Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds Research Articles

Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds Reinforced with Therapeutic Lithium/Manganese-Doped Calcium Phosphates: Advancing Skin Cancer Therapy through Apoptosis Induction

Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds Reinforced with Therapeutic Lithium/Manganese-Doped Calcium Phosphates: Advancing Skin Cancer Therapy through Apoptosis Induction

Electrospun zeolitic imidazole framework-8 loaded silk fibroin/polycaprolactone nanofibrous scaffolds for biomedical application

The development of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds (NFSs) have aroused much attraction in the field of biomedical engineering, due to their small fiber diameter, high specific surface area, and excellent extracellular matrix comparability. The main focus of this study is to design and fabricate novel zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8)-loaded silk fibrin/polycaprolactone (SF/PCL) nanofiber composite scaffolds by using the electrospinning strategy. Firstly, ZIF-8 was synthesized and characterized, which showed remarkable features in terms of shape, size, chemical and physical properties. Then, three different amounts of ZIF-8 were encapsulated into SF/PCL nanofibers during electrospinning, to investigate how the addition of ZIF-8 affected the morphology, and structure, as well as physical, mechanical, and biological properties of the nanofiber composite scaffolds. It was found that the addition of ZIF-8 didn't change the nanofibrous morphology of the composite scaffold, and no bead-like structure were found for the SF/PCL composite scaffolds loading with or without ZIF-8. The appropriate addition of ZIF-8 could significantly increase the mechanical properties of SF/PCL NFSs. The SF/PCL NFS containing 5% ZIF-8 showed high ultimate stress and initial modulus, which were 40.31 ± 2.31 MPa, and 569.19 ± 21.38 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the MTT assay indicated that the pure SF/PCL scaffold and one with 1% ZIF-8 exhibited nearly identical cell compatibility toward human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells, but some obvious cytotoxicity was observed with the increase of ZIF-8 content. However, the incorporation of ZIF-8 into SF/PCL NFSs was found to have excellent antibacterial rate against both E. coli and S. aureus. In all, the incorporation of 1% ZIF-8 could impart the SF/PCL NFS with balanced bio-function, making it a promising candidate for diverse biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and wound healing.

Cell migration within porous electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds in a mouse subcuticular implantation model.

Cellular infiltration into electrospun nanofibers (NFs) is limited due to the dense structure and small pore sizes. We developed a programmed NF collector that can fabricate porous NFs with desired pore sizes and thickness. Previously we demonstrated improved cellular proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and fibroblasts with increased pore sizes of polycaprolactone (PCL) NF in-vitro. This study investigated in-vivo host cell migration and vascular ingrowth within porous NF sheets implanted subcutaneously in a mouse model. Two types of PCL NFs with well-defined pore sizes were created using varying speeds of the NF collector: NF-zero (no movement, pore size 14.4 ± 8.9 µm2) and NF-high (0.232 mm/min, pore size 286.7 ± 381.9 µm2). The NF obtained by using classical flat NF collector (2D NF, pore size 1.09 ± 1.7 µm2) was a control. The three formulae of NFs were implanted subcutaneously in 18 BALB/cJ mice. Animals were killed 7 and 28-days after implantation (n = 3 per group per time point). The tissue with implanted NFs were collected for histologic analysis. Overall, 7-day samples showed little inflammatory response. At 28-days, the degree of tissue penetration of PCL NF sheet matrices was linked to pore size and area. NFs with the largest pore area had more efficient tissue migration and new blood vessel formation compared to those with smaller pore sizes. No newly formed blood vessels were observed in the 2D NF group. A porous NF scaffold with controllable pore size has potential for tissue repair/regeneration in situ with potential for many applications in orthopaedics.

Enhanced axonal regeneration and functional recovery of the injured sciatic nerve in a rat model by lithium-loaded electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds

Enhanced axonal regeneration and functional recovery of the injured sciatic nerve in a rat model by lithium-loaded electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds

Evaluation of MDR-specific phage Pɸ-Mi-Pa loaded mucoadhesive electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds against drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa- induced wound infections in an animal model

Given the escalating prevalence of drug-resistant wounds, there is a justified imperative to explore innovative and more efficacious therapies that diverge from conventional, ineffective wound healing approaches. This research has introduced a strategy to address multi-drug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a chronic wound model, employing MDR-specific phage Pɸ-Mi-Pa loaded onto mucoadhesive electrospun scaffolds. A cocktail of three isolates of P. aeruginosa-specific lytic phages, Pɸ-Mi-Pa 51, Pɸ-Mi-Pa 120, and Pɸ-Mi-Pa 133 were incorporated into varying ratios of fabricated PCL-PVP polymer. These formulations were assessed for their therapeutic efficacy in achieving bacterial clearance in P. aeruginosa-induced wound infections. The study encompassed biological characterization through in vivo wound healing assessments, histology, and histomorphometry. Additionally, morphological, mechanical, and chemical analyses were conducted on the fabricated PCL-PVP electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds. Three clonal differences of the MDR P. aeruginosa-specific phages (Pɸ-Mi-Pa 51, Pɸ-Mi-Pa 120, and Pɸ-Mi-Pa 133) produced lytic activity and were seen to produce distinct and clear zones of inhibition against MDR P. aeruginosa strains Pa 051, Pa 120 and Pa 133 respectively. The average porosity of the nanofibrous scaffolds PB 1, PB 2, PB 3, and PB 4 were 12.2 ± 0.3 %, 22.1 ± 0.7 %, 31.1 ± 2.4 %, 28.0 ± 0.8 % respectively. In vitro cumulative release of MDR-specific phage Pɸ-Mi-Pa from the mucoadhesive electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds was found to be 70.91 % ± 1.02 % after 12 h of incubation after an initial release of 42.8 % ± 3.01 % after 1 h. Results from the in vivo wound healing study revealed a substantial reduction in wound size, with formulations PB 2 and PB 3 exhibiting the most significant reduction in wound size, demonstrating statistically significant results on day 5 (100 % ± 31.4 %). These findings underscore the potential of bacteriophage-loaded electrospun PCL-PVP nanofibrous scaffolds for treating drug-resistant wounds, generating tissue substitutes, and overcoming certain limitations associated with conventional wound care matrices.

Novel shish-kebab structured nanofibrous decorating chitosan unidirectional scaffolds to mimic extracellular matrix for tissue engineering

Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds are renowned for their ability to mimic the microstructure of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, they often fail to replicate the geometry of target tissues, and the biocompatibility of these scaffolds those made from synthetic polymers is always limited due to the lack of cell binding sites. To address these issues, we proposed an innovative approach that combined unidirectional freeze-drying and electrospinning. During this process, electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers were chopped into nanofibrils, which range in size up to several hundred micrometers, and were incorporated into the chitosan scaffolds via unidirectional freeze-drying. In these scaffolds, the chitosan phase was responsible for maintaining the structural integrity at the macroscale, while the embedded nanofibers enhanced the surface topography at the microscale. The resulting scaffolds exhibited a high porosity of 90% and an impressive water uptake capacity of 2500%. Furthermore, 3T3 fibroblast cells showed strong interactions with the scaffolds, characterized by high rates of cell proliferation and viability. The cells also displayed significant orientation along the direction of the pores, suggesting that the scaffolds effectively guided cellular growth.

Estimation and optimization of nerve cells’ proliferation on electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds

Estimation and optimization of nerve cells’ proliferation on electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds

Introducing PCL-Based Electrospun Nanocomposite Wound Dressings: Synergistic Effects of Curcumin and Reduced Graphene Oxide

ABSTRACT The development of effective wound dressings is critical for enhancing patient outcomes in both acute and chronic wound care scenarios. In this research, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated from poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), enhanced with curcumin and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) to optimize their biomedical applications, particularly in wound healing. The resulting scaffolds were rigorously characterized through scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, water uptake capacity, and water vapor transmission rate assays. The biocompatibility of these novel nanofibers was affirmed through MTT assays. Antibacterial tests confirmed the scaffolds’ ability to inhibit both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with inhibition zones measuring up to 9.9 mm for S. aureus and 9.2 mm for E. coli. Additionally, scaffolds containing curcumin exhibited significant antioxidant activity, achieving up to 40% radical scavenging efficiency. The study further revealed the scaffolds’ capability for sustained drug release, with an initial burst release within the first 12 hours followed by a gradual release over 168 hours. Overall, the PCL-curcumin-RGO electrospun mats demonstrated considerable potential for biomedical applications, notably in the field of wound dressings, due to their enhanced antibacterial, antioxidant, and biocompatible properties.

Enhancement of the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of human dental pulp stem cells via chondroitin sulfate-coated polycaprolactone-MWCNT nanofibers

Most of the conditions involving cartilaginous tissues are irreversible and involve degenerative processes. The aim of the present study was to fabricate a biocompatible fibrous and film scaffolds using electrospinning and casting techniques to induce chondrogenic differentiation for possible application in cartilaginous tissue regeneration. Polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds and PCL film were fabricated and incorporated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Thereafter, coating of chondroitin sulfate (CS) on the fibrous and film structures was applied to promote chondrogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). First, the morphology, hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spectroscopic characterization, water contact angle measurements and tensile strength testing. Subsequently, the effects of the fabricated scaffolds on stimulating the proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and inducing their chondrogenic differentiation were evaluated via electron microscopy, flow cytometry and RT‒PCR. The results of the study demonstrated that the different forms of the fabricated PCL-MWCNTs scaffolds analyzed demonstrated biocompatibility. The nanofilm structures demonstrated a higher rate of cellular proliferation, while the nanofibrous architecture of the scaffolds supported the cellular attachment and differentiation capacity of hDPSCs and was further enhanced with CS addition. In conclusion, the results of the present investigation highlighted the significance of this combination of parameters on the viability, proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation capacity of hDPSCs seeded on PCL-MWCNT scaffolds. This approach may be applied when designing PCL-based scaffolds for future cell-based therapeutic approaches developed for chondrogenic diseases.

Local Delivery of Dual Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Using an Electrospun Nanofibrous Platform for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury poses serious physical, psychosocial, and economic threats. Although systemic administration of stem cell-derived exosomes has recently been proven to be a promising modality for traumatic brain injury treatment, they come with distinct drawbacks. Luckily, various biomaterials have been developed to assist local delivery of exosomes to improve the targeting of organs, minimize nonspecific accumulation in vital organs, and ensure the protection and release of exosomes. In this study, we developed an electrospun nanofibrous scaffold to provide sustained delivery of dual exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells for traumatic brain injury treatment. The electrospun nanofibrous scaffold employed a functionalized layer of polydopamine on electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibers, thereby enhancing the efficient incorporation of exosomes through a synergistic interplay of adhesive forces, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions. First, the mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes and the neural stem cell-derived exosomes were found to modulate microglial polarization toward M2 phenotype, play an important role in the modulation of inflammatory responses, and augment axonal outgrowth and neural repair in PC12 cells. Second, the nanofibrous scaffold loaded with dual stem cell-derived exosomes (Duo-Exo@NF) accelerated functional recovery in a murine traumatic brain injury model, as it mitigated the presence of reactive astrocytes and microglia while elevating the levels of growth associated protein-43 and doublecortin. Additionally, multiomics analysis provided mechanistic insights into how dual stem cell-derived exosomes exerted its therapeutic effects. These findings collectively suggest that our novel Duo-Exo@NF system could function as an effective treatment modality for traumatic brain injury using sustained local delivery of dual exosomes from stem cells.

Assessment of Physicochemical Characterization and Mineralization of Nanofibrous Scaffold Incorporated With Aspartic Acid for Dental Mineralization: An In Vitro Study.

Aim The aim of this study was to assess the physicochemical characterization and mineralization of nanofibrous scaffold incorporated with nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) and aspartic acid (Asp) for dental mineralization. Methodology Three nanofibrous scaffolds were prepared, namely polycaprolactone (PCL), PCL with nHA, and PCL with nHA and Asp. Each scaffold was prepared separately by electrospinning. The physicochemical characterization of the surface of the nanofibrous scaffold was imaged using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In vitro mineralization studies were performed by immersing the sample in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7, 14, and 21 days. The surface of the samples was observed under SEM with EDX. Results SEM analysis of PCL/nHA/Asp revealed that the nanofibers were bead-free, smooth, randomly oriented, and loaded with Asp. The EDX spectra of PCL/nHA/Asp composite nanofibrous scaffold revealed broad peaks and corresponded to the amorphous form, while the sharp peaks corresponded to the specific crystalline structure of nHA. FTIR analysis showed specific functional groups corresponding to PCL, nHA, and Asp. The scaffolds incorporated with Asp exhibited higher mineralization potential with an apatite-like crystal formation, which increased with an increase in the duration of immersion in SBF. Conclusion Physiochemical characterization demonstrated the incorporation of PCL/nHA/Asp in the electrospun nanofibrous scaffold. The mineralization analysis revealed that the presence of Asp enhanced the mineralization when compared with the PCL and PCL/nHA. PCL/nHA/Asp incorporated in scaffold can be a promising material for dental mineralization.

Creating and evaluating a novel small diameter PCL/PU vascular graft for finger reconstruction: A comprehensive analysis of structural, mechanical, in vitro, and in vivo assessments

This study addresses vascular repair challenges during digital replantation by developing an electrospun nanofibrous scaffold using PCL and PU for small-diameter vascular grafts (<2 mm). Structural validation employed diverse techniques such as FE-SEM, DSC, and FTIR analysis, while mechanical properties like stress and strain were rigorously evaluated. Functionality was assessed through in vitro assays and in vivo experiments, including subcutaneous implantation in rats and femoral artery insertion in rabbits. The scaffold demonstrated favorable mechanical properties and enhanced cell attachment, with minimal lumen fibrosis and good blood compatibility observed. Post-implantation in rabbits showed well-established blood flow and signs of tissue formation, suggesting potential for regenerative medicine. In conclusion, the PU85/PCL15 scaffold exhibited promising outcomes, highlighting its potential in microvascular tissue engineering Level of evidenceLevel V

Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds of polylactic acid loaded with ginger/MoO3/CuO/graphene oxide: biocompatibility and antibacterial activity

Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds of polylactic acid loaded with ginger/MoO3/CuO/graphene oxide: biocompatibility and antibacterial activity

Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds as a platform to reduce melanoma tumour growth, recurrence, and promote post-resection wound repair

Wound healing following skin tumour surgery still remains a major challenge. To address this issue, polysaccharide-loaded nanofibrous mats have been engineered as skin patches on the wound site to improve wound healing while simultaneously eliminating residual cancer cells which may cause cancer relapse. The marine derived polysaccharides kappa-carrageenan (KCG) and fucoidan (FUC) were blended with polydioxanone (PDX) nanofibers due to their inherent anti-cancer activity conferred by the sulphate groups as well as their immunomodulatory properties which can reduce inflammation resulting in accelerated wound healing. KCG and FUC were released sustainably from the blend nanofibers via the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics. MTT assays, live/dead staining and SEM images demonstrated the toxicity of KCG and FUC towards skin cancer MP 41 cells. In addition, MP 41 cells showed reduced metastatic potential when grown on KCG or FUC containing mats. Both KCG and FUC were non- cytotoxic to healthy L 929 fibroblast cells. In vivo studies on healthy Wistar rats confirmed the non-toxicity of the nanofibrous patches as well as their improved and scarless wound healing potential. In vivo studies on tumour xenograft model further showed a reduction of 7.15 % in tumour volume in only 4 days following application of the transdermal patch.

Gas foamed scaffolds as smart 3D structures in skin tissue engineering

Globally, wound care is a major problem that poses big issues for national healthcare systems. Consequently, the development of wound dressings, systems applied over a wound to prevent complications and speed up recovery, is receiving increasing attention. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds gained great interest in the medical field due to their many advantages and beneficial characteristics. However, they are formed by of densely packed fiber layers, which render the available space between adjacent fibers minimal. In this study, nanometric fibers from pullulan polymeric blends were developed using cricket powder as novel component, due to its high chitin and chitosan content. Hydroxyapatite was also added due to its biocompatibility and capability to interact with the host tissues. The 2D mats based on electropsun fibers in membrane were converted to a 3D structure by gas foaming, involving NaBH4. The obtained 3D systems were characterized for their morphology and composition, and mechanical properties. The scaffolds biocompatibility was tested on normal human dermal fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells, and cell adhesion was assessed. TNF-α secretion was thereafter characterized to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the scaffolds on macrophages, and their antioxidant activity was also investigated. Finally, an evaluation of the scaffolds’ safety and efficacy in vivo on a murine incisional and burn model was performed. The results obtained not only revealed greater structural and mechanical integrity of the gas-foamed scaffolds containing cricket powder, but also higher cytocompatibility towards different cell lines together with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, thereby making them innovative tools to improve the process of wound healing.

PLA blended gelatine-based nanofibrous mats with enhanced hydrophobicity for soft tissue regeneration

Wound healing requires a substantial amount of moisture for faster recovery. Completely hydrophobic or hydrophilic biomaterials are not suitable to be applied for cell growth in wounded areas. The study aimed to prepare a nanofibrous scaffold from the blend of a solution of hydrophobic PLA and a solution of hydrophilic gelatine. The stability of the blend was achieved using a surfactant and an electrospun nanofibrous scaffold was made out of the solution. The optimum composition of gelatine and PLA to make a scaffold of uniform fibre diameter was achieved with the help of conductivity, viscosity and FESEM analysis. The optimum scaffold was characterised by TGA, DSC and XRD analysis. The water contact angle of the optimum sample was observed at 27°. The blended scaffold was found non-toxic to cells and showed a 30% faster healing of wounds in the rat model test compared to the healing rate of the PLA scaffold or the gelatine scaffold alone. The histological assay also supported the blend scaffold as an encouraging material for tissue regeneration.

Development of 5-fluorouracil/etoposide co-loaded electrospun nanofibrous scaffold for localized anti-melanoma therapy.

Nanofibrous scaffolds have emerged as promising candidates for localized drug delivery systems in the treatment of cutaneous cancers. In this study, we prepared an electrospun nanofibrous scaffold incorporating 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and etoposide (ETP) for chemotherapy targeting melanoma cutaneous cancer. The scaffold was composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS), prepared via the electrospinning process and loaded with the chemotherapeutic agents. We conducted relevant physicochemical characterizations, assessed cytotoxicity, and evaluated apoptosis against melanoma A375 cells. The prepared 5-FU/ETP co-loaded PVA/CS scaffold exhibited nanofibers (NFs) with an average diameter of 321 ± 61 nm, defect-free and homogenous morphology. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed successful incorporation of chemotherapeutics into the scaffold. Additionally, the scaffold demonstrated a hydrophilic surface, proper mechanical strength, high porosity, and efficient liquid absorption capacity. Notably, sustained and controlled drug release was observed from the nanofibrous scaffold. Furthermore, the scaffold significantly increased cytotoxicity (95%) and apoptosis (74%) in A375 melanoma cells. Consequently, the prepared 5-FU/ETP co-loaded PVA/CS nanofibrous scaffold holds promise as a valuable system for localized eradication of cutaneous melanoma tumors and mitigation of adverse drug reactions associated with chemotherapy.

Recent Advances in Functionalized Electrospun Membranes for Periodontal Regeneration.

Periodontitis is a global, multifaceted, chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacterial microorganisms and an exaggerated host immune response that not only leads to the destruction of the periodontal apparatus but may also aggravate or promote the development of other systemic diseases. The periodontium is composed of four different tissues (alveolar bone, cementum, gingiva, and periodontal ligament) and various non-surgical and surgical therapies have been used to restore its normal function. However, due to the etiology of the disease and the heterogeneous nature of the periodontium components, complete regeneration is still a challenge. In this context, guided tissue/bone regeneration strategies in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have gained more and more interest, having as a goal the complete restoration of the periodontium and its functions. In particular, the use of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds has emerged as an effective strategy to achieve this goal due to their ability to mimic the extracellular matrix and simultaneously exert antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and regenerative activities. This review provides an overview of periodontal regeneration using electrospun membranes, highlighting the use of these nanofibrous scaffolds as delivery systems for bioactive molecules and drugs and their functionalization to promote periodontal regeneration.

Multifunctional electrospun nanofibrous scaffold enriched with alendronate and hydroxyapatite for balancing osteogenic and osteoclast activity to promote bone regeneration.

Electrospun composite nanofiber scaffolds are well known for their bone and tissue regeneration applications. This research is focused on the development of PVP and PVA nanofiber composite scaffolds enriched with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles and alendronate (ALN) using the electrospinning technique. The developed nanofiber scaffolds were investigated for their physicochemical as well as bone regeneration potential. The results obtained from particle size, zeta potential, SEM and EDX analysis of HA nanoparticles confirmed their successful fabrication. Further, SEM analysis verified nanofiber's diameters within 200-250nm, while EDX analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of HA and ALN into the scaffolds. XRD and TGA analysis revealed the amorphous and thermally stable nature of the nanofiber composite scaffolds. Contact angle, FTIR analysis, Swelling and biodegradability studies revealed the hydrophilicity, chemical compatibility, suitable water uptake capacity and increased in-vitro degradation making it appropriate for tissue regeneration. The addition of HA into nanofiber scaffolds enhanced the physiochemical properties. Additionally, hemolysis cell viability, cell adhesion and proliferation by SEM as well as confocal microscopy and live/dead assay results demonstrated the non-toxic and biocompatibility behavior of nanofiber scaffolds. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assays demonstrated osteoblast promotion and osteoclast inhibition, respectively. These findings suggest that developed HA and ALN-loaded PVP/PVA-ALN-HA nanofiber composite scaffolds hold significant promise for bone regeneration applications.

Biomimetic electrospun nanofibrous scaffold for tissue engineering: preparation, optimization by design of experiments (DOE), in-vitro and in-vivo characterization.

Electrospinning is a versatile method for fabrication of précised nanofibrous materials for various biomedical application including tissue engineering and drug delivery. This research is aimed to fabricate the PVP/PVA nanofiber scaffold by novel electrospinning technique and to investigate the impact of process parameters (flow rate, voltage and distance) and polymer concentration/solvent combinations influence on properties of electrospun nanofibers. The in-vitro and in-vivo degradation studies were performed to evaluate the potential of electrospun PVP/PVA as a tissue engineering scaffold. The solvents used for electrospinning of PVP/PVA nanofibers were ethanol and 90% acetic acid, optimized with central composite design via Design Expert software. NF-2 and NF-35 were selected as optimised nanofiber formulation in acetic acid and ethanol, and their characterization showed diameter of 150-400nm, tensile strength of 18.3 and 13.1MPa, respectively. XRD data revealed the amorphous nature, and exhibited hydrophilicity (contact angles: 67.89° and 58.31° for NF-2 and NF-35). Swelling and in-vitro degradability studies displayed extended water retention as well as delayed degradation. FTIR analysis confirmed solvent-independent interactions. Additionally, hemolysis and in-vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed the non-toxic nature of fabricated scaffolds on RBCs and L929 fibroblast cells. Subcutaneous rat implantation assessed tissue response, month-long biodegradation, and biocompatibility through histological analysis of surrounding tissue. Due to its excellent biocompatibility, this porous PVP/PVA nanofiber has great potential for biomedical applications.