that in the younger field of radiology there should have been a multiplicity of units. In the early days of radiology, many of the newly discovered effects of ionizing radiation served as measuring methods, often with associated arbitrary units. The calorimetric method dates back to 1897. Chemical methods and fluorescence or scintillation were used in the first years of the present century. One of the earliest dose systems was founded on the coloration of the Sabouraud and Noiré pastilles. The photographic method, the primary means of detection, was made reasonably quantitative as early as 1905. In the following decade, radiation effect on electrical resistance was used. A wide variety of biological effects was scrutinized for dosimetry use. Ionization in gases gained an early lead. The first formal statement of an ionization unit was apparently that of Villard in 1908, defining a unit quantity of x-radiation as that which by ionization liberates one electrostatic unit of electricity per cubic centimeter of air under normal conditions of temperature and pressure. This is still the elementary interpretation of the present-day “roentgen.” The reasons for preference of the ionization method in air are of importance in the whole development of radiological units.

Electron configurations in some transition metal alloys

Structural data for a number of Al-rich alloys of transition metals are reviewed, special attention being devoted to the discussion of assumptions and approximations introduced—explicitly or implicitly—in the course of the structure-analysis. It appears that a more fundamental treatment is required for Brillouin zone measurements which, on the usual elementary interpretation, are in harmony with Raynor's suggestions of electron absorption by transition metal atoms in alloys of this kind. Abnormally short contacts between a transition metal atom and some of the surrounding Al atoms appear to be characteristic of these structures, and—if certain assumptions made in the course of the analysis are justified—there is evidence for the absorption of about 2 electrons by Co, Mn, and Cr atoms. (No data are available for the Fe atom.) Some of the most important lines for future development are indicated.