Electrostatic Discharge Current Waveform Research Articles

A study of the effects on human electrostatic discharge current waveform verification

A study of the effects on human electrostatic discharge current waveform verification

Human Metal ESD: Design of a Full-Wave Model and an Improved Compact Generator

A full-size, full-wave human body model has been designed. Compared with a real human-metal electrostatic discharge (ESD), similar fields and currents are obtained from the numerical model. A resistive surface sheet is used in microwave studio to control the currents on the air-filled body. Its performance is verified by comparing it to the currents and fields from the real human ESD. A subcircuit models the time-dependent resistance of the spark using the well-known Rompe–Weizel spark resistance model. Real human metal ESD does not reveal the double hump shape as shown in the IEC standard. To create a generator that reproduces the real human metal ESD current waveform, a compact ESD generator was designed, which is based on matching the impedance of real human metal mode ESD with the impedance of the compact ESD generator. Furthermore, a circuit-based simulator is presented. It is based on a PCB implementation of the equivalent circuit of the human metal ESD.

Analysis of the ESD Reconstruction Methodology Based on Current Probe Measurements and Frequency Response Compensation for Different ESD Generators and Severity Test Levels

System-level electrostatic discharge testing according to IEC 61000-4-2 has been the main standardized electrostatic discharge immunity testing procedure for the last few decades. The correlation between a failed test result and the injected electrostatic discharge current waveform characteristics, as well as the reduced reproducibility of the standard methodology, have always concerned product manufacturers and test engineers. In an effort to accurately reconstruct the electrostatic discharge current during immunity testing, researchers are focusing more and more on the usability of current probes in capturing the injected current in “real time”. In this article, the results of a proposed methodology, based on current probe measurements and a frequency response compensation method, published in recent bibliography, for different test levels and electrostatic discharge generators are presented, aiming to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the method, investigate its universal applicability, and introduce points of future work toward the current reconstruction during system-level electrostatic discharge testing effort.

Electrostatic Discharge Experiment Results on Ground Using Experiment Model of HORYU-IV

HORYU-IV is a 30 cm cubic satellite with an approximate mass of 11 kg. The satellite was successfully launched by a JAXA H-IIA rocket to an orbit of 575 km altitude with a 31° inclination on February 17, 2016. HORYU-IV’s main mission is to capture an electrostatic discharge (ESD) current waveform by an onboard oscilloscope and capture its image by a camera triggered by the oscilloscope. HORYU-IV captured various ESD current waveforms and images in space. Ground-based experiments were carried out to compare the waveforms between the flight results and the ground results. The results of ground-based experiments, compared with the flight results, had lower peak currents and longer durations. This result does not match past ground-based experiments showing that ESD current has lower peaks and longer durations when ambient pressure is lower. Also, the relationship between ESD occurrence location and ESD current waveforms was found through ground-based experiment.

Mathematical method for air electrostatic discharge circuits calculation

Here, a new analytical method, state matrix transform method, is proposed for calculating the descriptions of current waveforms generated by commercial electrostatic discharge (ESD) generators. This method can be used to analyse and design lumped parameter ESD circuits. A relatively simple eight elements ESD circuit model is established and used to predict the current waveform of human-metal ESD events. To calibrate the ESD simulator, a mathematical expression of four exponentials curve for ESD current waveform is given. This careful theoretical study of ESD current waveform calculation makes an innovative contribution to ESD generator circuit simulation and design, and it provides a new mathematical description for ESD sensitivity test.

Investigation of Human-Body-Model and Machine-Model ESD Robustness on Stacked Low-Voltage Field-Oxide Devices for High-Voltage Applications

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness of low-voltage (LV) field-oxide devices in stacked configuration for high-voltage (HV) applications was investigated in a 0.5- $\mu \text{m}$ HV silicon on insulator (SOI) process. Stacked LV field-oxide devices with different stacking numbers have been verified in a silicon chip to exhibit both a high ESD robustness and latch-up immunity for HV applications. The effect of turn-on resistance in the stacked ESD protection device on ESD current waveform under human body model (HBM) and machine model (MM) ESD tests was studied. The resistance of stacked device has a significant impact on the ESD peak current and damping waveform, especially in MM ESD test. The MM ESD level can be increased by the numbers of LV field-oxide devices in stacked configuration, but the HBM ESD level is still kept the same. The mechanism to cause such a result has been theoretically analyzed in detail in this paper.

Human-to-metal electrostatic discharge current measurements – Notes on the ESD current waveform

The Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) phenomenon has been described through the IEC 61000-4-2. ESD current parameters' values, have been set in this Standard. The theoretical ESD current waveform defined in this standard, describing the conventional Contact discharge mode, needs to be re-evaluated on the basis of accurate experimental data. Even though the standard deals with commercial ESD generators, its goal is to simulate the natural phenomenon as good as possible. More and accurate data may contribute to the better simulation of the natural phenomenon. New values and better comprehension of the phenomenon demand new measurements based on high end measuring equipment. Such works and publications have been carried out the past years. Yet, the need to systematize and integrate this work remains. Larger and trust-worthy series of measurements need to be carried out and presented clearly.This paper deals with new ESD-current data, taken with broadband equipment. New and more detailed measurements like these, were never before taken at such a large number of individuals. The goal of this work is that the data acquired can serve as a basis for re-evaluating the conventional approach of the scientific community to the ESD event.In this paper, using a broadband measuring system, new parameters' values are measured and relations are presented, following standard statistical procedures. The results, which occur from measurements carried out on tenths of human individuals, are questioning the Standard in many points. A new way of approaching the standardization of the ESD current is proposed, as the excuse of the poor measuring equipment that sets barriers on the measuring accuracy, does not apply any more. The charging voltages of 500 V and 1000 V were also examined since such range of voltages are often met at ESD events and they are considered very harmful.

Electrostatic Discharge Generator Circuit Model and its Simulation

According to the international electrotechnical commission issued IEC61000-4-2 testing standards, through the electrostatic discharge current waveform characteristics analysis and numerical experiment method, using exponential pulse signal and the damped sinusoidal signal to construct a new the ESD current expression. Using Laplace transform, established the ESD system mathematical model. According to the mathematical model, construct four-order circuit model of the ESD system, and the simulation is carried out. The simulation results meet the IEC61000-4-2 standard, and verify the consistency of the ESD current expression, the mathematical model and the circuit model.

Research on Key Indicators of Electrostatic Discharge Metrology

The randomness of electrostatic discharge current waveform is considered to present great problems in experimental data analysis and drawing conclusions. In order to solve this problem, we measured a large amount of data in electrostatic discharge experiments. The experimental data are studied by statistical methods and new parameters of waveform dispersion, the waveform error within group (Ew) and the waveform error between groups (Eb), are defined in this paper. And peak current, rise time, 30ns current, 60ns current are also analyzed. The results indicate that statistical analysis plays an important role in the experimental study of electrostatic discharge and the parameter variations of contact discharge equivalent circuit might be an important factor of the randomness of electrostatic discharge current waveform.

Double Second-Order ESD Circuit Model and its Simulation

According to the International Electrotechnical Commission issued IEC61000-4-2 testing standards, through the electrostatic discharge current waveform characteristics analysis and numerical experiment method, using exponential pulse signal and the damped sinusoidal signal to construct a new the ESD current expression. Using Laplace transform, established the ESD system mathematical model. According to the mathematical model, construct double second-order circuit model of the ESD system, and the simulation is carried out. The simulation results meet the IEC61000-4-2 standard, and verify the consistency of the ESD current expression, the mathematical model and the circuit model.

A mathematical expression for air ESD current waveform using BP neural network

A curve-fitting method based on backpropagation (BP) neural network (NN) is proposed for fitting electrostatic discharge (ESD) current waveforms and giving the corresponding expressions in order to analyze the characteristics of ESD and calculate the ESD electromagnetic pulse radiation field. According to IEC61000-4-2, this method is used to fit the ideal contact current waveform of human-metal ESD to obtain the mathematical expression. The waveform parameters of the fitting curve meet the requirements of the IEC61000-4-2. By fitting the measured air ESD current waveform at 4 kV discharge, the mathematical expression is obtained. This paper proposes the mathematical expression for arbitrary curves and analyzes the factors affecting the effects of curve-fitting.

Four Order Electrostatic Discharge Circuit Model and its Simulation

According to the international electrotechnical commission issued IEC61000-4-2 test standard, through the electrostatic discharge current waveform characteristics analysis and numerical experiment method, and construct a new ESD current expression. Using Laplasse transform, established the ESD system mathematical model. According to the mathematical model, construction of passive four order ESD system circuit model and active four order ESD system circuit model, and simulation. The simulation results meet the IEC61000-4-2 standard, and verify the consistency of the ESD current expression, the mathematical model and the circuit model. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v10i8.1632 Full Text: PDF

Study and Application of ESD Generator Modele

Phenomenon of electrostatic hazards is becoming increasingly prominent with wide application of microelectronic elements. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) is an extremely complex process, which is not only related to the materials, the object shape and the value of discharging circuit resistance, but also always involved in very complicated process of gas breakdown, so ESD is also a stochastic process which is difficult to repeat. According to the request of standard IEC61000-4-2, simulation circuit of the equivalent Human-Metal Model is established, discharging process is simulated and analyzed, and the influence laws of circuit parameters and distribution parameters for ESD current waveform are obtained. Thus the structure of discharging circuit and element parameters can be determined, test results can be verified to some extent, and the characteristics and influencing factors of ESD process can be known better. Simulation results show that waveform parameters are all within the range of standard errors, which proves that the design of model parameters is correct, the analysis of ESD process is reasonable.

Electrostatic Discharge Current Linear Approach and Circuit Design Method

The Electrostatic Discharge phenomenon is a great threat to all electronic devices and ICs. An electric charge passing rapidly from a charged body to another can seriously harm the last one. However, there is a lack in a linear mathematical approach which will make it possible to design a circuit capable of producing such a sophisticated current waveform. The commonly accepted Electrostatic Discharge current waveform is the one set by the IEC 61000-4-2. However, the over-simplified circuit included in the same standard is incapable of producing such a waveform. Treating the Electrostatic Discharge current waveform of the IEC 61000-4-2 as reference, an approximation method, based on Prony’s method, is developed and applied in order to obtain a linear system’s response. Considering a known input, a method to design a circuit, able to generate this ESD current waveform in presented. The circuit synthesis assumes ideal active elements. A simulation is carried out using the PSpice software.

Estimation of parameters for the electrostatic discharge current equation with real human discharge events reference using genetic algorithms

Thorough study of the electrostatic discharge (ESD) current equation shows that it may be different from the equation proposed in the IEC 61000-4-2 Standard. This problem is dealt with in this paper. Using a 2.5 GHz digital oscilloscope and a 50 Ω Pellegrini target as the measuring system, and a dc power supply to provide a charging voltage of 2 kVdc, a series of measurements were performed, so real human-to-metal ESD current waveforms were recorded. Treating the average waveform as a reference, a genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to the equation of the IEC 61000-4-2 Standard for the ESD current, in order to achieve its best fitting to the data set. Four different error norms were used for the GA applications. The best result of the applications of each of them was saved and compared to the others. Thus, a very satisfactory modification of the Standard's equation is presented, which is closer to the real ESD current waveform.

Environmental Effects on Solar Array Electrostatic Discharge Current Waveforms and Test Results

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.

Investigation on Board-Level CDM ESD Issue in IC Products

The impacts caused by board-level charged-device-model (CDM) electrostatic-discharge (ESD) events on integrated-circuit products are investigated in this paper. The mechanism of board-level CDM ESD event is introduced first. Based on this mechanism, an experiment is performed to investigate the board-level CDM ESD current waveforms under different sizes of printed circuit boards (PCBs), charged voltages, and series resistances in the discharging path. Experimental results show that the discharging current strongly depends on the PCB size, charged voltage, and series resistance. Moreover, the chip- and board-level CDM ESD levels of several test devices and test circuits fabricated in CMOS processes are characterized and compared. The test results show that the board-level CDM ESD level of the test circuit is lower than the chip-level CDM ESD level of the test circuit, which demonstrates that the board-level CDM ESD event is more critical than the chip-level CDM ESD event. In addition, failure analysis reveals that the failure in the test circuit under board-level CDM ESD test is much severer than that under chip-level CDM ESD test.

New Mathematical Descriptions of ESD Current Waveform Based on the Polynomial of Pulse Function

The transient near-field of the electrostatic discharge (ESD) is strongly affected by the discharge current waveform. After analyzing several typical mathematical descriptions of the ESD current for the contact mode, two new mathematical descriptions of ESD current were constructed according to the polynomial of pulse function. These descriptions have the continuity of the first derivative at t=0 and are time-integrable. They proved to have little relative error compared to the IEC61000-4-2 standard

Multiresolution analysis of electrostatic discharge current from electromagnetic interference aspects

This paper reports an analysis of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) aspects of electrostatic discharge (ESD) resulting from high-speed moving discharge phenomena. An orthogonal wavelet transform, which enables multiresolution decomposition of time-domain waves, was used to analyze measured ESD currents. The results showed that the high-speed moving discharges can increase the maximum amplitude and power of ESD currents, and that high-frequency components in particular tend to be affected by the movements of discharge electrodes. In the case of high-frequency components of ESD currents generated by charging voltages of 2, 5, and 15 kV, it was observed that the maximum amplitude was increased by 1.40 to 3.43 times, and the energy, defined by the sum of signals squared, was increased by 2.15 to 12.1 times compared to the results for the low-speed discharges. Chaos attractors reconstructed from measured ESD currents also showed that high-speed moving discharges decrease the stability of ESD current waveforms. From these results, it is apparent that EMI power generated by ESD tends to increase in the case of high-speed moving discharges.

Finite-difference time-domain analysis of the ESD current diffusion in metallic enclosures and of the related radiated electromagnetic fields

In this paper, the problem of the electromagnetic diffusion of electrostatic discharge (ESD) currents, interfering directly on the metallic enclosures of electronic equipment, and of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) produced, is modeled and computed via a suitable finite-difference time-domain numerical approach. The levels of the radiated fields produced by standard ESD current waveforms in grounded metallic shells are evaluated, and the effects of the different arrangements of the grounding wires of the enclosure on the resulting EMI levels are discussed.