Electrophoretic Protein Patterns Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Protein Values and Electrophoretic Patterns of Buffalo Milk and Cow Milk Proteins by the SDS-PAGE Method

Comparative Evaluation of Protein Values and Electrophoretic Patterns of Buffalo Milk and Cow Milk Proteins by the SDS-PAGE Method

Reversal of Valproate-Induced Major Salivary Gland Changes By Moringa Oleifera Extract in Rats.

This study aimed to explore the potential protective impacts of Moringa oleifera extract on major alteration in salivary glands of rats exposed to sodium valproate (VA). Groups were defined as control, control+moringa extract, sodium valproate, and sodium valproate+moringa extract. Antioxidant and oxidant status, activities of digestive and metabolic enzymes were examined. VA treatment led to various biochemical changes in the salivary glands, including decreased levels of antioxidants like glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase (except for sublingual superoxide dismutase). Conversely, a decrease in alpha-amylase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, protease, and maltase activities were observed. The study also demonstrated that VA induces oxidative stress, increases lipid peroxidation, sialic acid, and nitric oxide levels in the salivary glands. Total oxidant capacity was raised in all glands except in the sublingual gland. The electrophoretic patterns of proteins were similar. Moringa oleifera extract exhibited protective properties, reversing these VA-induced biochemical changes due to its antioxidant and therapeutic attributes. This research suggests that moringa extract might serve as an alternative treatment approach for individuals using VA and experiencing salivary gland issues, although further research is necessary to confirm these findings in human subjects.

A Comparative Study of Electrophoretic Patterns of Proteins in Different Tissues of Fresh Water Cat Fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

A Comparative Study of Electrophoretic Patterns of Proteins in Different Tissues of Fresh Water Cat Fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Association of Serum Proteins Electrophoretic Pattern and Serum Hormones in Women with Spontaneous Pregnancy Loss.

Pregnancy is the state of carrying a developing embryo or fetus within a female body. Once pregnancy is established, a range of endocrinological events appear in its maintenance, finally helping in the successful pregnancy. The complications which are usually observed in pregnancy are gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm labor, and spontaneous pregnancy loss or miscarriage, while 10%-15% of clinically recognized pregnancies terminate into spontaneous miscarriage. Thus, many attempts have been made by different researchers for the diagnosis of high-risk pregnancy on altered protein pattern using placental villous tissue or follicular fluid, but these are difficult to obtain and results of different studies are not constant. This study was designed to identify the association (if any) among serum protein(s) electrophoretic pattern and different serum hormones in normal pregnant women (controls) and gestational age-matched women with spontaneous pregnancy loss (cases). This study was carried out for 1½ year from October 2018 to March 2020 and included 120 participants (60 normal pregnant women and 60 women with spontaneous pregnancy loss) between 20 and 45 years of age with no mean age difference. The electrophoresis of serum was carried out using slab gel electrophoretic unit and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total tri-iodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), prolactin, and beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels were analyzed using TSOSH AIA analyzer at Adesh University, Bathinda. Significant variations in the expression of proteins with molecular weight around ~150 kDa, ~50 kDa, and ~25 kDa were observed in normal pregnant women and women with spontaneous pregnancy loss. However, the protein band of ~50 kDa was found to be highly expressed in the serum of 1st and 2nd trimester women experiencing spontaneous pregnancy loss. Therefore, selected protein band of ~50 kDa was further processed by ECI-mass spectrophotometry QUAD time of flight and 365 different proteins were found, out of these; 34 proteins were found to be unidentified protein products (Verified using NCBI data base). Further, TT3, total proteins, β-hCG, and prolactin level were found to be low, whereas, TSH was found to be high in women experiencing spontaneous pregnancy loss. However, difference in the level of β-hCG in the 1st trimester and TT4 among normal pregnant women and women with spontaneous pregnancy loss was observed to be statistically insignificant. This study indicated that the evaluation of serum protein variations along with hormonal profile may provide valuable information about high-risk pregnancy. Moreover, the differential expression of proteins in women with spontaneous pregnancy loss can be further explored to develop potential biomarker for the early identification of high-risk pregnancy and appropriate preventive measure.

Creating a novel genetic diversity of Trichoderma afroharzianum by γ-radiation for xylanase-cellulase production

Creating novel sources of a microbial strain using induced mutation can increase enzyme production for industrial use. According to this, we have developed a mutant strain of Trichoderma afroharzianum by Co60 gamma irradiation. Trichoderma mutants were isolated from an optimum dose of 250 Gy. The qualitative and quantitative screening were used for evaluating their enzyme production and the DNA barcoding method was used to identify the best Trichoderma mutant isolates. The highest cellulase (exo-glucanase, endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, and total cellulase) and xylanase activities were observed in superior mutant isolates of Trichoderma afroharzianum NAS107-M44 and Trichoderma afroharzianum NAS107-M82, which is approximately 1.6–2.5 times higher than its parent strain, respectively. The electrophoretic pattern of proteins showed that the exo-glucanase I, endo-glucanase III, and the xylanase I enzymes hydrolyzed the corn bran, synergistically. Overall, gamma irradiation-induced mutation could be an expedient technique to access such superior mutants for the bioconversion of corn bran wastes.

Dynamic Correlation between Platelet Aggregation and Inflammatory-like State in Athlete Horses

This study aimed to assess the effect of exercise on serum electrophoretic protein pattern, C-reactive protein (CRP) and platelet aggregation in horses subjected to a jumping exercise. The possible relationship between acute-phase reactions and platelet reactivity in the context of exercise was investigated. Blood samples were collected from 10 jumper horses at rest (TREST), within 5 min from the end of exercise (TPE5), and 30 min (TPE30) and 60 min after exercise (TPE60). The serum values of total proteins; CRP; albumin; α1-, α-2, β1-, β2- and γ-globulins; and the maximum degree of aggregation and the initial velocity of aggregation (slope) were evaluated. According to one-way analysis of variance, CRP and α1-, α-2, β1- and β2-globulins increased after exercise compared with rest condition (p < 0.001), whereas albumin and platelet aggregation showed lower values after exercise than at rest (p < 0.001). CRP and α1-globulin values were negatively correlated with both platelet aggregation indices at TPE5, whereas no significant correlation among these parameters was found at TREST, TPE30 and TPE60. This study provides evidence that an acute-phase response occurred in horses after the jumping exercise and suggests a linkage between the inflammatory status and the platelet responsiveness in horses during exercise.

Electrophoretic Pattern of Serum Proteins in Pregnancy: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Nutritional status during pregnancy is a determining factor for maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Protein is an essential nutrient for foetal development. If pregnancy is associated with an improper diet leading to protein deficiency, the prospects for maternal and foetal outcomes may be catastrophic. An electrophoretic study of serum protein patterns in pregnancy can help identify pregnancy-specific protein markers and facilitate the monitoring of feto-maternal health. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess serum protein levels and their fractions (albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, and gamma globulin) using gel electrophoresis in healthy pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medical Biochemistry in collaboration with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Sultania Zanana Hospital, associated with Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, between January 2021 and February 2021. Fifty normal non-pregnant women of childbearing age and 50 normal pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy attending an antenatal clinic were enrolled and followed-up through the second and third trimesters for investigations. Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin levels were estimated using a fully automated chemistry analyser, and the electrophoretic patterns of serum protein fractions were analysed using an automated gel electrophoresis apparatus. EpiInfo statistical software was used for the statistical analysis of data, with p<0.05 considered the statistical significance level. Results: The serum total protein level in non-pregnant women was 6.36±0.40 g/dL, while in pregnant women, it was 8.01±0.40 g/dL, 8.00±0.42 g/dL, and 6.36±0.43 g/dL in the first (T1), second (T2), and third (T3) trimesters, respectively. The serum albumin level was 3.90±0.30 g/dL in non-pregnant women, while in pregnant women it was 4.24±0.38 g/dL, 4.58±0.34 g/dL, and 3.87±0.36 g/dL in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The globulin level in non-pregnant women was 2.46±0.28 g/dL, while in T1, T2, and T3 it was 3.86±0.22 g/dL, 3.42±0.20 g/dL, and 2.49±0.24 g/dL, respectively. A significant difference was found among the groups for serum total protein, serum albumin, and serum globulin. In non-pregnant women, the protein fractions- albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, and gamma globulindid not show any deviation from normal levels. However, there was a decrease in albumin and beta globulin levels, along with an increase in alpha-2 globulin levels in the first trimester. An increase in beta globulin and a decrease in gamma globulin levels were observed in the second trimester. In the third trimester, all these fractions did not show any significant alterations, except for gamma globulin. Conclusion: Serum total protein, serum albumin, and serum globulin levels showed a significant difference. However, a slight increase in serum globulin levels compensated for the fall in albumin levels during pregnancy. Variations in the levels of beta globulin, alpha-2 globulin, and gamma globulin were observed during pregnancy, while, on the other hand, alpha-1 globulin did not show any alterations in pregnant women during the first, second, and third trimesters, although its level was higher in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women.

Comparison of the Serum Protein Electrophoretic Pattern and Concentrations of Acute Phase Proteins in Bitches with and Without Mammary Gland Tumors

Abstract Alterations in the serum protein pattern may be associated with many diseases, including neoplastic processes. In veterinary medicine, these changes are poorly understood. Therefore, this study was aimed at the analysis of the distribution of blood serum protein fractions separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and at the determination of the concentrations of main acute phase proteins in bitches with mammary gland neoplasia. The evaluation was conducted on twelve female dogs with palpable single or multiple nodules in the parenchyma of the mammary gland and on ten tumor-free clinically healthy bitches to compare the possible differences in the obtained results. Blood serum was used to perform agarose gel electrophoresis of the main blood serum protein fractions and to analyze the concentrations of total serum proteins and the following canine acute phase proteins: serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein. The concentrations of total serum proteins were slightly higher in bitches with mammary gland tumors. Serum protein electrophoresis showed lower mean concentrations of albumin and α1-globulins in the affected dogs, while the concentrations of α2-and β1-globulins were significantly higher (P=0.0032 and P=0.0021, respectively) compared to dogs without mammary gland tumors. In the concentrations of acute phase proteins, significantly higher mean concentrations of C-reactive protein and haptoglobin were obtained in dogs with mammary tumors (P=0.0025 and P=0.0002, respectively). The values of α1-acid glycoprotein did not vary markedly between the bitches with and without mammary tumors. Presented data suggest that neoplastic processes in the mammary gland may also alter the electrophoretic pattern of blood serum proteins and induce changes in the production of some inflammatory proteins.

The hepato- and neuroprotective effect of gold Casuarina equisetifolia bark nano-extract against Chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in rats

BackgroundThe bark of Casuarina equisetifolia contains several active phytoconstituents that are suitable for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs). These nanoparticles were subsequently evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing the toxicity induced by Chlorpyrifos (CPF) in rats. ResultsVarious hematological and biochemical measurements were conducted in this study. In addition, markers of oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions quantified in liver and brain tissues were evaluated. Histopathological examinations were performed on both liver and brain tissues. Furthermore, the native electrophoretic protein and isoenzyme patterns were analyzed, and the relative expression levels of apoptotic genes in these tissues were determined. The hematological and biochemical parameters were found to be severely altered in the group injected with CPF. However, the administration of Au-C. equisetifolia nano-extract normalized these levels in all treated groups. The antioxidant system markers showed a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in conjunction with elevated levels of inflammatory and fibrotic markers in both liver and brain tissues of the CPF-injected group. In comparison, the pre-treated group exhibited a reduction in these markers when treated with the nano-extract, as opposed to the CPF-injected group. Additionally, the nano-extract mitigated the severity of histopathological lesions induced by CPF in both liver and brain tissues, with a higher ameliorative effect observed in the pre-treated group. Electrophoretic assays conducted on liver and brain tissues revealed that the nano-extract prevented the qualitative changes induced by CPF in the pre-treated group. Furthermore, the molecular assay demonstrated a significant increase in the relative expression of apoptotic genes in the CPF-injected rats. Although the nano-extract ameliorated the relative expression of these genes compared to the CPF-injected group, it was unable to restore their values to normal levels. ConclusionOur results demonstrated that the nano-extract effectively reduced the toxicity induced by CPF in rats at hematological, biochemical, histopathological, physiological, and molecular levels, in the group pre-treated with the nano-extract.

Protein Banding Pattern Changes in Muscle and Brain Tissues of Fresh Water Fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton) Exposed to Malathion in Gel Electrophoresis

The impact of the organophosphate malathion on the protein electrophoretic patterns of the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton) brain and muscle tissues were examined. Over 10 days, fish were given sub-lethal dosages of malathion (2 percent) at 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-hour intervals. For example, muscle and brain tissue proteins, were run on 7.5% SDS -PAGE to look for alterations in protein structure. Ten protein bands were found to be responsible for controlling skeletal muscle and brain function. At various times after Malathion exposure, the quantity and intensity of protein bands were reduced in the fish. There were also new protein bands found to be antagonistic to pesticides. Standard marker proteins were used to determine protein banding patterns, and Rm values were then determined. Electrophoretogram data from this investigation demonstrated that protein bands in gills and muscles were similar, with very slight differences.

Shelf-Stability of Kiln- and Liquid-Smoked Inulin-Fortified Emulsion-Type Pangasius Mince Sausage at Refrigerated Temperature.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the kiln (SK-S) and liquid smoking (LS-S) processes on the quality of inulin-fortified emulsion-type Pangasius mince sausages. The moisture content during the storage significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in C-S (control) sausages and increased (p < 0.05) in SK-S and LS-S sausages. The protein content decreased (p < 0.05) in C-S, SK-S, and LS-S throughout the storage period. Initially, among the three processed sausages, LS-S showed a lower pH value, and as the days of storage progressed, all the treatments exhibited a declining trend (p < 0.05). A significant (p < 0.05) increase in the PV was observed in all the sausages during the storage days at 5 ± 1 °C, but the intensity of the increase was lower in SK-S and LS-S. The total viable count of C-S and SK-S sausages reached the limit of acceptability (6 log10cfu g-1) on the 20th day and on the 24th day of storage. The electrophoretic protein pattern of LS-S samples exhibited retention of all bands, indicating the lower proteolysis of MHC, actin, and troponin T in comparison with other treatments. The hardness (p < 0.05) and cohesiveness (p > 0.05) values of both SK-S and LS-S reduced as the storage days progressed. The present study indicates that the emulsion-type Pangasius sausages incorporated with inulin powder (2%) exposed to kiln smoking and commercial liquid smoking retained good-to-better sensory attributes up to day 16 (C-S) and day 20 (SK-S and LS-S) under refrigerated storage at 5 ± 1 °C in low-density vacuum polyethylene (LDPE) pouches.

P4 TRANSTHYRETIN–INDUCED CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS: A RARE MUTATION IN AN ITALIAN FAMILIAL CASE

Abstract A 65–year–old man came to our hospital for a subacute stroke of the left parietotemporal area. An aorto–coronary bypass for stable coronary artery disease and aortobisiliac bypass for infrarenal aortic aneurysm (with post–operative courses complicated by multiple atrial fibrillation paroxisms which were pharmacologically cardioverted) was reported. No undergoing anticoagulant therapy for CHADSVASc=1 was reported. Hypothesizing a cardioembolic origin of the stroke, echocardiographic analysis was performed which showed increased ventricular thickness and mass, inhomogeneous texture, reduced systolic function and strain with apical sparing, II degree diastolic dysfunction and severe left atrial dilatation. The strong suspicion of amyloidosis, raised by the echocardiographic findings, was confirmed by bone scintigraphy. The absence of free immunoglobulin chains in blood and urine and a normal protein electrophoretic pattern, would have instead excluded the diagnosis of AL amyloidosis. Thus we performed genetic testing to characterize the type of ATTR (transthyretin). An homozygous Val142Ile mutation in exon 4 of the TTR gene was found. This mutation, typically found in patients of African ancestry, is extremely rare in the Caucasian population. In fact, only 5 cases of patients with this mutation and with phenotypic manifestations very similar to the African ancestral ones have been so far reported, thus indicating that this mutation is not restricted to African ancestry but may be an underestimated Caucasian variant. The large GnomAD database estimates that this homozygous mutation is present in only 0.72% of the general population, while the remaining part of the carriers are heterozygous. Val142Ile leads to increased formation of amyloid fibrils and to the formation of a particularly unstable TTR tetramer. This variant is associated with a worse quality of life, a higher incidence of AF and a lower survival than the wild type TTR. In light of the worse clinical outcomes associated to this variant it is therefore essential to maintain a high level of clinical suspicion in order to perform an early diagnosis from a clinical and molecular point of view in order to be able to direct the patient as soon as possible to the current available therapies that can modify the course of the pathology and avoid premature fatal events.

Serum C-reactive Protein and Protein Electrophoretic Pattern Correlated With Age in Horses

Inflammaging or chronic, low-grade inflammation is a phenomenon characterizing age-related pathologies and natural processes in aging tissues. This study aimed to investigate the effect of age on the serum levels of C-reactive protein and protein electrophoretic pattern in horses. Thirty Italian Saddle horses from the same horse training center, were enrolled and divided in three equal groups according to their age: Group A (2-4 years), Group B (7-10 years), Group C (15-20 years). Blood samples were collected from each horse to evaluate hematological parameters and the serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), total proteins, albumin, α1-, α-2, β1-, β2- and γ-globulins. One-way analysis of variance showed an age-related difference in the concentration of CRP, α1- and α2-globulins (P < 0.001) which increased with aging. Albumin and albumin:globulin ratio showed lower values in Groups B and C than Group A (P < 0.001). Age of horses showed a negative correlation with the values of albumin, and a positive correlation with CRP, α1- and α2-globulins concentration. The results of the current study suggest an increased acute phase response in adult and old horses compared to young ones. As α-globulin fractions include many other acute phase proteins (APPs) in addition to CRP, further studies to assess what other APPs could be involved in chronic inflammation or “inflammaging” are recommended in horse in order to improve knowledge on the key inflammatory biomarkers during aging in this species.

Assessment Of Acute Toxicity Of Chlorpyrifos And Its Sub-Lethal Effects On Protein Patterns Of Cyprinus Carpio(L.) By Using SDS-PAGE

The present study was focused on investigating the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and its impact on electrophoretic protein patterns in the tissues of Cyprinus carpio, an acute toxicity bioassay was conducted in the semi-static system and the fingerlings of C. carpio were exposed to various chlorpyrifos(50%EC)concentrations ranging from 0.1mg/L to 0.7mg/L for 96 h, and acute toxicity was determined as 0.318mg/L. Based on the LC50 value, the Cyprinus carpio were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations viz., SL-1 (1/5th of LC50, 0.0636mg/l) and SL-2 (1/10th of LC50,0.0318 mg/l) &nbsp;of chlorpyrifos. Proteins have a unique role in cell metabolism and proteomic analysis provides valuable information when variations that occur within the proteome of organisms are compared as a consequence of biological perturbations or external stimuli. The study's goal was to investigate the influence of chlorpyrifos on electrophoretic protein patterns by performing SDS-PAGE on muscle, liver, gill, and brain tissues after exposing fish to two sublethal concentrations &nbsp;in a semi-static system for 3 weeks. The intensity of protein subunits in exposed tissues decreased, and some subunits disappeared, CPF influences both high-intensity protein bands and low intensity as well in both the sub-lethal concentrations. The study has suggested that the changes in the protein banding are more prominent in the SL-1 concentration of chlorpyrifos.The variations in protein subunits band patterns are due to protein deprivation of various proteins, proteolysis, or maybe insufficient amino acid incorporation into the polypeptide chain due to induced stress imposed by the toxicant. &nbsp; &nbsp

Insights into the growth parameters, mineral composition, protein and UHPLC–QTOF–LC/MS‐based non‐targeted metabolomic fingerprints of wheatgrass as a function of photoperiod and temperature

SummaryWheatgrass juice powder (WJP) obtained from four Indian wheat varieties grown under different photoperiod and temperature conditions were examined for growth parameters, chlorophyll content, mineral composition, protein and metabolomic profile. The percentage yield and total chlorophyll content of WJP varied from 2.5% to 9.12% and 1.08 to 4.76 mg g−1, respectively. The WJP obtained from PBW‐752 showed the highest yield and total chlorophyll content. The mineral composition (Na, K, Ca and Mg) of WJP also showed variation with different photoperiod and temperature conditions. The electrophoretic pattern of total soluble proteins of WJP showed variability in the accumulation of high and low molecular weight polypeptides against different photoperiod and temperature conditions. The comprehensive metabolites profile of WJP was analysed by UHPLC–QTOF–liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Based on the retention times and m/z values, 1012 feature peaks in positive ionisation mode were detected. The metabolomic profile of WJP revealed 180 different classes of primary and secondary metabolites.

Effect of seasonal variations on electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins and some biochemical indices in Ossimi ewes and their neonatal lambs

This study aimed to observe the impact of seasonal variations on the behaviour of serum proteins electrophoretic patterns by the Hellabio Agarose Gels and the changes of some metabolic indices in Ossimi ewes and their lambs (15-30 days postpartum). Serum samples from 20 ewes and their lambs during each season (summer and winter) were used in this study. Temperature-humidity index (THI) in winter was 72 (comfort), but a severe stress was shown in July, when the THI exceeded 90. Blood albumin decreased by 7.31% and 9.92% in summer, but the contrary was shown for α-globulins in ewes and lambs:α1-globulins increased by 52.94 % and 22.22 %, α2-globulins by 27.85 % and 93.02 % and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio by 13.11% and 20% in summer, compared with winter. The values of β-globulins and γ-globulins did not differ between seasons. Ewes had higher values for protein fractions than lambs, but the reverse was true for A/G ratio. Summer serum glucose increased by 16.16% and 13.42%, urea by 16.16% and 25.78% and creatinine by 21.49% and 26.63%, whereas summer calcium (Ca) decreased by 6.81% and 5.18% and inorganic phosphorus (P) by 12.68% and 13.89% in ewes and their lambs respectively compared with winter. Lambs had higher values of serum glucose, Ca and P than their mothers, however the opposite was true for urea and creatinine. The presented results indicate that hot environment in summer season causes changes in serum protein electrophoretic patterns and metabolic indices in Ossimi ewes and their newborn lambs, which indicates an adaptive performance of these animals to seasonal variations and heat stress.

AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY ON SERUM PROTEINS IN NORMAL ARABIAN RACE HORSES

Electrophoretic Pattern of Serum proteins were studied in thirty normal Arabian race horses. The resolution of the serum protein fractions in 24 (80%) of horses, group I revealed five fractions, albumin and the globulins (a1, a2, B and y). The total serum protein was ranged from ( 6.2-8.4 gm/dL) with mean (7.57 ±0.17) in the this group of horses. &#x0D; Where-as four fractions, albumin and the globulins (a2, B and y) were observed in 6(20%) of horses, group 2.&#x0D; The total serum protein was ranged from (6.0 - 7.4 gm/dL) with mean (6.76 ± 0.27) in that group of horses. &#x0D; The Albumin/Globulin ratio in both Groups was (0.66 ±0.13); (0.89 ± 0.07), respectively.

Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Industrial Hemp Seed Protein Isolate Treated by High-Intensity Ultrasound.

Ultrasound is one of the non-thermal, green, and novel technologies used to functionalize plant proteins. We recently determined the optimum conditions of high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) treatment for maximum solubility and investigated the functional properties of hemp seed protein isolate (HSPI) under the optimal conditions. In this study, we analyzed changes in primary, secondary, and tertiary structures, physical microstructures, thermal stability, and antioxidant capacity of ultrasound-applied hemp protein isolate (HSPI-HIUS). The free SH group content (+59%) and zeta potential (+25%) increased upon ultrasound treatment. The electrophoretic protein patterns of HSPI showed no significant change after HIUS treatment. The FTIR spectrum revealed the wavenumber shifts in Amid 1 and 2 regions of protein. The denaturation temperature and the ratio of β-structure increased after sonication. Antioxidant properties of hemp seed protein isolates were increased by 38% by ultrasound treatment. The obtained data in this study showed that HIUS treatment would be promising for improving the functional, physicochemical, and antioxidant properties of HSPI.

Evaluation of acute toxicity of carbosulfan and its sub-lethal effects on protein patterns of Cyprinus carpio (L.) using SDS-PAGE

Among all types of water pollutants, pesticides are of the greatest concern. Carbosulfan is one such carbamate pesticide extensively employed in rural communities, that enters the aquatic environment by the proximity of agricultural lands to water bodies or through direct application in such environments. The consequences of these sublethal pollutants/toxicants exposures can be quantified in terms of biochemical, physiological, or the fish organism's histological reactions. Proteins have a unique role in cell metabolism and proteomic analysis provides valuable information when variations that occur within the proteome of organisms are compared as a consequence of biological perturbations or external stimuli. The study's goal was to investigate the acute toxicity of carbosulfan and its influence on electrophoretic protein patterns in the tissues of Cyprinus carpio. Fingerlings of C.carpio were subjected to various carbosulfan concentrations ranging from 2.6 mg/L to 4.6 mg/L for 96 h, and acute toxicity was determined as 3.41 mg/L. The comparison of the 96 h LC50 values between fish species shows that C.carpio is more resistant to carbosulfan. SDS-PAGE was performed on muscle, liver, gill, and brain tissues after exposing fish to two sublethal concentrations (1/10th and 1/5th of the 96 h LC50) in a semi-static system for 3 weeks. The intensity of protein subunits in carbosulfan-exposed tissues decreased, and some protein subunits disappeared. Carbosulfan attacks proteins having two or more domains easily in low concentrations, and as concentration increases, it begins to attack single domain proteins as well. Variations in protein subunits band patterns due to protein deprivation, proteolysis, or maybe insufficient amino acid incorporation into the polypeptide chain. The study concludes that carbosulfan provides a larger risk to the animal and alters the entire physiology of the fish. Given the importance of fish in human nutrition, biological monitoring of water and fish meat should be done frequently to ensure the continued safety of freshwater food. To prevent these pesticides and other toxins from entering the environment, safe disposal and recycling of domestic sewage and industrial wastes should be practiced and precautions should be taken while using even low concentrations of carbosulfan, and prohibiting or restricting carbosulfan usage is preferable.

Electrophoretic pattern of serum and urinary proteins in nephrotic syndrome

Introduction and Aim: Nephrotic syndrome is a pathological condition in which the filtration of blood by the kidneys is defective. Patients with nephrotic syndrome will show abnormal serum albumin and protein levels in the urine. This study aims at filling the gaps in the knowledge of nephrotic syndrome based on the biochemical studies of samples from paediatric patients with the disease. The purpose of this study was to compare and differentiate the protein electrophoretic pattern of the serum and urine of patients having nephrotic syndrome with the time of diagnosis, time since treatment and management, using polyacrylamide gels. Materials and Methods: Nine serum and urine samples of known patients, were collected from clinical biochemistry laboratory, sent for investigations and stored at -80°C till we proceeded with the experiments. The total protein concentration was determined using Biuret method. Protein electrophoresis was then carried out using polyacrylamide gel, which sieves proteins in size range of 5-250 kD. The obtained electrophoretogram was compared for urinary and serum proteins patterns of the same patient, at the time of diagnosis, monitoring during treatment or as the disease progresses. Results: The abnormalities in the lipid profile were noted to complement the electrophoretic results obtained above. On correlation of the urine and serum patterns, we found that the albumin, alpha 2 and beta globulin bands were visible and comparable. Conclusion: Since some proteins other than albumin are comparable in serum and urine, we would like to extend these preliminary findings with the SDS PAGE pattern of urinary and serum proteins to facilitate the investigation of patients not only at the time of onset of the disease, but also at different levels of management of the disease in larger prospective studies.