Electrophoretic Deposition Time Research Articles

Biomimetic Morphogenesis of Strontium Chitosan-Gelatin Composite Aggregates via EPD and Biomineralization in vitro and in vivo.

Biomineralization has been increasingly adopted for the synthesis of advanced materials with superior properties. Hierarchical architecture growth mimicking biomineralization has been studied using various organic molecules to template inorganic materials with controlled morphology. In our previous study, self-assembled Sr/CS/G(SrCO3-chitosan-gelatin) aggregates were fabricated using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). This study is a further step toward understanding the morphogenesis of Sr/CS/G aggregates and its biomineralization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the biomimetic morphogenesis of Sr/CS/G composite under various EPD parameters, such as polymer concentration, time, and voltage. The Sr/CS/G aggregates were immersed in H2O, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and simulated body fluid (SBF) to study the bioactive apatite formation ability. In addition, biocompatibility of the composites were evaluated by Fluorescence staining, SEM in vitro. The osteogenic ability of the coatings induced by PBS were tested in vivo. The CS/G weight ratio, EPD time, and voltage were found to influence the morphogenesis of Sr/CS/G aggregates. SEM and TEM results showed that the Sr/CS/G aggregates exhibited fractal growth characteristics and morphological self-similarity. XRD results confirmed the formation of SrCO3 crystals within the framework of chitosan and gelatin organic templates. Chitosan played a vital role in branching growth of the crystals, whereas gelatin guided the formation of composite spheres. The microstructural and compositional results reveal that the Sr/CS/G-induced apatite coating yielded a large quantity of apatite. These apatite coatings promote the cytocompatibility and osteogenesis of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) in vitro. The coatings induced by PBS enhanced proliferation and mineralization in vitro, and enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis in vivo. Sr/CS/G composites prepared via EPD are promising organic-inorganic templates for biomineralization. These findings provide important insights into understanding the mineralization process and optimizing the design of advanced biological materials.

Electrophoretic deposition of CNTs on a Cu foam interlayer for enhancing Cf/SiC–Nb brazed joint performance

The high residual stress and low toughness of ceramic matrix composite/metallic brazed joints poses severe challenges for the stable operation of high-speed aircraft under harsh conditions. This article innovatively tackles this issue with electrophoretic deposition (EPD), creating a CNT covered Cu foam composite interlayer for brazing Cf/SiC and Nb with an Ag–Cu–Ti alloy filler. A layer of mass ratio-controllable and percolated CNTs was physically adsorbed on the surface of the Cu foam substrate. EPD time was systematically investigated for its impact on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints. Results indicate that during brazing, the CNTs reacted with the active Ti element, transforming into ultrafine TiC grains with particle sizes ranging from 6 to 16 nm. These were dispersed evenly in the Ag solid solution. The elastic recovery rate of the cluster regions showed an increase of 123 % compared to the Ag solid solution, showing improved toughness of the seam. When the EPD time was 80 min, the shear strength of the joint produced with the composite interlayer reached 128.6 MPa, a 69 % increase over the directly brazed joint. Moreover, the fracture location of the joint shifted from the brazed seam towards the interior of the bulk Cf/SiC. Additionally, finite element analysis was utilized to confirm a significant decrease in residual stresses within the joint, and verified the findings.

Electrophoretic deposition of magnesium oxide coating on micro-arc oxidized titanium for antibacterial activity and biocompatibility

Titanium (Ti) dental implants face risks of early failure due to bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. It is thus necessary to endow the implant surface with antibacterial ability. In this study, magnesium oxide (MgO) coatings were prepared on Ti by combining micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The MgO nanoparticles homogeneously deposited on the microporous surface of MAO-treated Ti, yielding increasing coverage with the EPD time increased to 15 to 60 s. After co-culture with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, the coatings produced antibacterial rates of 4–53 %, 27–71 %, and 39–79 %, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, EPD for 45 s offered satisfactory comprehensive performance, with an antibacterial rate 79 % at 72 h and a relative cell viability 85 % at 5 d. Electron and fluorescence microscopies revealed that, both the density of adherent bacterial adhesion on the surface and the proportion of viable bacteria decreased with the EPD time. The morphology of cells on the surface of each group was intact and there was no significant difference among the groups. These results show that, the MgO coating deposited on MAO-treated Ti by EPD had reasonably good in vitro antibacterial properties and cytocompatibility.

Fabrication of porous titanium-based β-PbO2 electrode with graphene oxide intermediate layer for enhanced electrochemical performance in degradation of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol

In this work, the porous titanium based β-PbO2 electrode with graphene oxide (GO) intermediate layer has been fabricated. The FT-IR results show that GO can be partially reduced after electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process. The SEM and electrochemical characteristics indicate that the uniform and compact GO layer under 60 s EPD time can cover the substrate smoothly and can provide protection for the substrate effectively. The prepared electrode was verified by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests. Furthermore, the degradation of 4C-2-NP on electrode surface was observed to follow Pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. The increasing removal rate of 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol (4C-2-NP) from 79.25 % to 82.52 % confirmed the electro-catalytic activity of the electrode with GO layer.

Preparation and characterisation of CeSt3-modified Zn-Ni-B4C composite superhydrophobic coatings

CeSt3-modified Zn-Ni-B4C composite superhydrophobic coatings were prepared via two-step deposition. First, Zn-Ni-B4C coatings with microstructures were prepared through electrodeposition, and then cerium stearate deposited on surface successfully by electrophoretic deposition to obtain superhydrophobic coatings. The effects of electrophoretic deposition time on the hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance of coatings were investigated. The coatings obtained at 10 min deposition have a water contact angle of 161°, exhibiting superior superhydrophobicity. The corrosion current density of this coatings in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution is 9.139 × 10−7 A·cm−2, demonstrating outstanding corrosion resistance. Electrochemical tests of the samples after prolonged immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution exhibited better corrosion resistance in the samples immersed for 96 h compared to those immersed for 48 h, suggesting that the existence of cerium acted as a corrosion inhibitor after the superhydrophobic coatings failed.

Electrophoretic Deposition of Hybrid Calcium Alginate-Gold Nanoparticle Hydrogel Films via Catalyzed Electrooxidation of Hydroquinone

The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of hybrid alginate (Alg)-Au nanoparticle (NP) films results from the localized pH drop at the electrode surface due to oxidation of hydroquinone (HQ) catalyzed by 4 and 15 nm diameter citrate-coated gold NPs (cit-Au NPs). The localized pH drop at the electrode leads to neutralization of both Alg and cit, leading to EPD of both Alg and cit-Au NPs simultaneously. Post-treatment of the film with Ca2+ solution leads to hybrid Ca-Alg-Au NP hydrogel films. The EPD of Alg in the presence of 4 nm cit-Au NPs occurs at ∼0.8 V (vs Ag/AgCl) as compared to ∼1.0 V in the presence of 15 nm cit-Au NPs and ∼1.4 V in the absence of cit-Au NPs. This is due to the higher catalytic activity of 4 nm cit-Au NPs compared to 15 nm cit-Au NPs for the oxidation of HQ. UV-vis spectra of Ca-Alg-Au NP hydrogel films show absorbance features for both Ca-Alg and Au NPs entrapped within the hydrogel. As the concentration of Au NPs in the EPD solution increases, the Ca-Alg absorbance and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak of the Au NPs increases, confirming the role of the Au NPs as a catalyst for EPD of Alg. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra of the Ca-Alg-Au NP hydrogel films show characteristic peaks for Ca-Alg and protonated alginic acid groups. The hydrogel thickness is greater with cit-Au NPs compared to without cit-Au NPs at constant EPD potential and time. Forming Ca-Alg and hybrid Ca-Alg-Au NP hydrogel films at low potentials has potential applications in electrochemical and optical sensor development, catalysis, and biological studies.

Temperature Effect on Corrosion Rate of Metal AA 5052 Using D-Galactose Inhibitors In Sulfuric Acid Media With Electrochemical Method

Aluminum Alloy 5052 (AA 5052) is a metal that can be used as a biopolar plate in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), because it has the advantages of being resistant to corrosion, high conductivity, easy shape and light weight. PEMFC produces electrical energy and the rest of the process in the form of hot water and steam. In a bipolar plate PEMFC environment corrosion can easily occur due to an acidic environment and high operating temperature around 40°C-80°C. For this reason, a treatment is needed to strengthen the corrosion-resistant properties of AA 5052. The coating of the material can be done using the technique of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) using green inhibitor to reduce the corrosion rate. The electrochemical method was carried out to see how much influence temperature had on the corrosion rate of AA 5052. In this study, d-galactose green inhibitor with a concentration of 0.5 g, EPD time of 20 minutes was used, in a PEMFC environmental simulation in 0.5 M H2SO4 sulfuric acid medium, with test temperatures of 25°C (room temperature), 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C. From the results of the analysis using the electrochemical method, there was an effect of temperature on the corrosion rate of AA 5052 without an inhibitor layer of 0.3610 mmpy at room temperature and increased at 80°C 3.9527 mmpy. While AA 5052 which was coated with a d-galactose inhibitor, had a corrosion rate of 0.1678 mmpy at room temperature and continued to increase at a temperature of 80°C 3.7745 mmpy. Inhibitor efficiency was 53.51% at room temperature and decreased with increasing temperature to 4.5% at 80°C.

Effect of Chitosan on the Corrosion Inhibition for Aluminium Alloy in H2SO4 Medium

Aluminum AA5052 is an inexpensive and lightweight metal that has been used in a variety of applications, including the Bipolar Plate in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (BPs PEMFC). The alloy has good electrical conductivity and low corrosion. Corrosion rate (CR) increases during PEMFC operation with increasing temperature. Inorganic dyes, such as chromate, are commonly used to reduce metal corrosion. Unfortunately, they are toxic and have a negative impact on the environment. Chitosan, which is a green, cheap, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly organic solvent, can be used to solve this problem. Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) technique was used to coated the surface of AA5052 with chitosan. CR was measured using electrochemical and weight loss methods (in 0.5 M H2SO4). The best research results are as follows. The lowest CR values were obtained at the EPD time of 20 min at a chitosan concentration of 0.5% wt. The results of the study using the weight loss method indicated that after soaking for 72 h, the chitosan inhibitor can reduce the corrosion rate (CR) with an inhibitor efficiency of 87.89%, while the electrochemical method obtained a higher efficiency of 95.12%. An increase in temperature will result in a decrease in the efficiency of the inhibitor. Testing with SEM-EDX, after being coated with chitosan inhibitor, the metal surface looks smoother and the Al composition is reduced and it is detected that there is adsorption of O, N and S elements that coated the metal to form insoluble complex compounds, so the corrosion rate decreases.

When MXene (Ti3C2Tx) meet Ti/PbO2: An improved electrocatalytic activity and stability

Stable electrode materials with high catalytic activity are urgently required for electrochemical degradation of refractory organic pollutants in wastewater treatment. Herein, high conductive MXene (Ti3C2Tx) was firstly fabricated by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) as an interlayer for preparing a novel PbO2 electrode. The well-conducted Ti3C2Tx interlayer significantly improved the electrochemical performance of the EPD-2.0/PbO2 (EPD time was 2.0 min) electrode with the charge transfer resistance decreased by 9.51 times, the inner active sites increased by 5.21 times and the ∙OH radicals generation ability enhanced by 4.07 times than the control EPD-0/PbO2 anode. Consequently, the EPD-2.0/PbO2 electrode achieved nearly 100% basic fuchsin (BF) and 86.78% COD removal efficiency after 3.0 h electrolysis. Therefore, this new PbO2 electrode presented a promising potential for electrochemical degradation of BF and the new Ti3C2Tx middle layer could also be used to fabricate other efficient and stable anodes, such as SnO2, MnO2, TiO2, etc.

Performance of D-galactose for Protecting The Corrosion Rate of Aluminium Alloy 5052 (AA5052) in Acidic Environment

The PEMFC systems are generally operated in acidic environment conditions. Consequently, the metal bipolar plate in the system can easily be corroded. Therefore, the PEMFC performance is decreased along with long-term operation. Based on this fact, a mitigation approach is needed to prevent the corrosion issue in the metal bipolar plate to maintain the PEMFC performance. This work tries to evaluate the corrosion rate of the aluminium bipolar plate before and after being deposited with D-galactose. The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique was used to deposit D-galactose on the aluminum surface. To evaluate the effect of D-galactose on preventing the corrosion rate, it was deposited on the surface of the aluminium (AA5052) bipolar plate. The EPD processes were performed by using a potensiodimic in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4. The results show that the optimum EPD process condition was obtained at 0.5 g/l D-galactose for 20 minutes of electrophoretic deposition time. This work indicated that the D-galactose could reduce the corrosion rate of aluminium bipolar plate with an efficiency of 90.7%.

Chemical Detection by Analyte-Induced Change in Electrophoretic Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles

The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of citrate-stabilized Au nanoparticles (cit-Au NPs) occurs on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass electrodes upon electrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone (HQ) due to the release of hydronium ions. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) for Au oxidation allows the determination of the amount of Au NP deposition under a specific EPD potential and time. The binding of Cr3+ to the cit-Au NPs inhibits the EPD by inducing aggregation and/or reducing the negative charge, which could lower the effective NP concentration of the cit-Au NPs and/or lower the electrophoretic mobility. This lowers the Au oxidation charge in the ASV, which acts as an indirect signal for Cr3+. The binding of melamine to cit-Au NPs similarly leads to aggregation and/or lowers the negative charge, also resulting in reduction of the ASV Au oxidation peak. The decrease in Au oxidation charge measured by ASV increases linearly with increasing Cr3+ and melamine concentration. The limit of detection (LOD) for Cr3+ is 21.1 ppb and 16.0 ppb for 15.1 and 4.1 nm diameter cit-Au NPs, respectively. Improving the sensing conditions allows for as low as 1 ppb detection of Cr3+. The LOD for melamine is 45.7 ppb for 4.1 nm Au NPs.

A Novel Processing for CNT-Reinforced Mg-Matrix Laminated Composites to Enhance the Electromagnetic Shielding Property

The microstructure, electrical conductivity, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of CNTs/Mg Matrix composites prepared by accumulative roll bonding (ARB) were systematically investigated to understand the effects of CNTs on the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness property of magnesium. A model based on the shielding of the electromagnetic plane wave was used to theoretically discuss the EMI shielding mechanisms of ARB-processed composites. The experimental results indicated that the methods were feasible to prepare laminated composites. The SE of the material increased gradually with the increase of electrophoretic deposition time. When the electrophoretic deposition time reached 8 min, the value of SE remained 87–95 dB in the frequency range of 8.2–12.4 GHz. The increase in SE was mainly attributed to the improvement in the reflection and multiple reflection losses of incident electromagnetic wave due to the increased amounts of CNTs and interfaces. The methods provided an efficient strategy to produce laminated metal matrix composites with high electromagnetic shielding properties.

Interfacial behavior of graphene carboxyl‐grafted carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites at elevated temperatures: Emphasis on the effect of electrophoretic deposition time

AbstractElectrophoretic deposition (EPD) for decorating carbon fibers (CFs) was established to augment the interface of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites and thereby their mechanical performance. In the current work, graphene carboxyl (G‐COOH) was grafted on to CF surface via EPD technique at three different deposition times, that is, 30, 45, and 60 min. The laminates obtained from these modified CFs were subjected to short beam shear (SBS) tests at room temperature (RT) and different elevated temperatures, that is, 70, 100, and 120°C. The effect of deposition time on mechanical behavior at various temperatures was evaluated. Modified composites showed a maximum improvement of ∼25%, ∼16%, and ∼13% in interlaminar shear stress (ILSS) values over neat composite at RT, 70, and 120°C, respectively. However, interestingly 100°C modified composites showed inferior shear behavior in comparison with neat composite. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the tested samples to find out the dominant mode of failure.

Electrophoretic deposition of alginate coatings from different alcohol-water mixtures

ABSTRACT Alginate coatings were fabricated by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) using alcohol (methanol, ethanol and isopropanol)-water mixtures at different ratios. Water electrolysis and so current density increased with water content and EPD time leading to the more bubbles in coatings. EPD rate increased with water amount due to the increase in concentration of H+ and Alg− ions and reduction in solution viscosity. According to the results of kinetics, optical microscopy and corrosion analyses the coating deposited at 10 V for 1 min from the ethanolic solution with 60 vol.-% of water was selected as the optimum coating for in-vitro cell culture and antibacterial analyses. There was almost 30% rise in cell expansion for the sample with optimum coating after 7 days compared to the blank. Also, the coated sample showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus bacteria.

Enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability of TiO2/graphene oxide composites coatings by electrophoresis deposition

To enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability of titania (TiO2) coatings, graphene oxide (GO) forms on the surface of TiO2 coatings is fabricated by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The results show the effect of EPD time on the formed hydroxyl groups from GO is significant, especially the controllable amount of GO by adjusting EPD time. The change in surface morphology of the GO on TiO2 coatings is obvious, showing an increased amount of GO. Owing to the effect of charge transfer between TiO2 and GO, the TiO2/GO composites coatings exhibit excellent and stable photocatalytic activity. Notably, the cycle result of the sample after ultrasonic cleaning every 10 min reveal that the combination of TiO2 and GO is satisfactory.

One-step fabrication of new generation graphene-based electrodes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells by a novel electrophoretic deposition

High Pt loading has better tradeoff in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in terms of improved performance and operational longevity. But, to employ low amounts of Pt electrocatalysts via an alternative carbon-based support and utilization technique is vital. This study presents the use of a one-step novel technique, an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method, through which reduced graphene oxide (rGO) supported Pt nanoparticles have been directly fabricated onto carbon paper to form electrodes for PEMFC. Our process involves simultaneous synthesis and deposition of Pt-reduced GO nanocomposites onto oxygen plasma pre-treated carbon paper in an organo-aqueous media at various deposition time. Through this technique, homogenously distributed Pt nanoparticles ranging from 5 to 6 nm in size on graphene support were successfully synthesized to form catalyst layer on carbon paper. The characteristics of fabricated electrodes were investigated ex-situ by Raman spectroscopy, FE-SEM, XPS, ICP, FIB, TEM. Furthermore, catalytic activity towards hydrogen oxidation reaction was evaluated via CV measurements and fuel cell performance tests were also conducted. The highest ECSA value of 27.4 m2g-1 and the Pt utilization efficiency of 1.48 kW/gPt−1 were achieved at an optimized Pt loading of 0.129 mg cm−2. A maximum power density of 280 mW cm−2 was obtained with increasing EPD time and Pt precursor concentration at the same time. The achieved results are attributed to the dispersion of Pt nanoparticles on rGO nanosheets displaying synergetic performance as catalyst necessary for PEMFCs, thanks to the EPD technique's viability, ease in handling, and reproducibility in the synthesis route. In the previous studies on Pt/GO based fuel cell electrodes by EPD, on one hand, Pt NPs were synthesized on GO by chemical methods first and electrodes were fabricated by a subsequent EPD. On the other hand, the fuel cell performances of those electrodes have been rarely shown. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time in literature not only about the use of EPD technique for the fabrication of fuel cell electrodes in one-step but also the evaluation of fuel cell performance of the electrodes fabricated by EPD.

Investigation on the grain boundary diffusion of Dy2O3 film prepared by electrophoretic deposition for sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets

Based on the diffusion source of Dy2O3 film prepared by electrophoretic deposition (EPD), grain boundary diffusion (GBD) is performed to improve properties of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets. Effects of EPD and GBD processes on microstructure and magnetic properties are investigated in details. The studied results show that 30 s of EPD time is the most suitable for the preparation of diffusion source, and the optimal magnetic properties with Hci of 934 kA/m, Br of 1.41 T and (BH)max of 349 kJ/m3 can be achieved under GBD condition of 800 °C/6 h followed by 500 °C/1 h, enhancing by 27.6%, 0.7% and 13.7%, respectively, comparing to those of as-prepared magnet. The formation of (Nd, Dy)2Fe14B shell surrounding Nd2Fe14B core and improved distribution and structure of rare earth-rich (RE-rich) phase jointly contribute to the improvement of coercivity. Moreover, Thermal stability (temperature coefficient of remanence and coercivity) is improved considerably. Dense Dy2O3 film and formed filamentous substance covering the surface together promote the improvement of corrosion resistance.

Surface modification of mild steel before acrylic resin coating by hybrid ZnO/GO nanostructures to improve the corrosion protection

The synergistic effect of ZnO and GO nanostructures on the surface modification of mild steel before the acrylic resin coating was studied. Firstly, the steel surface was pretreated in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation, and then ZnO nanostructures were synthesized by the cyclic voltammetry technique. GO nanosheets prepared by the modified hummer’s method were deposited on ZnO-containing surfaces using the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique. GO coatings with thicknesses of 2.84, 4.47 and 9.42μm were obtained by varying the EPD time, and the 4.47μm was found as the optimum value for the fabrication of hybrid ZnO/GO structures. All samples were then covered with a thin layer of acrylic resin (10μm) by the spin coating technique. The results indicated that the sample with underneath of hybrid ZnO/GO nanostructures shows significant improvement in anti-corrosion performance. In other words, Rp is increased from 150,000Ωcm2 (in the rein coated sample) to 380,000Ωcm2 (in the sample with hybrid nanostructures). The resulting surface has the potential to use as protective and glossy black coatings. The role of underneath nature, surface roughness, and molecular interactions between oxygen functional groups of ZnO, GO, resin, and the metal in the enhanced corrosion protection was illustrated.

Design of functionalized α-Fe2O3 (III) films with long-term anti-wetting properties

The design of functional anti-wetting ceramic coatings is always a bottleneck restricting the development of ceramic techniques. This study proposes a liquid phase synthesis method to fabricate α-Fe2O3 (III) ceramic powders with promising applications and introduces a facile electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique to construct the corresponding functionalized hydrophobic films – superhydrophobic functionalized α-Fe2O3 ceramic films (SFOFS) with roughly even distribution and a high water contact angle (CA) of 169°±1° – followed by heat posttreatments. The microtopography and crystalline structures of the product were investigated by FESEM, EDX, and XRD techniques. The EPD controllability of SFOFS was studied by adjusting the EPD time and the applied field strengths. In addition, the SFOFS show excellent long-term anti-wetting properties for twenty-four months after undergoing a series of tests, including soaking, water droplet impacting, immersion by droplets with different surface tensions and exposure to different gases and relative humidity conditions, etc. This study substantially helps the design of other kinds of functional anti-wetting films through the proposed convenient method beyond the oxide limit.

C/C composite surface modified by electrophoretic depositing SiC nanowires and its brazing to Nb

A novel surface treatment method by electrophoretic depositing SiC nanowires on the C/C composite was introduced to reinforce the C/C–Nb brazed joints. Results showed that the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process of SiC nanowires could improve the wettability of the liquid AgCuTi alloy on the C/C substrate because of the reaction between SiC nanowires and active element Ti in the AgCuTi alloy. With the introduction of SiC nanowires, the formation of continuous brittle Ti3Cu4 layer was inhibited and the Ti3Cu4 changed into lumps. The thickness of the TiC reaction layer was 500 nm when the EPD time was 5s which was larger than that of the original brazed joint. As the EPD time continued to increase, the thickness of the TiC reaction layer decreased gradually and the size of brittle Ti3Cu4 phase in the joint became smaller and smaller. With the combined effects of the change in the Ti3Cu4 morphology and the TiC reaction layer thickness, the average shear strength of joints achieved a peak of 48 MPa when the EPD time was 30s, which was 60% higher than that of the original brazed joints.