Electronic Products Research Articles

Regulating Strain and Suppressing Defect States Through Polymer Ionization and Chemical Chelation for Efficient Inverted Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells.

Flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) have great promise for applications in wearable technology and space photovoltaics. However, the unpredictable crystallization of perovskite on flexible substrates results in significantly lower efficiency and mechanical durability than industry standards. A strategy is investigated employing the polymer electrolyte poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) to regulate crystallization and passivate defect states in perovskite films on flexible substrates. The weakly acidic precursor allows PAH to undergo partial ionization, leading to the protonation of some ─NH3 + groups into ─NH3 +. Simulations and experimental results indicate that multifunctional PAH forms strong chemical interactions with precursors of perovskite materials including Formamidine Hydroiodide (FAI) and Lead Iodide (PbI2), facilitating homogenous nucleation and growth of crystals of perovskite films. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) reveals that PAH strongly anchors to grain boundaries (GBs), consistent with findings from photo-induced force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (PiFM-IR). PAH improves the uniformity distribution of Young's modulus between the grains and GBs, facilitating stress relief in the perovskite films. Therefore, the champion efficiency of PAH-modified FPSCs reaches 24.19% and exhibits strong bending durability, retaining 87.9% of their initial efficiency after 2500 bending cycles (r = 5 mm), demonstrating their practical application potential in outdoor wearable electronic products.

Intrafirm collaboration network dynamics, external cooperation network embeddedness, and firm knowledge search

ABSTRACT In the context of open innovation, firms urgently expand knowledge search and acquisition externally, forming complex interactions between internal networks and their knowledge exploration behaviours. However, prior research has overlooked network dynamics and treated internal networks as static. Drawing upon social network theory and the knowledge-based view, our study constructs a theoretical model that links intrafirm collaboration network dynamics with knowledge search within firms. We also investigated external contextual mechanisms such as the relationship strength, relationship breadth, and network centrality of corporate external networks. These moderate the relationship between intrafirm collaboration network dynamics and firms’ knowledge search. We empirically test the hypotheses using data from listed firms in the Chinese computer, communication, and electronic equipment manufacturing industry (C39) between 2014 and 2021. The results indicate that the intrafirm collaboration network dynamic has an inverted U-shaped effect on firms’ knowledge search breadth and depth. Relationship strength and network centrality weaken these effects.

Role of life and usage characteristics, technical attributes and crowdsourced product reviews in smartphone exchange prices

Purpose Smartphone demand has been driving people towards refurbished electronic products. However, a lack of transparency in refurbished product pricing makes purchases time-consuming and reduces customer trust. Thus, our research aims to help practitioners and researchers understand how product life and usage characteristics, technical attributes and crowdsourced product reviews and sentiments affect exchange prices for refurbished/remanufactured smartphones.Design/methodology/approach Our five-stage exchange price predictive framework begins with data gathering and predictor variable identification. Thereafter, customer review data were scraped to populate both customer ratings and textual content, enabling sentiment analysis for the various smartphone configurations. Stepwise regression was used to find statistically significant factors and validate the predictive model. Testing for nonlinear effects, normality, outliers and homoskedasticity warrants power transformation of the target variable. The analysis used data from GSMArena.com and Amazon.com.Findings Our study validates extant findings and provides several novel insights for functional yet hedonistic products like smartphones. Unlike other pure hedonistic products, refurbished phone buyers care more about usage duration than life. Besides having a strong affinity for the sleekness of the phone, such customers are strongly dissuaded by the presence of negative textual content in the customer reviews.Originality/value Our study augments the current understanding of exchange price modelling by bringing in perspectives from life cycle characteristics, technical attributes and product reviews.

Recommendation System for Selecting Electronic Products Using Content-Based Filtering Method

This study aims to develop a recommendation system for electronic products using the Content-Based Filtering method. In this research, calculations were performed to identify 12 products that exhibit similarity based on their respective categories. The method employed for these calculations was cosine similarity, which measures the degree of similarity between products. The analysis results indicate that there are three products with the highest similarity values, specifically 73, 71.15, and 64.89. These products were selected based on their relevant characteristic similarities and features, thereby providing accurate recommendations for consumers. This recommendation system is expected to significantly enhance the online shopping experience by assisting consumers in finding products that align closely with their preferences and needs. Consequently, this research offers substantial contributions to companies seeking to improve customer satisfaction and operational efficiency, ultimately leading to better consumer engagement and increased sales in the competitive electronic market.

The Impact of Chip Technology Innovation on the Marketing Strategy of Consumer Electronics Products: A Case Study of Smartphones

Chip technology innovation has become the core driving force for the development of the smartphone industry, and its far-reaching impact on product performance optimization and marketing strategy transformation is particularly significant. This paper explores the theoretical connotation and development trend of chip technology innovation, and analyzes its key role in improving smartphone hardware performance, enhancing user experience and promoting market competition. In addition, through the case studies of two major brands, Apple and Huawei, it reveals the specific practice of the deep integration of chip technology and marketing strategy, including differentiated product positioning, technology-driven brand building and market promotion of innovative functions. The study shows that the breakthrough of chip technology not only gives smartphones significant technical advantages, but also provides strong support for brands to enhance market influence and user loyalty, thus enabling them to gain a competitive advantage in the rapidly changing consumer electronics market.

Smarter Repair 2053

In 2023 the European Union enacted the right-to-repair for European citizens which was undoubtedly a step forward in tackling planned obsolescence and the deluge of electronic product waste being produced at that time. An expansion of the right-to-repair to include smart devices occurred in 2035 acknowledging their increased proliferation as everyday products and services. However, these rights-to-repair did not result in creating a capacity for repair such that consumers were both willing and able to avail themselves of this right. To address this challenge technologists extended the infusion of datafication and Artificial Intelligence within smart products – resulting in the Right-to-Repair being granted to the devices themselves in 2045. This paper reviews this transition which resulted in both decreasing electronic product waste, increased device longevity, and extending the development of an aesthetic of repair into more products and services.

STUDY ON THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF HOMOGENEOUS Mg-1Bi-0.5x (x=Nd,Ce,La) ALLOYS

Mg alloys are widely used in the aerospace and automotive industries, as well as in electronic products due to their low density and high specific strength. However, the poor corrosion resistance of Mg alloys limits their applications. Rare earth elements have been shown to improve the corrosion resistance of alloys. In this study, Mg-1Bi-0.5x (x = Nd, Ce, La) alloys were prepared by alloying with Bi, Nd, Ce, and La. The microstructure and corrosion behavior of Mg-1Bi-0.5x (x = Nd, Ce, La) alloys were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hydrogen evolution tests, weight loss experiments, and electrochemical measurements. The results indicate that the Mg-1Bi-0.5Nd alloy exhibits higher corrosion potentials and lower corrosion current densities, indicating superior corrosion resistance. This improvement is attributed to the formation of a more stable and uniform film of corrosion products, which prevents further corrosion and enhances corrosion resistance.

Comprehensive Blood Metabolome and Exposome Analysis, Annotation, and Interpretation in E-Waste Workers

Background: Electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) production has emerged to be of global environmental public health concern. E-waste workers, who are frequently exposed to hazardous chemicals through occupational activities, face considerable health risks. Methods: To investigate the metabolic and exposomic changes in these workers, we analyzed whole blood samples from 100 male e-waste workers and 49 controls from the GEOHealth II project (2017–2018 in Accra, Ghana) using LC-MS/MS. A specialized computational workflow was established for exposomics data analysis, incorporating two curated reference libraries for metabolome and exposome profiling. Two feature detection algorithms, asari and centWave, were applied. Results: In comparison to centWave, asari showed better sensitivity in detecting MS features, particularly at trace levels. Principal component analysis demonstrated distinct metabolic profiles between e-waste workers and controls, revealing significant disruptions in key metabolic pathways, including steroid hormone biosynthesis, drug metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis, vitamin metabolism, and prostaglandin biosynthesis. Correlation analyses linked metal exposures to alterations in hundreds to thousands of metabolic features. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted significant perturbations in pathways related to liver function, vitamin metabolism, linoleate metabolism, and dynorphin signaling, with the latter being observed for the first time in e-waste workers. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the biological impact of prolonged metal exposure in e-waste workers.

Оксид галію — перспективний мультифункціональний матеріал четвертого покоління (огляд)

This work is devoted to the analysis and systematization of the main information on the properties of gallium oxide and materials based on it and their practical application, as well as the prospects for further research of the specified actual oxide material. A review of literature data concerns general properties and structure of gallium oxide Ga2O3, various methods to produce Ga2O3 thin films, nanostructures, bulk crystals, powders, the application of gallium oxide in various fields of science and technology, including semiconductor field, electronic engineering, optoelectronics, the creation of composite transparent materials, etc. In the last thirty years or so, thanks to the progress in growing large-volume, high-quality gallium oxide crystals, this material with an ultra-wide band gap and a high critical breakdown field has gained significant application in the manufacture of the latest power electronics and high-voltage electronic devices. Important experimental studies, in particular, in terms of developing methods of metallization, joining similar materials, connecting electrical contacts, for example, by soldering, require the study of the wetting of these oxide materials by metal melts and the contact interaction at the interphase boundaries. Data on surface phenomena, in particular the wetting of gallium oxide by metals, are practically absent in the literature, and this requires further additional research. Keywords: gallium oxide, physical properties, semiconductor, power electronics, optoelectronics, transparent composite materials.

Advances in laser-based bremsstrahlung x-ray sources. II. Laser pulse propagation and guiding in nonuniform plasma media in the presence of self-focusing

An analytic Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin model is presented of Gaussian laser pulse propagation through plasma with a quadratic transverse density profile and an arbitrarily varying, longitudinal density gradient under conditions of nonlinear self-focusing. From these solutions, it is shown that in the absence of nonlinear self-focusing and transverse nonuniformity, for exponential pre-plasma density profiles, the use of a low density coating of the laser target with electron density n0∼11 ncr (e.g., a CH foam of density 35 mg/cm3 for 1-micron laser light) maximizes laser intensity at best focus. Also, under laser and plasma conditions relevant to recent experiments on high-power laser systems, conditions are obtained for a Gaussian laser pulse to propagate stably through the pre-plasma medium. Such conditions would be expected to enhance the production of relativistic electrons from laser-target coupling, providing a possible explanation for the observed increase in MeV photon dose and enabling applications such as laser-based MeV X-ray radiography.

Advances in laser-based bremsstrahlung x-ray sources. I. Optimizing laser-accelerated electrons

In this work, we have performed a suite of kinetic simulations of relativistic laser–plasma interaction under settings relevant to recent and planned experiments on a variety of laser systems. The goal of the study is to illuminate the physics of laser–target coupling and to provide guidance for how to optimize these sources for applications. It is shown that the production of relativistic electrons is maximized when conditions of relativistic induced transparency (RIT) in dense plasmas can be achieved over a large interaction volume at the time of arrival of most intense part of the laser pulse. RIT is shown to enhance both the numbers of relativistic electrons and the energies of the electrons, leading to an increased x-ray dose. A variety of approaches to enhancing laser–target coupling are considered. These include optimizing the effects of low-density pre-plasma (arising either from finite laser pedestal or from the use of foam coatings) and of modifying the laser focusing geometry to reduce effects of filamentation and self-focusing. Evidence of a novel approach to achieving stable laser propagation over distances of tens of micrometers in a plasma gradient is also presented. These conditions coincide with plasma and laser conditions explored in recent experiments on the Omega EP laser system and compare favorably with an analytic criterion for stable laser propagation in relativistically underdense plasma obtained from a nonlinear Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin analysis.

AI-Powered Training Program for Enhancing Teachers’ Skills in Creating Educational Digital Games

This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based training program in developing electronic educational game production skills for teachers of students with learning disabilities. Data were collected using research tools, including an achievement test designed to measure cognitive skills and an observation checklist aimed at assessing performance in the production of electronic educational games. Using a quasi-experimental design with a single group, the research tools were applied and then the AI-based training program was implemented, with the tools being applied again afterwards. The research sample included all 50 teachers from public and private schools for students with learning disabilities in the Jazan region during the third semester of the academic year 1444 AH / 2023 AD. The results demonstrated that the AI-based training program helped teachers of students with learning disabilities improve their cognitive and performance skills in creating electronic educational games. In light of these findings, the researcher recommends employing AI-based programs in education and encourages collaboration between teachers and educational technology experts to achieve effective educational training methods and the continual development of technical skills among these teachers. KEYWORDS Chatbots, ChatGPT, e-learning, special education, learning disabilities, Make It

Fishing net-inspired PVA-chitosan-CNT hydrogels with high stretchability, sensitivity, and environmentally stability for textile strain sensors

Soft electronic products are being extensively investigated in diverse applications including sensors and devices, due to their superior softness, responsiveness, and biocompatibility. One-dimensional (1-D) fiber electronic devices are recognized for their lightweight, wearable, and stretchable qualities, thus emerging as critical constituents for seamless integration with the human body and attire, exhibiting great potential in wearable applications. However, wearable conductive hydrogel fibers usually face challenges in combining stretchability and excellent stability, notably in high-temperature environment. Herein, a novel stretchable conductive hydrogel fiber, namely PVA-CS-CNT (Polyvinyl Alcohol-Chitosan-Carbon Nanotube) hydrogel fiber, was successfully prepared through a straightforward low-temperature process. This hydrogel fiber not only maintains stable signal transmission at high temperatures but also exhibits significant mechanical and sensing capabilities, ensuring signal stability during repetitive cyclic stretching. Inspired by fishing net, textile sensors were fabricated by weaving PVA-CS-CNT hydrogel fibers, which offered breathability, high stability (withstanding over 500 stretch cycles), high sensitivity (detecting strains as low as 1 %), and exceptional mechanical strength (exceeding 17 MPa). The wearable sensor could not only accurately monitor human movements like stretching and bending, but also adeptly captured delicate signals such as pulses and sounds. These characteristics demonstrated the potential applications of the hydrogel fibers encompassing human motion tracking, intelligent textiles, and soft robotics.

Lightweight and superamphiphobic silanized cellulose–silica aerogels on green flexible thermal substrates

Silica aerogel materials, a wonder material to change the world, really do have fantastic properties and their potential is huge, such as excellent and unique light, heat, fluid, and ion performance, but suffers from vulnerability to external damage, leading to cracks within the material, followed by fracture and flacking, and thus loss of thermal insulation capability. Here, we have manufactured lightweight porous silanized cellulose-silica aerogels (SCSA) by a colloidal self-assembly crosslinking process using silica aerogel powder starting material in dilute nanocellulose slurry. SCSA exhibits a wide range of advantages, including ultradurable thermomechanical stability and robust superamphiphobicity up to 160.2° WCA and 159.7° OCA, excellent humidity tolerance as low as 28.4 mW m−1 K−1 at 30 ∼ 90 % relative humidity, superelasticity up to 90 %, and near-zero plastic deformation, as well as the ultralow thermal conductivity of 19.2 mW m−1 K−1 at 25 °C, and 38.6 mW m−1 K−1 at 500 °C. SCSA has excellent superamphiphobicity, environmental friendliness, and thermal superinsulation, which can address the problem of homogeneous heating of electronic products in confined spaces and improve the performance and service life of electronic products by providing thermal protection for less heat-resistant components with poor heat resistance.

태권도 전자호구 제조업체에 따른 선수들의 인식비교

The purpose of this study is to identify athletes preference of Protector Scoring System by brand and to check their understanding of performance and errors in different brands. A survey was conducted on 222 Taekwondo athletes regarding their perception of electronic body protector manufacturers. Frequency analysis and text analysis were performed, and Excel and net minder programs were used to calculate connection centrality values. As a result, between brand A and B, company A was found to be more preferred. How the game progressed depended on the brand of protective gears. The differences in game performance methods according to the two brands brand A and brand B were in the order of ‘Daedo’, ‘scoring’, ‘back’, and ‘kicking’. As a result of the responses regarding differences in game performance methods, the order was ‘scoring’, ‘kicking’, ‘brand A’ and ‘brand B’. College and business team players considered brand A was more fair and that brand A had lower error awareness than brand B.

COOLING PERFORMANCE POTENTIAL OF TEC1-12710 AND TEC1-12715 SR THERMOELECTRIC MODULES WITH HOT SIDE COOLING OPTIMIZATION METHODS USING SEVERAL TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

Thermoelectric module is a mature technology that have been used in cooling applications such as special product storage cabins and cooling electronic products. Compared to the conventional technology (vapor compression systems), thermoelectric modules offer many advantages. However, in terms of cooling performance, particularly for large cooling capacities (>100Watt), thermoelectric modules still lag the conventional technology. One method that can be used to improve the cooling performance of thermoelectric modules is cooling the hot side of the module using a heat exchanger. In this study, experiments will be carried out on the TEC1-12710 and TEC1-12715 SR modules which alternately combined with five types of heat exchangers on the hot side of the module, connected by thermal paste. The types of heat exchangers used are Square HE, Round HE, Two-Pipe HE, Four-Pipe HE, and Liquid-Cooler HE. The experiments are carried out with operating voltage variations of 12V, 9V and 6V for each thermoelectric module. The data analysis results found that the best COP value was obtained by the TEC1-12715 SR thermoelectric module with the Round type Heat Exchanger of 0.767 at a voltage of 6V. For the TEC1-12710 thermoelectric module, the highest COP value was also obtained when the module was paired with a Round type Heat Exchanger at a voltage of 6V, with a value of 0.620. Additionally, the highest heat absorption value for both thermoelectric modules was obtained at a voltage of 12V using the Round type heat exchanger, namely 19.61 Watts (TEC1-12710) and 26.98 Watts (TEC1-12715 SR), respectively.

Challenges of E-Waste Dismantling in China

Electronic and electrical products have deeply permeated all aspects of life, bringing a lot of convenience to individuals. However, the generation of e-waste after their end-of-life has resulted in serious risks both to the ecological environment and human health due to a lack of scientific and effective recycling and treatments. As two major types of components in e-waste, heavy metals and plastics can not only directly enter the human body via inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption, but also accumulate in the human body indirectly through the food chain. E-waste is full of resources such as valuable metals like gold, silver, and copper that are often discarded incorrectly. Environmental and health risks derived from unregulated e-waste dismantling activities may be finally addressed through the application of advanced e-waste recycling technology, policy support of governments, legislation on recycling laws and regulations, and the improvement of public environmental protection awareness. This review gives a brief overview of the history, current situation, and future development of e-waste in China, which may provide novel thinking and approaches to e-waste management in the world.

Sustainable Lithography Paradigm Enabled by Mechanically Peelable Resists.

Lithography is critical in micro- and nanofabrication processes, enabling the development of integrated circuits, semiconductor devices, and various advanced electronic and photonic systems. However, there are challenges related to sustainability, efficiency, and yield, as well as compatibility with transient electronics. This work introduces a sustainable lithography paradigm employing mechanically peelable resists compatible with existing cleanroom processes. The resists exhibit near-zero adhesion to various substrates, facilitating efficient, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and chemical-free mechanical stripping without observable particulate residues. The mechanical lift-off process enables scalable and 100%-yield pattern transfer using commercially available tape within seconds. Furthermore, the new paradigm supports distributed and in situ conformal manufacturing using the peelable resist as a "transferable stencil mask" to fabricate various functional devices on flexible and nonplanar surfaces, as well as ultra-thin biodegradable substrates. Overall, this work expands the potential for using lift-off as a standard process in the pan-semiconductor industry and opens new avenues for lithographic procedures aimed at the reliable mass production of transient electronics and integrated biodegradable devices, addressing growing sustainability issues caused by electronic waste.

Introduction of nicotine analogue-containing oral pouch products in the United States.

In 2023, 6-methyl nicotine (6MN), a synthetic nicotine analog, was introduced in US-marketed electronic cigarette products advertised as exempt from regulation. It is unknown whether the use of 6MN has spread to other product categories. Industry reports, patent and trademark databases were searched for 6-methyl nicotine products. Identified trademarks 'Metatine', 'Nixotine', 'Imotine' were used to search for US-marketed products. Ingredient information was compared to US market-leading products, and safety warnings and regulatory statements were assessed in context with US state and federal regulations. Two US-based oral pouch brands, 'MG' and 'Hippotine' pouches, were identified in August 2024, advertised to contain 'Imotine'-trademarked 6MN. MG Pouches are marketed in four flavors, and 'Hippotine'-branded pouches are marketed in two flavors, likely representing banned flavor characterization in US state jurisdictions such as California. 6MN contents range 8-25 mg. Otherwise, the ingredient lists were almost identical across both product lines. Products list extensive addiction and health warnings, including warnings not to operate vehicles. Vendors state that these are not tobacco products, which implies that federal and state tobacco regulations do not apply. The spread of nicotine analogs to additional product categories, such as oral pouches, is concerning, especially given the high declared 6MN contents exceeding nicotine in popular US-marketed oral nicotine pouch products. Legislators and regulators need to provide certainty about the regulatory status of nicotine analogs to prevent further erosion of tobacco flavor bans and other regulations.

Psychological Factors Impacting the Consumer Buying Behaviour with Relation to Select Consumer Durables

Objectives: The study aims to analyse the factors influencing buys, pre-purchase, purchasing and post purchasing by comparing electronic products and white goods and to analyse the consumer behaviour's behaviour and the objective of the study. Methods: The study was carried out utilising a sample survey based on these aims. Data was collected from 428 consumers in Pune City, representing 100% urban population, collected data. and discussed by using statistical analysis such as ANOVA. Findings: There is a positive connection between's every one of the mental and social variables influencing consumer behaviour indicated by the positive sign of Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation. Conclusions: The Chi-square test is applied to study the association of age group and level of influence of family on consumer buying behaviour. P-Value is 0.356 which is more than 0.05. hence, the alternative hypothesis is failed to be accepted. From the investigation, it is seen that there is no relationship between age gathering and level of impact of family on the purchase decision. As the younger generations tend to get more influenced by their friends and other social groups than the family members, which is also indicated by the output of the analysis conducted.