Electronic Road Pricing System Research Articles

The Electronic Road Pricing System Planning: A Scenario of Curbing Congestion Issues on an Arterial Road in Makassar City, Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the traffic performance on arterial roads in Makassar City in the present and future with the implementation of Electronic Road Pricing, as well as analyze how many tariffs can be applied when Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) is used. The data were collected from traffic surveys and questionnaires distributed to users of four-wheeled and two-wheeled vehicles. From the data, the existing traffic conditions on the road were analyzed, and the probability of moving road users was calculated during the implementation of ERP. Furthermore, the Willingness To Pay method determines the rates that can be applied. The results of the research show that when ERP is implemented on the Andi Pangeran Pettarani Road, there will be a 40% reduction in traffic flow due to the route changes and a 42% reduction in traffic flow due to the modal shifts. This affects improving traffic performance in the future, where the existing condition of this road segment which was initially at LoS D and E, can be increased to LoS B and C. The tariff that can be applied to the ERP system is Rp 8,838 for four-wheeled vehicles or more and Rp 4,343 for two-wheeled vehicles

ANALISIS PENERAPAN ELECTRONIC ROAD PRICING PADA JALAN SUDIRMAN JAKARTA GUNA MENCIPTAKAN TRANS-PORTASI YANG BERKELANJUTAN

Jakarta is a province in Indonesia with a rapid population growth. Data obtained from the Jakarta Central Bureau of Statistics shows that Jakarta had a population of 102.776 in 2016, increasing to 103.742 in 2017. This rise in population and the role of Jakarta as the center of the economy have led to an uncontrolled increase for the need of different transportation modes. Based on the Jakarta transportation statistics (2017), the number of motorized vehicles in Jakarta reached 20.972.175 units, while the toll road built was only 7.094.000 meters. So it can be concluded that each vehicle only got 0.3382 meters of space. According to data obtained from Numbeo in 2019, Jakarta ranked 5th as the biggest contributor to congestion in Indonesia with a congestion index of 274.39. In order to overcome these problems, various efforts need to be taken, one of which is by implementing Electronic road pricing in several roads in Jakarta which is considered to be one of the solutions to reduce congestion. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential and problems that arise in the application of Electronic road pricing on Jenderal Sudirman road, Jakarta. The research method used is a combination of literature study and survey using a questionnaire. To achieve effectiveness and efficiency of the electronic road pricing system, studies are carried out in various aspects, so that Electronic road pricing can be one of the solutions to traffic congestion in Indonesia. Based on the result of study, it can be concluded that electronic road pricing implementation can be a solution for traffic congestion especially on Jenderal Sudirman Road, Jakarta if the implementation is integrated with public transportation.

Sources, Drivers and Barriers of Innovation in Singapore's Electronic Road Pricing

Innovation in land transport management has revolutionised public and private transport in Singapore. The Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) is a good case study for this. Using Albury’s framework of public sector innovation, this paper investigates the sources, drivers, barriers and risks of the ERP system in Singapore. Innovation, as studied by different scholars, is atypical in public sector and as such the lessons that can be learned from the ERP case study has an important added value to existing literature. The findings also reveal that sources of innovation can be classified to social, economic and technological factors which depends heavily on the societal context. Barriers and risks to successful innovative public policy, on the other hand, can also have both intended and unintended consequences. Supported by the literature review and stakeholder interviews, this paper concludes that ERP aside from its effectiveness of this to curb traffic congestion, it can also be considered as an innovation in the public sector that has successfully diffused within and outside Singapore.

Privacy-preserving electronic road pricing system for low emission zones with dynamic pricing

The high levels of pollution and traffic congestion present in almost all major cities around the world have brought solutions such as the deployment of electronic toll systems in some of these cities. The main purpose of those electronic toll systems is to restrict the access of vehicles to certain city areas, named low emission zones. Since its adoption, this solution has proven to be quite promising. However, current proposals are still far from being ideal. More specifically, current schemes still introduce a significant error percentage in the detection of fraudulent drivers. Moreover, they usually require toll systems to be equipped with cameras that take pictures of all the vehicles that pass through the control points. This behavior may represent a serious privacy threat for the drivers. In this article, a new electronic toll system is proposed. The aim of the new proposal is to detect fraud while preserving drivers privacy. More concretely, it provides a non-probabilistic fraud control, and the control points only take pictures of the vehicles that misbehave. Last but not least, the proposed system applies an enhanced dynamic pricing that can help the authorities to better distribute traffic over the road network. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Time-based low emission zones preserving drivers’ privacy

Nowadays, big cities try to fight high levels of pollution and traffic jams by limiting the access of vehicles to centric zones or Low-Emission Zones (LEZ). One of the most important drawbacks of LEZs is the citizens’ risk to be tracked by means of their interactions with the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system in use; another relevant problem is the significant error percentage on the detection of fraudulent drivers. The former shortcoming clearly affects the peace of mind of users regarding their privacy. The latter represents an important disadvantage for any entity willing to employ resources on managing a LEZ. In this article, a new ERP system specifically designed for cities with Low-Emission Zones is proposed. The new scheme is user-centric by design, in the sense that preserving the privacy of honest drivers is a fundamental objective. Regarding fraudulent drivers, the proposed system is able to detect them and revoke their anonymity.

Speed-based toll design for cordon-based congestion pricing scheme

The cordon-based Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system in Singapore adopts the average travel speed as an index for evaluating the traffic congestion within a cordon area, and the maintenance of the average travel speed within a satisfactory range is taken as the objective of the toll adjustment. To formulate this practical speed-based toll design problem, this paper proposes a mathematical programming with equilibrium constraint (MPEC) model with the objective of maintaining the traffic condition in the cordon area. In the model, the network users’ route choice behavior is assumed to follow probit-based stochastic user equilibrium with elastic demand, asymmetric link travel time functions and continuous value-of-time. A distributed revised genetic algorithm is designed for solving the MPEC model. Finally, a network example based on the ERP system is adopted to numerically validate the proposed models and algorithms, and further indicates that the computation speed can be improved greatly by using a distributed computing system.

The Design and Research of the Next Generation of ERP Based on GPS and GIS

Using GPS and GIS technology, the next generation of ERP (Electronic Road Pricing) system, are designed in this paper. The structure and approaches of the system has also been presented. The next generation of ERP system has resolved the issues of traditional ERP system, such as, high cost, unavailable for wide range of application. And, The new system not only more consistent with road pricing principles and objectives of reducing traffic congestion and air pollution, but also more flexible for the integration of ERP system with other Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The paper also elaborated the key technical issues of the system.

More than electronic toll booths: Singapore’s electronic road pricing innovation

This paper explores the dynamics of the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) innovation in Singapore, tracing its implementation to subsequent diffusion to delineate the links between technology and society. The ERP system, introduced in 1998, is an elaborate and sophisticated toll collecting system using ICTs to regulate road usage. We use the actor–network theory (ANT) as a conceptual tool to analyse the dynamics of this innovation. Through a detailed examination of both human and non‐human actors, we are able to analyse how interests of heterogeneous members of a societal network can be aligned to introduce a technological innovation. In the process, we have observed issues arising from the differential power relationship that exists between road users and government planners as well as the integration of the social and technical aspects of this emerging socio‐technological system. As an emergent technology, the ERP innovation system reflects the social morphology of Singapore as it plays out its part in the making of this nascent nation.

402 シンガポールにおける ITS 事業の取り組み

In Singapore the ERP (Electronic Road Pricing) system has operated since 1998. We supplied this system, which aims to restrict traffic volume entering into urban area using radio communication technology. And this system became the basic infrastructure, and almost all vehicles in Singapore are equipping with IU (In Vehicle Unit). Now, we have developmend the EPS (Electronic Parking System), which uses IU and the ERP technology.

Why Singapore's land transportation energy consumption is relatively low

AbstractSince the early 1970s, Singapore has enacted a number of measures to tackle traffic congestion, including measures to restrain vehicle ownership. Although Singapore's per capita GDP is comparable to that of OECD countries, the present car‐ownership level in Singapore (10 cars per 100 people) is only a fraction of levels in the OECD countries. Traffic flow in this city‐State is relatively smooth, even during peak hours. Although the measures taken were aimed primarily at tackling traffic congestion, they have had other positive impacts, such as reducing energy consumption, air pollution and CO2 emissions. This article presents an overview of the transportation measures and initiatives in Singapore, and analyses two of the transport demand management measures in detail: the vehicle restraint measure, in particular the unique vehicle quota system introduced in 1990; and the two road pricing systems, i.e. the area licensing scheme (ALS) that operated from 1974 to 1998, and the electronic road pricing system (ERP) that went into operation in 1998. Energy and environmental impacts are then discussed, and finally factors contributing to the success of these schemes. Although certain conditions are unique to Singapore, the experience shows that substantial energy and environmental benefits can be achieved through managing urban transportation system in an integrated and innovative way.

Reducing Traffic Density: The Experience of Hong Kong and Singapore

This article focuses on the road networks in Singapore and Hong Kong. Both have initiated innovative programs to restrain the demand for road space. The policies and methods for reducing traffic density are reviewed. The electronic road pricing (ERP) system now operating in Singapore is compared to both the Hong Kong ERP system of the late 1980s and early 1990s and Singapore's Area Licensing Scheme of the same period. The article demonstrates how Singapore's ERP optimizes the city's road network and thus saves a valuable urban resource - land.

GPS based IPS for ERP vehicles

GPS is an innovative technique for an electronic road pricing (ERP) system. By using GPS technology, ERP systems will be extremely efficient and cost-effective. This paper describes the next generation of ERP in Singapore and proposes a GPS based multisensor positioning system for ERP vehicles. Multisensor fusion algorithms are presented for the integration system. The integrated positioning system (IPS) developed in this paper makes it possible to realize GPS based ERP with a simple composition and low cost.

An advanced demand management instrument in urban transport

Abstract Road pricing is a demand management instrument that has been effectively used in Singapore to help alleviate traffic congestion beginning with the Area Licensing Scheme (ALS) in 1975 and, subsequently, the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system in 1998. The paper discusses the level of motorisation in the city-state, the traffic problems faced and the development of the ERP system. The operational and technical features of the system, its impacts, advantages and limitations are then carefully examined. Valuable lessons are drawn on how to successfully implement an electronic road pricing system.

Electronic Road Pricing System in Malaysia and Singapore

Electronic Road Pricing System in Malaysia and Singapore

An Electronic Road Pricing System Designed for the Busy Multi-lane Road Environment

This paper describes the design and evaluation of an electronic road pricing (ERP) system for use in a multi-lane city road environment. The system is formed by an automatic vehicle identification-debiting (AVID) system, a vehicle position detector (VPD), and an enforcement camera system (ECS). The evaluation covered various aspects, including the design, the performance of subsystems, and of the integrated system, the system reliability, and the system qualification tests (SQT) prior to the production and implementation. The SQT result shows an unprecedented performance of the AVID system with one communication error in the first 1.3 million transactions and no communication errors in the second 1.3 million transactions. All violations were successfully detected by the enforcement camera system with about 12% of redundant images.

Simulation of reflection effects for a dedicated short range microwave communication system

Reflection effects can severely degrade the performance of electronic road pricing systems in which communication must take place between a fixed road side system and an on-board unit in a moving vehicle. This degradation is caused by destructive and constructive interference between the direct-path signal and reflected signals. Such interference will also occur in systems using circularly polarised waves. Depolarisation will also have a negative influence on the communication. Both problem areas, which are closely related, are investigated by numerical simulations. The degradation is determined and a solution to overcome this problem is suggested.

Issues of the electronic road pricing system in Hong Kong

This paper attempts to examine the issues relating to the experiment of the world's first pilot scheme on Electronic Road Pricing System in Hong Kong. A brief review on theories on road pricing and a description on the technical components as well as an analysis on the social, economic, political and environmental impacts of the system are given. It intends to generate further research and analysis on the system's applicability in tackling urban traffic congestion problems.

Hong Kong's roads: clearing the chaos

In March 1983 the Hong Kong government announced its intention to introduce the world's first electronic road pricing system (ERPS) to regulate the use of the territory's roads by private vehicles. The ERPS represents an intensification of the government's private vehicle restraint policy begun the previous year.