Electronic Information Search Research Articles

Data, not documents: Moving beyond theories of information‐seeking behavior to advance data discovery

AbstractMany theories of human information behavior (HIB) assume that information objects are in text document format. This paper argues four important HIB theories are insufficient for describing users' search strategies for data because of assumptions about the attributes of objects that users seek. We first review and compare four HIB theories: Bates' berrypicking, Marchionni's electronic information search, Dervin's sense‐making, and Meho and Tibbo's social scientist information‐seeking. All four theories assume that information‐seekers search for text documents. Next, we compare these theories to search behavior by analyzing Google Analytics data from the Inter‐university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). Users took direct, scenic, and orienting paths when searching for data. We also interviewed ICPSR users (n = 20), and they said they needed dataset documentation and contextual information to find data. However, Dervin's sense‐making alone cannot explain the information‐seeking behaviors that we observed. Instead, what mattered most were object attributes determined by the type of information that users sought (i.e., data, not documents). We conclude by suggesting an alternative frame for building user‐centered data discovery tools.

68 The Emerging Role of Stem Cell Enriched Fat Grafts for Breast Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Aim Recent trials involving adipose derived stem cell (ADSC) enriched fat grafts have shown promising results when compared to routine autologous fat transfer (AFT) in breast reconstruction surgeries. The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare outcomes of ADSC-enriched fat grafts versus routine AFT for breast reconstruction purposes. Method A search of electronic information was conducted identifying all case control and cohort studies comparing the outcomes of ADSC-enriched fat grafts versus routine AFT for breast reconstruction. Primary outcomes included volume retention, fat necrosis and cancer recurrence. Secondary outcome measures were patient satisfaction post-surgery, cyst development, redness and swelling, infection and operation time. Fixed and random effects modelling were used for the analysis. Six studies enrolling 381 subjects were selected. Results There was a significant difference between the ADSC-enriched fat grafts and routine AFT groups in terms of mean volume retention (standardised mean difference [MD]= 2.52, P= 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of fat necrosis (Odds Ratio [OR]= 3.81, P =0.13) and cancer recurrence (OR= 1.39, P= 0.58). For secondary outcomes, the intervention group had similar results compared with the control group in terms of patient satisfaction, redness and swelling as well as infection and cyst development. Operation time was shorter for the latter group. Conclusions ADSC-enriched fat grafting is a superior option compared to the routine AFT for breast reconstruction surgery as it improves the mean volume retention and does not worsen patient satisfaction and surgical complications.

Titanium Versus Autologous Bone-Based Cranioplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

At present, there is no gold standard when looking at reconstructive evidence for cranioplasty with the use of autologous bone as well as other synthetic materials. Titanium has been considered recently as a good option due to its unique properties such as strength and biocompatibility. Numerous studies have previously compared titanium with autologous bone for cranioplasty yet no meta-analysis has been performed within the literature to provide guidelines for craniofacial surgeons. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A search of electronic information was conducted to identify all comparative studies of autologous bone vs. titanium implants in cranioplasty following a craniectomy. The primary outcomes were measured as re-operation rates and cosmesis, the secondary outcome measures included the incidence of complications, for example, bone resorption and infection. Five studies were selected, enrolling 323 cases. A high reoperation rate (p > 0.007) was seen in autologous cranioplasty using bone due to the significantly high resorption rate reported in this group. Cosmetic outcomes demonstrated no significant difference between the two groups examined. Finally, costs and infection rates (p > 0.18) were found to be comparable. Overall, titanium implants used in cranioplasty offer lower re-operation rates in comparison to autologous bone grafts whilst there was no major increase in adverse outcomes such as postoperative cost or rates.

Stem Cell-Enriched Fat Grafts Versus Autologous Fat Grafts for Facial Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

The aim of the study is to compare the outcomes of stem cell-enrichment fat grafting versus routine fat grafting for facial reconstruction purposes. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Guidelines and a search of electronic information was conducted to identify all randomized controlled trials, case control studies, and cohort studies comparing the outcomes of stem cell enrichment fat grafting versus routine fat grafting for facial reconstruction purposes. Volume retention and infection rate were primary outcome measures. Secondary outcome measures included patient satisfaction postsurgery, redness and swelling, fat necrosis, cysts, as well as operation time. Fixed and random effects modeling was used for the analysis. Eight studies enrolling 275 subjects were selected. There was a significant difference between the stem cell enrichment fat grafting and routine grafting groups in terms of mean volume retention (standardized mean difference, 2.49; P < 0.00001). However, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the rate of infection (odds ratio, 0.36; P = 0.30). For all secondary outcomes, the intervention group had similar results compared with the control group except for the operation time, which was shorter in the latter. Stem cell-enriched fat grafting is a superior option when compared with the routine fat grafting for facial reconstruction surgery because it improves the mean volume retention and does not worsen patient satisfaction and surgical complications.

Peri-operative Antibiotic Prophylaxis in K-Wire Fixation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

IntroductionThere are currently no standardised guidelines on whether antibiotic prophylaxis is required for Kirschner wire (K-wire) fixation to minimise the risk of surgical site infection when used in patients undergoing clean orthopaedic surgery.PurposeTo compare the outcomes of antibiotic prophylaxis versus no antibiotic in K-wire fixation when used in either in trauma or elective orthopaedics.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis were performed as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) Guidelines and a search of electronic information was conducted to identify all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies comparing the outcomes of antibiotic prophylaxis group versus those without antibiotic in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery in which K-wire fixation was used. Incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) was the primary outcome. Random effects modelling was used for the analysis.ResultsFour retrospective cohort studies and one RCT were identified with a total of 2316 patients. There was no significant difference between the prophylactic antibiotic and no antibiotic groups in terms of incidence of SSI (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72, P = 0.18).ConclusionsThere is no significant difference in administering peri-operative antibiotics for patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery using K-wire.

압수·수색영장 사전 심문제도 도입에 관한 비판적 고찰

The court administration seems to be pushing to revise the criminal procedure rules in a way that allows the court to interrogate suspects and other related parties before issuing a search warrant. For the reason for the revision, seizure and search of electronic information are highly likely to infringe on privacy, freedom, and self-determination of information due to the nature of electronic information, so it is necessary to improve seizure and search practice in order to comply with the principle of screening and ensure the parties' participation in the procedure. Of course, it is difficult to denigrate the intention of the amendment to strengthen the protection of the basic rights of the people by strictly regulating the excessive seizure and search of investigative agencies. However, even if only the world's most advanced human rights protection system is collected and incorporated into our legislation, it would be difficult to evaluate it as a truly reasonable system if it excessively hinders the discovery of the truth or the legitimate purpose of the investigation procedure.&#x0D; Besides, the purpose of the revision of the Criminal Procedure Rules is not simply to regulate the seizure and search warrant issuance procedures of district court judges, but to restrict the seizure and search procedures more strictly than originally planned. The revision may not seem to directly infringe on the basic rights of suspects or detainees, but it is difficult to conclude that if a warrant is issued by proceeding with a new procedure, it may result in infringement of the basic rights of suspects or detainees according to an unscheduled procedure.&#x0D; In the 70th year of the Criminal Procedure Act, the constitutional consciousness that the sovereignty of the Republic of Korea lies with the people and all power comes from the people, is not the only issue of how to protect the people from state power (freedom from state) but now it is time to discuss and legislate. In other words, it is time to discuss victim-centered justice, which focuses on “minimizing misfortune” rather than “maximizing happiness,” aside from the question of how to control the fear of expanding public power. This is because as long as state power is viewed only as an infringer, it is difficult to prevent infringement of citizens who have to live under the flood of crimes every day. Now that the dictatorship has come to an end, I think it is time to “change the idea of looking at the country.”&#x0D; In the end, while thoroughly guaranteeing the personal rights of suspects through the interrogation system(warrant substantive examination system) before arrest, it should be rejected to condemn or downplay the role(criminal investigation and prosecution) of investigative agencies for crime victims. This is why criminal proceedings should be centered on the two core values of “maintenance of the public interest of society” and “guarantee of individual human rights of citizens”.

Use of Digital Literacy Skills for Electronic Information Search among Students of Higher Institutions of Kebbi State, Nigeria

Use of Digital Literacy Skills for Electronic Information Search among Students of Higher Institutions of Kebbi State, Nigeria

Muller's muscle conjunctival resection versus external levator advancement for ptosis repair: systematic review and meta-analysis.

To compare the outcome of Muller's muscle conjunctival resection (MMCR) versus external levator advancement (ELA) in patients undergoing ptosis surgery. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, and a search of electronic information was conducted to identify all comparative studies of MMCR versus ELA in ptosis repair. The primary outcome measures were the post-operative marginal reflex distance (MRD1), ptosis under-correction, over-correction, and re-operation rate. Secondary outcome measures included cosmetic appearance, complications, operative time, and learning curve. Fixed-effect modelling was used for the analysis. Seven studies that enrolled 1038 eyelids were identified in the literature. There was no statistically significant difference between the MMCR and ELA groups in post-operative MRD1 (Mean Difference [MD] = 0.13, P = 0.28) and the rate of under-correction odds ratio [OR] = 0.49, P = 0.14). However, ELA had a significantly higher rate of over-correction (OR = 0.17, P = 0.04) and re-operations (OR = 0.26, P = 0.0001) compared to MMCR. For secondary outcomes, MMCR had an improved cosmetic appearance, lower total number of complications and shorter operation time (MD = -10.96, P < 0.00001). Finally, the two techniques had no significant difference in the learning curves. Both MMCR and ELA are effective techniques for the surgical correction of ptosis; however, MMCR surgery is a more predictable and robust technique compared to, ELA with lower rates of over-correction and re-operation.

CHEST CT VS RT-PCR FOR THE DETECTION OF COVID-19: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF COMPARATIVE STUDIES

TYPE: Abstract TOPIC: Chest Infections PURPOSE: To compare the performance of chest computed tomography (CT) scan versus reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as the reference standard in the initial diagnostic assessment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. A search of electronic information was conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMCARE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Thirteen non-randomised studies enrolling 4092 patients were identified. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were primary outcome measures. Secondary outcomes included other test performance characteristics and discrepant findings between both investigations. RESULTS: Chest CT had a median sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 0.91 (range 0.82–0.98), 0.775 (0.25–1.00) and 0.87 (0.68–0.99), respectively, with RT-PCR as the reference. Importantly, early small, China-based studies tended to favour chest CT versus later larger, non-China studies. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively high false positive rate can be expected with chest CT. It is possible it may still be useful to provide circumstantial evidence, however, in some patients with a suspicious clinical presentation of COVID-19 and negative initial Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 RT-PCR tests, but more evidence is required in this context. In acute cardiorespiratory presentations, negative CT scan and RT-PCR tests is likely to be reassuring. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This study provides useful information regardnig which reference standard in the initial diagnostic assessment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients between chest CT versus RT-PCR DISCLOSURE: Nothing to declare. KEYWORD: COVID-19

Robot-assisted versus conventional percutaneous sacroiliac screw fixation for posterior pelvic ring injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Robot-assisted pelvic screw fixation is a new technology with promising benefits on intraoperative outcomes for patients with posterior pelvic ring injuries. We aim to compare robot-assisted pelvic screw fixation to the traditional fluoroscopy-assisted technique with regards to intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used along with a search of electronic information to identify all studies comparing the outcomes of robot-assisted versus conventional screw fixation in patients with posterior pelvic ring injuries. Primary outcomes included operative duration(minutes), intraoperative bleeding(mL), fluoroscopy exposure and intraoperative drillingfrequency. Secondary outcome measures included Majeed score, healing time (minutes) and rate (%), postoperative complications, screw positioning, incision length (cm) and guide wire insertion times (minutes). The random effects model was used for analysis. Four observational studies including a total of 294 patients were identified. There was a significant difference between robot-assisted and conventional groups in terms of operative duration (MD = -24.66, p < 0.05), intraoperative bleeding (MD = -10.37, P < 0.05), fluoroscopy exposure (MD = -2.15, P < 0.05) and intraoperative drilling frequency (MD = -2.42, P = < 0.05). For secondary outcomes, no significant difference was seen in Majeed score, healing time and rate and postoperative complications. The robot-assisted group had better screw positioning, smaller incision length, and shorter anaesthesia and guide wire insertion times. Robot-assisted fixation has superior intraoperative outcomes compared to conventional fixation. Further studies are needed to look at postoperative outcomes as there is no significant difference in postoperative prognosis between the techniques.

402 A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Autologous vs Titanium Cranioplasty Implants

Abstract Aim: There is currently no gold standard reconstructive material for cranioplasty, with autologous and numerous synthetic materials currently in use. The emerging role of titanium due to its strength and biocompatibility has made it a good option. Titanium has been compared in numerous studies with autologous bone for cranioplasty however there is currently no meta-analysis within the literature to guide craniofacial surgeons on the optimal method. Method A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed as per the PRISMA guidelines and a search of electronic information was conducted to identify all randomised control trials and observational studies comparing autologous implants vs. titanium implants in cranioplasty following craniectomy. Re-operation rates and cosmesis were the primary outcome measures and incidence of complications such as bone resorption and infection were the secondary outcome measures. Results Six studies (n = 1909) were identified. Autologous cranioplasty using bone had a higher re-operation rate (p &amp;gt; 0.007), due to higher bone reabsorption seen in this group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in cosmetic outcome. Both had comparable infection rates (p &amp;gt; 0.18) and costs involved. Conclusions Titanium implants for cranioplasty offer lower re-operation rates compared to autologous based reconstruction without significantly increasing adverse outcomes such as post-operative infection rates or cost.

Chest CT versus RT-PCR for the detection of COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies.

ObjectivesTo compare the performance of chest computed tomography (CT) scan versus reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as the reference standard in the initial diagnostic assessment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.DesignA systematic review and meta-analysis were performed as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. A search of electronic information was conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMCARE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.SettingStudies that compared the diagnostic performance within the same patient cohort of chest CT scan versus RT-PCR in COVID-19 suspected patients.ParticipantsThirteen non-randomised studies enrolling 4092 patients were identified.Main outcome measuresSensitivity, specificity and accuracy were primary outcome measures. Secondary outcomes included other test performance characteristics and discrepant findings between both investigations.ResultsChest CT had a median sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 0.91 (range 0.82–0.98), 0.775 (0.25–1.00) and 0.87 (0.68–0.99), respectively, with RT-PCR as the reference. Importantly, early small, China-based studies tended to favour chest CT versus later larger, non-China studies.ConclusionsA relatively high false positive rate can be expected with chest CT. It is possible it may still be useful to provide circumstantial evidence, however, in some patients with a suspicious clinical presentation of COVID-19 and negative initial Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 RT-PCR tests, but more evidence is required in this context. In acute cardiorespiratory presentations, negative CT scan and RT-PCR tests is likely to be reassuring.

The addition of silver nitrate cautery to antiseptic nasal cream for patients with epistaxis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo compare the outcomes of the addition of silver nitrate cautery versus antiseptic cream alone in paediatric patients with recurrent epistaxis. MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis were performed as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) Guidelines and a search of electronic information was conducted to identify all Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies comparing the outcomes of the addition of silver nitrate cautery versus antiseptic cream alone in paediatric patients with recurrent epistaxis. Treatment success and persistence of bleeding were primary outcome measures. Secondary outcome measures included treatment side effects. Fixed effects modelling was used for the analysis. ResultsFour studies enrolling 240 patients were identified. There was no significant difference between silver nitrate cautery group and antiseptic cream alone group in terms of complete resolution (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.07, P = 0.81), the partial resolution (OR = 1.02, P = 0.96) and persistence of bleeding (OR = 0.91, P = 0.71). For secondary outcomes, antiseptic nasal cream was associated with few side effects such as rash in one case and several complaints of bad smell or taste. ConclusionsThe addition of silver nitrate cautery is not superior to the use of antiseptic cream alone in paediatric patients with recurrent epistaxis as it does not improve treatment success or persistence of bleeding.

Human Amniotic Membrane: A New Option for Graft Donor Sites - Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

There are currently no standardised guidelines on the optimum dressing used for graft donor sites. The aim was to compare the outcomes of human amniotic membrane (HAM) vs routine dressings in split-thickness skin graft (STSG) donor site healing. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed and a search of electronic information was conducted to identify all randomised controlled trials comparing the outcomes of HAM vs routine dressings in STSG donor sites. Wound healing and infection rate were primary outcome measures. Secondary outcome measures included severity of pain, discharge from donor site, the number of dressing changes, pruritus, and comfort. Fixed effect modelling was used for the analysis. Four studies enrolling 157 patients were identified. There was a significant difference between HAM and routine groups with wound healing time (P < .0001) and proportion of wounds healed by day 12 (P = .01). There was no significant difference between the two groups in infection rates (P = .27). For all secondary outcomes, HAM had improved results. HAM dressings are a superior option when compared with routine dressings used in current clinical practice for STSG donor sites as they improve wound healing and do not increase the infection rate.

Therapeutic Interventions in Premenstrual Syndrome

Premenstrual syndrome is a psychological, neurological, ganglia disorder that interferes with communication and disrupts the natural activities of women in the community. This study aimed to investigate the effect of therapeutic interventions on reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome In these patients. The search of electronic information was done by using the keywords of premenstrual syndrome, prevention of premenstrual syndrome. The studied bases included the Iran medex database, SID, Magiran, Pubmed, Elsevier and Scopus. The above mentioned database was searched from January 2017 to March 2018. 52 studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of interventions on reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Finally, interventions were categorized into eight fields. The interventions were most useful in the following areas, respectively: Nutrition, exercise and stretching lead to muscle austerity, drug interventions, training, massage, acupuncture, cognitive-behavioral interventions, and interventions in management strategies. The results suggest that the use of new methods and traditional medicine can greatly reduce the erosive symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, but the inaccessibility along with the costs of these interventions, the most important pillar in the lack of Follow up of these treatment interventions in women with this disease. Therefore, it is suggested by the researcher to pay attention to the effective and less costly interventional interventions with ease of use in health centers.

The Scope and Limits of Participation Rightsin the Procedure of Seizure and Searchof Electronic Information- Focusing on the Supreme Court's 2011Mo1839 full bench decision as of July 16, 2015 -

The Scope and Limits of Participation Rightsin the Procedure of Seizure and Searchof Electronic Information- Focusing on the Supreme Court's 2011Mo1839 full bench decision as of July 16, 2015 -

Barriers and Challenges, Taking Advantage of New Technologies in the Field of Information Literacy from the Perspective of Faculty Members

Introduction: given that familiarity of researchers with methods of collecting and retrieving information from different resources by using modern technologies is necessary for doing investigations, considering skills related to these capabilities under title information literacy and studying barriers that will face them are important. The purpose of this research is to study the barriers and challenges to information literacy based on technology of faculty members of Boroujerd Azad University.Method: the sample volume was selected 53 bodies by class random group and the tools for collecting information was a verified questionnaire with justifiability 0.88 and reliability 0.83.in order to analysis the information, t-test inferential statistic were used.Results: the studies showed that the most important barriers to information literacy are, respectively, lack of familiarity with electronic information research skills with medium (3.90),lack of English proficiency in searching with (3.81) and lack of complete access to electronic information database and digital libraries with (3.45),higher than moderate level(3).Conclusion: Borujerd university faculty have expressed that the main barrier is the shortage of skill in electronic information search by using modern technology.

The Effectiveness of Electronic Information Search Practices of Secondary School Students in a Singapore Science Education Context

The Internet is a complex repository containing a huge maze of information from a variety of sources. It has become a common fixture in school nowadays. Whether to use technologies such as the Internet to advance teaching in schools is not the issue since technology is already pervasively in use. Rather it is how to effectively capitalize upon technology and harness fully the new opportunities created for learning with the Internet to facilitate greater learning gains. Though in Singapore, Internet access is easily available and prevalent, be it in schools or at homes, this cannot be assumed to mean that effective use of the learning affordances of the Internet is being accomplished. This study attempted to investigate the Internet information search literacy skills of secondary school students in Singapore. The general information search techniques and strategies that were adopted by students during their information seeking interactions with the Internet were examined. It was found that students generally lacked robust Internet information searching skills and require instructional mediation in enhancing these critical skills essential for the electronic information-rich age that is now prevalent.

Changing paradigms in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Progress in our understanding of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and its treatment has resulted in a more tailored approach to patient management, with different therapeutic regimens for different patient populations. The current standard of care has evolved from single-agent therapy with chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide, through the introduction of purine analogs to the more recent introduction of chemoimmunotherapy. Selection of appropriate initial therapy should be based primarily on patient characteristics such as age, performance status and the expected clinical course of the leukemia based on established risk factors. Achieving a complete and durable response is the major goal for fit patients; chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab would be advantageous. Alternatively, in unfit patients, controlling symptoms is the essential treatment goal and a regimen with a more favorable toxicity profile should be applied. This manuscript reviews the data that has lead to current treatment choices, advises on tailored therapies and discusses emerging trends. Data for this review was identified by a search of electronic information including Medline and PubMed databases, conference proceedings and trial registers. Critical analysis of extracted data was undertaken with attention to trial phase, treatment schedules and end points, including response rates, follow-up times, progression-free survival and overall survival.

Learning centred approach for developing the electronic information search processes of students

Background: Undergraduate students of the twenty-first century are widely regarded as ‘technologically savvy’ and have embraced the electronic information world. The literature, however, describes undergraduate students as using a limited range of electronic information sources and not critically evaluating the information they retrieve from internet searches.Aims: The aim was to evaluate a purposefully designed intervention that sought to expand the information search and evaluation practices of undergraduate students. The intervention scaffolded an independent learning activity in the form of a group-based project.Methods: Survey methodology was used to collect data from student pre- and post-intervention for two cohorts of students who undertook the intervention in 2005 and 2006 involving a total of 71 students. Percentages were used to describe survey findings and chi-square analysis and Fisher's exact test examined differences between groups.Results: Questionnaires were completed by 59 students (response rate 83%) pre-intervention and 49 students (response rate 69%) post-intervention. Post-intervention there were positive and statistically significant differences in database searching behaviour (p = 0.000), use of Google Scholar (p = 0.035) and number of criteria used to evaluate information retrieved from the internet (p = 0.000) by students.Conclusion: By positively reshaping the electronic information search and evaluation practices of students we are helping students to find informed information sources as they engage in independent learning activities at university and as future health professionals.