Electrospun Polyamide Research Articles

A bi-functional nanofibrous composite membrane for wound healing applications.

Various wound dressings have been developed so far for wound healing, but most of them are ineffective in properly reestablishing the skin's structure, which increases infection risks and dehydration. Electrospun membranes are particularly interesting for wound dressing applications because they mimic the extracellular matrix of healthy skin. In this study, a potential wound healing platform capable of inducing synergistic antibacterial and antioxidation activities was developed by incorporating bio-active rosmarinic acid-hydroxyapatite hybrid (HAP-RA) with different contents (0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt.%) into the electrospun polyamide 6 (PA6) nanofibers. Then, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was introduced to the nanofibrous composite to improve the biocompatibility and biodegradability of the dressing. The results indicated that the hydrophilicity, water uptake, biodegradability, and mechanical properties of the obtained PA6/PEG/HAP-RA nanofibrous composite enhanced at 1 wt.% of HAP-RA. The nanofibrous composite had excellent antibacterial activity. The antioxidation potential of the samples was assessed in vitro. The MTT assay performed on the L929 cell line confirmed the positive effects of the nanofibrous scaffold on cell viability and proliferation. According to the results, the PA6/PEG/HAP-RA nanofibrous composite showed the desirable physiochemical and biological properties besides antibacterial and antioxidative capabilities, making it a promising candidate for further studies in wound healing applications.

Improving mechanical behavior of adhesively bonded composite joints by incorporating reduced graphene oxide added polyamide 6,6 electrospun nanofibers

Adhesive joining of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites requires adequate interface tailoring and careful surface preparation to obtain a strong bond between components. This study aimed to improve the mechanical performance of adhesively bonded unidirectional carbon fiber-based (CFRP) composite parts by modifying joint surfaces with graphene-added electrospun Polyamide 6,6 (PA66) nanofibers. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was dispersed at 10 % wt/v PA66 solution at three different concentrations below rGO saturation limits. Bead-free nanofibers with homogenous graphene distribution were obtained on a prepreg by electrospinning. Addition of up to 2 % rGO yielded complete dispersion through the nanofiber network while the higher values created local agglomerations. Surface wetting experiments showed conversion of slightly hydrophobic surfaces to complete hydrophilic with electrospun nanofiber coating and the lowest contact angle was obtained at 2 % wt/v rGO addition (26.18°±2.03°). Composite plates were produced in a hot press keeping the modified prepregs on top. Plates with different surface treatments joined by secondary bonding using 3 plies of FM 300 K film adhesive. Mechanical properties of adhesively bonded composites were tested by Single lap joint and Charpy impact tests. We achieved an 18 % increase in shear strength and 31 % increase in impact strength by adding 2 % wt/v ratio rGO into PA66 electrospun nanofiber.

Microporous electrospun nonwovens combined with green solvents for the selective peel-off of thin coatings from painting surfaces

Over the last few decades, significant research efforts have been devoted to developing new cleaning systems aimed at preserving cultural heritage. One of the main objectives is to selectively remove aged or undesirable coatings from painted surfaces while preventing the cleaning solvent from permeating and engaging with the pictorial layers. In this work, we propose the use of electrospun polyamide 6,6 nonwovens in conjunction with a green solvent (dimethyl carbonate). By adjusting the electrospinning parameters, we produced three distinct nonwovens with varying average fiber diameters, ranging from 0.4 μm to 2 μm. These samples were characterized and tested for their efficacy in removing dammar varnish from painted surfaces. In particular, the cleaning process was monitored using macroscale PL (photoluminescence) imaging in real-time, while post-application examination of the mats was performed through scanning electron microscopy. The solvent evaporation rate from the different nonwovens was evaluated using gravimetric analysis and Proton Transfer Reaction- Time-of-Flight. It was observed that the application of the nonwovens with small or intermediate pore sizes for the removal of the terpenic varnish resulted in the swollen resin being absorbed into the mats, showcasing a peel-off effect. Thus, this protocol eliminates the need for further potentially detrimental removal procedures involving cotton swabs. The experimental data suggests that the peel-off effect relates to the microporosity of the mats, which enhances the capillary rise of the swollen varnish. Furthermore, the application of these systems to historical paintings underwent preliminary validation using a real painting from the 20th century.

Optimization of acoustic energy absorption of polyurethane foam using functionally graded electrospun polyamide 6 membranes containing Ag and SiO2 NPs

Optimization of acoustic energy absorption of polyurethane foam using functionally graded electrospun polyamide 6 membranes containing Ag and SiO2 NPs

Electrospinning drafting system for polyamide 6 and polyamide 6.6 nanofiber production

Electrospinning or electrostatic spinning is a straightforward, economical and unique method to produce novel fibers with diameters in the range of 100 nm and even less. However, this process is characterized by uncontrolled and chaotic oscillation of the charged electrospinning jet, which leads to the formation of beads, beaded fibers and uneven nanofibers. This research work aims at the development of an electrospinning system to control the deposition of electrospun nanofibers of polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) through the use of a series of metal rings, along the charged jet path, and the addition of a secondary direct current voltage power supply connected to these metal rings, which enables greater control over the polymer jet stream. In the present work, the effects of the addition of the charged metal rings with different applied voltages and some electrospinning parameters on the morphological appearance and average size diameter of the electrospun PA6 and PA6.6 fibers are investigated. The use of the developed electrospinning system with metal rings connected to the second power supply with increasing voltages proved to be successful in obtaining thinner PA6 and PA6.6 nanofibers with a lower standard deviation and the formation of few beads.

Fabrication of hydrophobic PI nanofibrous membrane with controllable pore structures

Polyimide (PI) has garnered increasing attention in the field of membrane technology owing to its excellent comprehensive performance. In this work, PI nanofibrous membranes with a controllable pore structure were fabricated by the thermal imidization of electrospun polyamide acid (PAA) nanofibrous membranes. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) particles were introduced into the PAA nanofibrous membrane with the aim of enhancing the membrane's hydrophobicity and regulating its pore structure by electrospraying the PTFE/FEP mixed aqueous dispersion. During the thermal imidization process, melt casting of FEP particles occurred, leading to the adhesion of PI nanofibrous membranes and subsequent regulation of the membrane's pore structure. Meanwhile, due to the imidization temperature being lower than PTFE’s melting temperature, the unmelted PTFE particles would further enhance the membrane’s hydrophobicity. We have successfully provided a novel method for fabricating PI nanofibrous membranes with controllable pore structures and excellent hydrophobicity to expand their applications in membrane separation. Owing to the hydrophobicity and lipophilicity, the obtained PI nanofibrous membranes were applied to oil-water (kerosene/water) separation to characterize the separation performance. The results showed that, following the regulation of the pore structure, the PI nanofibrous membranes exhibited a high oil flux (203.83 L/m2·h) and separation efficiency (＞99.00%) without external pressure.

Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Electrospun PA-6 Nanofibers by Embedding Alumina and Tungsten Carbide Particles

Electrospinning is a process in which solid fibers are prepared from polymer solution. In recent decades, studies have focused on improving the properties of electrospun nanofibers by exploring the possibilities of electrospinning different polymers. Two critical properties that have been studied in relation to this technique are thermal stability and mechanical properties. In this study, polyamide-6 (PA-6) nanofibers were prepared by embedding combinations of alumina and tungsten carbide particles. The morphology of the resulting hybrid nanofibers was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric (TGA) techniques, and tensile tests were performed to evaluate their mechanical properties. The results showed that the sample containing tungsten carbide with a weight ratio of 4:10 had the highest melting standard enthalpy. The analysis also revealed that hybrid fibers containing equal ratios of alumina and tungsten carbide, each with a weight ratio of 2:10, had higher degradation temperatures and melting enthalpy compared to other nanofibers. Tensile testing showed that nanofibrous mats containing tungsten carbide had higher Young’s modulus, PA-6 fibers.

Production of electrospun hybrid membranes based on polyamide 6 reinforced with hemp fibers dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ionic liquid

This paper is focused on the fabrication of novel hybrid materials based on electrospun polyamide fibers reinforced with hemp fibers (HF) dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ionic liquid (IL). The physical properties of the hybrid electrospun materials have been evaluated. SEM micrographs showed an interconnected structure between polyamide 6 (PA6) and IL dissolved hemp fibers. X-ray and FTIR analysis were carried out to support the SEM images. DSC and TGA profiles gave information related to the thermal stability of electrospun membrane while barrier properties analysis proved the improvement in terms of water sensitivity and reduction of water clustering phenomena. Moreover, the improvement of mechanical properties was obtained after the introduction of IL dissolved HF leading to an increase in Young’s modulus of about 640 %. The antioxidant properties of reinforced PA6 fibers were even carried out, proving an enhancement of radical scavenging activity of about 68 %. Finally, the computational work and the estimation of surface energy distribution were reported.

Development of Light-Polymerized Dental Composite Resin Reinforced with Electrospun Polyamide Layers.

As the mechanical properties of resin-based dental composite materials are highly relevant in clinical practice, diverse strategies for their potential enhancement have been proposed in the extant literature, aiming to facilitate their reliable use in dental medicine. In this context, the focus is primarily given to the mechanical properties with the greatest influence on clinical success, i.e., the longevity of the filling in the patient's mouth and its ability to withstand very strong masticatory forces. Guided by these objectives, the goal of the present study was to ascertain whether the reinforcement of dental composite resins with electrospun polyamide (PA) nanofibers would improve the mechanical strength of dental restoration materials. For this purpose, light-cure dental composite resins were interspersed with one and two layers comprising PA nanofibers in order to investigate the influence of such reinforcement on the mechanical properties of the resulting hybrid resins. One set of the obtained samples was investigated as prepared, while another set was immersed in artificial saliva for 14 days and was subsequently subjected to the same set of analyses, namely Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Findings yielded by the FTIR analysis confirmed the structure of the produced dental composite resin material. They also provided evidence that, while the presence of PA nanofibers did not influence the curing process, it strengthened the dental composite resin. Moreover, flexural strength measurements revealed that the inclusion of a 16 μm-thick PA nanolayer enabled the dental composite resin to withstand a load of 3.2 MPa. These findings were supported by the SEM results, which further indicated that immersing the resin in saline solution resulted in a more compact composite material structure. Finally, DSC results indicated that as-prepared as well as saline-treated reinforced samples had a lower glass transition temperature (Tg) compared to pure resin. Specifically, while pure resin had a Tg of 61.6 °C, each additional PA nanolayer decreased the Tg by about 2 °C, while the further reduction was obtained when samples were immersed in saline for 14 days. These results show that electrospinning is a facile method for producing different nanofibers that can be incorporated into resin-based dental composite materials to modify their mechanical properties. Moreover, while their inclusion strengthens the resin-based dental composite materials, it does not affect the course and outcome of the polymerization reaction, which is an important factor for their use in clinical practice.

Design of a novel tannic acid enriched hemostatic wound dressing based on electrospun polyamide-6/hydroxyethyl cellulose nanofibers

Recently, the use of scaffolds as wound dressings in skin tissue engineering with the aim of rapid healing and prevention of bleeding is growing quickly, materials and structures similar to the target tissue are used to improve its quality. In this research, polyamide6/hydroxyethyl cellulose (PA6/HEC) incorporated with TA (tannic acid) in different concentration (5, 10, 25%) has been used to produce nanofibers (NFs) by electrospinning method. Electrospun NFs were examined in terms of chemical and physical structure, swelling, degradation, moisture retention, thermal stability and mechanical properties. In addition, this study investigates cellular behavior, antibacterial, hemocompatibility and antioxidant properties. Among the NFs, PA/HEC/25%TA mat showed more favorable results. The produced scaffolds were non-toxic in the cell media, and increasing TA content improved cell growth and proliferation. The results of the hemostatic test showed that the presence of TA causes rapid blood coagulation, and TA has increased the antibacterial ability against pathogenic agents and antioxidant virtues. Therefore, the obtained results confirm the potential of NFs as a wound dressing.

Dyeing of Recycled Electrospun Polyamide 6 Nanofibers: Implications of Dye Particle Size

The dyeing of recycled polyamide nonwoven fabrics based on nanofibers (PA-NWNF), which were fabricated from polyamide wastes, was conducted in this study. Since PA-NWNF exhibited a high surface area to volume ratio, it was dyed with different particle sizes of Disperse Red 167 dye (DR 167, DR 167-B, and DR 167-C) without auxiliary agents to prevent further environmental pollution. The undyed and dyed PA-NWNF, as well as the applied dyes, were characterized by SEM, BET, XRD, and FT-IR techniques. Both color yield (K/S) and fastness of dyed PA-NWNF were also evaluated. The morphology of dyed DR 167-C owned homogeneity and smooth nanofibers. In addition, DR 167-C dye (the smallest particle size) provided numerous advantages, including high particle dispersion, low dyeing temperature, minimum processing time, and greater color yield. At a concentration of 15%, DR 167-C produced 55.1 and 33.18% color yields which were higher than DR 167 and DR 167-B, respectively. Also, DR 167-C achieved a better colorfastness to washing (very good, 4) compared to other studied dyes.

Biomimetic, antiadhesive surface structure inspired by the calamistra setae of cribellate spiders for electrospun nanofiber handling

IntroductionDue to their excellent surface-to-volume ratio, nanofibers (i.e., fibers with a diameter of approximately 10 to 800 nm) are of increasing interest to engineers and scientists in a broad spectrum of applications. However, due to van der Waals forces, these nanofibers tend to adhere strongly to any surface, which makes further processing very challenging. In nature, we find animals that can easily handle nanofibers: Cribellate spiders use a comb-like structure, the so-called calamistrum, to produce, handle, and process nanofibers. Due to a fingerprint-like surface nanostructure, nanofibers do not adhere to the calamistrum. The principle interaction between this fingerprint-like surface nanostructure and single nanofibers has recently been described in a publication. The fingerprint-like surface structure was replicated on a technical metal surface using laser-induced periodic surface structures, which resulted in material properties resembling those of the natural model.MethodsWe went a step further and took a closer look on an additional structural feature of the calamistrum much larger than the fingerprint-like surface structure. A theoretical approach to describing the influence of a fiber preload, which may become a dominant effect if the fiber dimensions are small compared to the surface structure dimensions, on the adhesion of the fiber to these large surface structures was derived. Our theory was verified experimentally for artificial electrospun polyamide 6 nanofibers on surface-structured samples made of titanium alloy.Results and ConclusionA dramatic reduction in adhesion compared to unstructured, flat surfaces was proven. Therefore, such a surface structure can be used for tools or parts of tools during nanofiber production (e.g., as part of the electrospinning process) to reduce the adhesion of the nonwoven fabric and thus facilitate the handling and processing of the nanofibers during production.

Antiviral Electrospun Polyamide Three-Layered Mask Filter Containing Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Black Seed Oil.

Upon the tremendous spread of coronavirus, there is a need to develop biodegradable, multifunctional, antiviral masks that can be safely used without polluting the environment as conventional surgical masks do. In this study, a three-layered mask filter is designed and fabricated. The first two layers contain electrospun polyamide with dispersed nanoparticles (NPs) of TiO2 and ZnO prepared via breakdown anodization. The third layer is composed of Nigella sativa oil (black seed oil) electrospun with polyamide and blended with chitosan to form an effective antiviral three-layered mask filter. The morphological characterization revealed the nanoscale features of the fabricated nanofibers with the ZnO and TiO2 NPs being embedded in the polymeric matrix. The specimens showed good wettability, which is necessary for virus attachment and its subsequent decay. The assembled mask has shown very good mechanical properties. The cytotoxicity results revealed that the proposed mask filter has less cytotoxic effect on the A549 cell line than the commercial KN95 mask filter with maintaining a cell viability of 65.3%. The antiviral activity test showed a variable virucidal effect against human adenovirus on A549 cells. The proposed mask showed the highest effect on the virus followed by PA-ZnO and PA-TiO2 films, which supports the assumption that the used NPs may have broad and promising effects on viruses when combined with the electrospun films.

Exercising hybrid model to design an optimized electrospun polyamide-6 nanofibrous mat for air filtration applications

There are several factors affecting the filtration efficiency and pressure drop in the nanofibrous filters including the basis weight of the mat, the thickness of the mat, and the nanofiber diameter. Besides, such parameters are dependent on manufacturing factors which should have been taken into account before manufacturing. In this study, first an experiment based on central composite design (CCD) to investigate the effect of electrospinning factors such as polyamide-6 concentration, applied voltage, nozzle-to-collector distance, and electrospinning time on main structural parameters consisting of basis weight, thickness, and nanofiber diameter is performed. Then, three models with similar inputs but different outputs to establish relationships between electrospinning factors and main parameters utilizing two procedures including response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) are developed. Next, the outputs of a procedure with best-performing models are used to compute two analytical models to estimate filtration efficiency (considering interception and diffusion effect) and pressure drop. Finally, a genetic algorithm (GA) is coupled to the analytical models to optimize electrospinning factors using a cost function constructed by filtration efficiency and normalized pressure drop. The results highlighted that ANN-based models have more average goodness value (≈2.00) than RSM ones (≈1.83). Also, the GA has the capability of resulting in an optimized sample with higher quality factor (0.015) than the optimum one (0.011).

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders.

Nanofibers are drawing the attention of engineers and scientists because their large surface-to-volume ratio is favorable for applications in medicine, filter technology, textile industry, lithium-air batteries, and optical sensors. However, when transferring nanofibers to a technical product in the form of a random network of fibers, referred to as nonwoven fabric, the stickiness of the freshly produced and thus fragile nanofiber nonwoven remains a problem. This is mainly because nanofibers strongly adhere to any surface because of van der Waals forces. In nature, there are animals that are actually able to efficiently produce, process, and handle nanofibers, namely cribellate spiders. For that, the spiders use the calamistrum, a comb-like structure of modified setae on the metatarsus of the hindmost (fourth) legs, to which the 10-30 nm thick silk nanofibers do not stick due to a special fingerprint-like surface nanostructure. In this work, we present a theoretical model of the interaction of linear nanofibers with a sinusoidally corrugated surface. This model allows for a prediction of the adhesive interaction and, thus, the design of a suitable surface structure to prevent sticking of an artificially nonwoven of nanofibers. According to the theoretical prediction, a technical analogon of the nanoripples was produced by ultrashort pulse laser processing on different technically relevant metal surfaces in the form of so-called laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). Subsequently, by means of a newly established peel-off test, the adhesion of an electrospun polyamide fiber-based nonwoven was quantified on such LIPSS-covered aluminium alloy, steel, and titanium alloy samples, as well as on polished (flat) control samples as reference and, additionally, on samples with randomly rough surfaces. The latter revealed that the adhesion of electrospun nanofiber nonwoven is significantly lowered on the nanostructured surfaces compared with the polished surfaces.

Fabrication of electrospun polyamide–weathered basalt nano-composite as a non-conventional membrane for basic and acid dye removal

In this study, an adsorptive electrospun polyamide membrane (ESPA) and electrospun polyamide–weathered basalt composite membrane (ESPA-WB) were prepared by an electrospinning process at room temperature. Hence, the WB structure was built as a polymeric membrane separation film in combination with the ESPA matrix as a composite nano-filtration membrane. Then, the ESPA and ESPA-WB membranes were characterized using BET surface area analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To avoid cracks forming during the sintering process, the WB should be added in certain percentages. The microstructures of the prepared membranes were investigated to evaluate their efficiency for basic and acidic dyesʼ removal and their permeation flux. Compared with the ESPA, the ESPA-WB membrane combines the characteristics of WB and ESPA, which greatly enhances the performance of both methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes removal from synthetic wastewater. The outcomes of this study indicated that the dye uptake in the case of ESPA-WB is higher than that of ESPA, and it decreases with an increase in dye concentrations. The obtained membrane ESPA-WB showed both an excellent anti-dye fouling and a good rejection property for both dyes (i.e. 90% rejection for MB and 74% for MO) with no sign of contamination by the applied dyes. It was found that the structure of the ESPA-WB membrane contains a large number of several adsorption sites which leads to an increase in the removal rate of dyes. Hence, this study demonstrated a non-conventional strategy to prepare an effective adsorptive nano-composite membrane that can be applied as a highly recyclable one for the removal of organic dyes.Graphic abstract

Preparation, Characterization and Properties of a Novel Electrospun Polyamide-6/ Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Composite Nanofiber

Chitosan (CS) is a natural biopolymer that due to its excellent properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability is suitable for use in many applications. But, dependent on the molecular weight and other properties the electrospinning capability of CS is very weak. To solve this problem, it is recommended to blend it with a second polymer. In this work, CS/polyamide-6 (PA6) composite nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning technique. Then different weight percentages of graphene oxide (GO) i.e. 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 wt% were used to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of composite nanofibers. The characterization results showed that uniform nanofibers were formed by electrospinning of the PA6/CS nanocomposites blend, and the addition of GO lead to the formation of spider-web-like morphology with decreasing of nanofibers diameter. Further, the GO can improve Young's modulus and thermal degradation resistance of the PA6/CS nanofibers mat. Finally, the potential of prepared composite nanofibers was investigated for the adsorption of lead ions (Pb2+) in a batch system. Kinetic studies revealed that the Pb2+ ion adsorption onto PA6/CS/GO nanofibers mat followed pseudo-first-order kinetic, and gave the maximum adsorption capacity of 217.39 mg g−1.

Potential of Polyamide Nanofibers With Natamycin, Rosemary Extract, and Green Tea Extract in Active Food Packaging Development: Interactions With Food Pathogens and Assessment of Microbial Risks Elimination.

Increasing microbial safety and prolonging the shelf life of products is one of the major challenges in the food industry. Active food packaging made from nanofibrous materials enhanced with antimicrobial substances is considered a promising way. In this study, electrospun polyamide (PA) nanofibrous materials functionalized with 2.0 wt% natamycin (NAT), rosemary extract (RE), and green tea extract (GTE), respectively, were prepared as active packaging and tested for the food pathogens Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. The PAs exhibited: (i) complete retention of bacterial cells reaching 6.0–6.4 log10removal, (ii) antimicrobial activity with 1.6–3.0 log10suppression, and (iii) antibiofilm activity with 1.7–3.0 log10suppression. The PAs prolonged the shelf life of chicken breast; up to 1.9 log10(CFU/g) suppression of total viable colonies and 2.1 log10(CFU/g) suppression of L. monocytogenes were observed after 7 days of storage at 7°C. A beneficial effect on pH and sensory quality was verified. The results confirm microbiological safety and benefits of PA/NAT, PA/RE, and PA/GTE and their potential in developing functional and ecological packaging.

Morphology, defects and polymer concentration related nonlinear absorption and optical limiting properties of electrospun polyamide 6 nanofibers

AbstractThe effects of morphology, defects and polymer concentration on nonlinear absorption characteristics of electrospun polyamide 6 (PA 6) nanofibers were studied systematically. Scanning electron microscopy measurements showed that a deviation from uniform nanofibers to irregular cob‐web nanofibers morphology occurred with increasing PA 6 concentration and fiber diameter. Open aperture Z‐scan results indicated that the thinner uniform PA 6 nanofibers present higher nonlinear absorption. This observation is mainly attributed to a greatest light scattering for thicker uniform nanofibers, considering the linear optical analysis of the PA 6 nanofibers. As a secondary factor, this could be associated with defect state distribution within the band gap, which facilitates the contribution of two photon absorption (TPA) and free carrier absorption (FCA) to nonlinear absorption. Moreover, the thinner uniform nanofibers exhibit higher optical limiting behavior. Polyamide 6 nanofibers attract more attention for biomedical applications due to their good biocompatibility. However, to our knowledge, no study exists on PA 6 nanofibers nonlinear optical properties and their dependency on nanofiber morphology. Therefore, in line with the reported results, this report reveals that PA 6 nanofibers are a promising material for optoelectronic applications as well as biomedical applications.

Polyacrylamide grafted electrospun polyamide 6 nanocomposite fibers for drug delivery application

Polyacrylamide grafted electrospun polyamide 6 nanocomposite fibers for drug delivery application