Electronic Digital Signature Research Articles

Об уголовной ответственности за неисполнение обязанностей при выдаче квалифицированного сертификата ключа (электронной цифровой подписи)

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of ensuring the proper circulation of qualified key certificates (electronic digital signature) by criminal legal means. The criminological aspects of crime in the field of electronic document management are investigated. The reasons for the criminalization of this sphere and the formation of illegal infrastructure in it are noted. Violations in the registration of certificates of electronic digital signature keys determine economic and ordinary crimes. The necessity of improving the legal responsibility of participants in legal relations in the field of electronic document management is substantiated. Bottlenecks have been identified in the legislation regarding non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment by an employee of the certification center of his professional duties. The authors supported the draft laws of previous years on the introduction of criminal liability for offenses in the field of electronic document management. The necessity of finalizing modern legislative initiatives in this area is substantiated. A review of judicial practice confirmed the expediency of supplementing the Criminal Code with Article 327.3 "Unlawful actions in relation to an enhanced electronic digital signature". Responsibility for illegal actions of an employee of an accredited certification center for issuing an electronic digital signature is proposed. The range of subjects of the crime has been clarified. These include employees of certification centers, citizens who purchase electronic digital signatures and are their owners, as well as representatives of intermediary organizations.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ АЛГОРИТМІВ ПОСТКВАНТОВОГО ЦИФРОВОГО ПІДПИСУ

The continuous development of quantum computing requires the development of cryptographic algorithms resistant to quantum cryptanalysis. Therefore, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is holding a competition to standardize algorithms in the post-quantum period, including Crystals-Dilithium, Falcon, and Sphincs+ for digital signatures. In order to determine the ways of development and ways to improve the existing methods of cryptographic protection and electronic digital signature (EDS), an urgent task arose to assess the effectiveness (stability and computational complexity) of existing EDS algorithms. In this paper, a comparative evaluation of EDS algorithms was carried out by key indicators. Research results show the disadvantages and advantages of each algorithm, taking into account the importance of context-specific use. The conclusions indicate that Dilithium has the lowest load on the system's computing resources, Falcon stands out for its signature verification speed, and Sphincs+ provides reliable security. The capabilities of existing cryptographic transformation algorithms based on elliptic curves do not meet the growing need of authentication algorithms resistance to quantum cryptanalysis, and the use of modern candidates for the post-quantum cryptography standard does not allow for a short-term transition to the usage of new cryptographic algorithms in information systems. The paper also points out the impossibility of simultaneous transition to potentially quantum cryptanalysis-resistant algorithms in existing information systems. The direction of further research is the development of new cryptoalgorithms and methods that will ensure the integrity and confidentiality of information during its transmission over unprotected channels in the transition period to the widespread use and implementation of post-quantum cryptography standards.

Using a Cloud-Based Electronic Signature System for Organizing Electronic Voting

The article is devoted to the research on the issues of voter authentication in electronic voting systems and the creation of a description of a system model that is designed to organize electronic voting using a cloud signature system as a reliable authentication method. Within the framework of the study, the concept of electronic voting is formalized and a list of stages. The shortcomings of existing voter authentication systems are noted. The advantages of an electronic digital signature as the most reliable method of authentication are substantiated, the disadvantages of this approach are indicated and possible ways to eliminate them are proposed. The components of the cloud signature system are described and a diagram of the signature activation protocol, which is used in the process of generating an electronic digital signature, is provided. A description of the developed voter registration protocol in the electronic voting system is presented. The possibility of using a cloud signature system as part of the voter registration protocol in the electronic voting system is demonstrated. An analysis of the resistance of the proposed protocol to known attacks is carried out.

Digital transformation of the thesis preparation and defence: case of Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University

The situation in which Ukraine has found itself since February 2022 has also contributed to the development of digitalisation of all processes in higher education. Thus, higher education institutions have forms of control such as course design, diploma design, various practices, etc. In this context, the issue of digitalising the process of diploma design is the most relevant since explanatory notes to qualification works must be kept at the university upon graduation and go through several stages to be admitted to defence. The article presents the experience of the Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University in digitalising the process of diploma design. The procedure of preparing and defending a qualification work with a detailed description of each step is presented. The article discusses the peculiarities of implementing an electronic digital signature in the Zhytomyr Polytechnic Portal

IMPROVEMENT OF DATABASE PROTECTION SYSTEM FROM UNAUTHORIZED MODIFICATION BASED ON BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND PROOF-OF-WORK CONSENSUS ALGORITHM

In today's digital world, there is an active use of databases, and the relevance of protecting them is growing every day. After all, databases can contain a wide range of confidential information (personal, financial, government, commercial, etc.), unauthorized access to which will lead to irreversible negative consequences, including material damage, reputational losses, and even legal problems. In addition, the number and complexity of cyberattacks is growing every day. Attackers use various methods to gain unauthorized access to databases, such as the use of software vulnerabilities, social engineering methods, brute force attacks, etc. Therefore, the problem of increasing the security of databases against unauthorized modification is of great importance. In this regard, this paper proposes to address this issue by using blockchain technology in combination with the Proof-Of-Work consensus algorithm, which ensures the security and integrity of the system, and helps prevent fraud and abuse by using cryptographic methods to protect the blockchain from unauthorized access and modification. It is also worth noting that the Proof-of-Work algorithm has a number of other advantages, such as decentralization, transparency, and data immutability after it is added. Thus, to achieve the goal, the subject area was analyzed, the known methods on which the operation of database security systems is based were investigated, the architecture and algorithm of the security module were created, which allows for decentralized data storage and, accordingly, increases the level of their security by using a special consensus protocol to coordinate the contents of the registry, as well as cryptographic hashing algorithms and electronic digital signatures to ensure the integrity of the parameter transfer transaction.

Proposed Corporate Performance Management Using Knowledge-Based Performance Management System (KBPMS) For Privy

PT. Privy Identitas Digital or Privy Digital Identity (Privy) is a firm established in Jakarta in 2016 that specializes in the provision of Certified Electronic Certificate Organization and Electronic Signature Organization services. Privy offers legally enforceable digital signature services, along with reliable digital identities, facilitating direct connections between businesses and customers. This thesis investigates the deployment of an integrated performance management system emphasising the Knowledge-Based Performance Management System (KBPMS) at PT. Privy Identitas Digital (Privy), a firm that specialises in certified electronic certificates and digital signatures. The exponential expansion of Privy's services has highlighted the need of aligning its business strategy with frontline operations by using integrated planning and monitoring tools. The research study of integrated performance management, which includes financial goals, customer, process, and employee perspectives, is examined in detail. The suggested method uses a robust performance management framework to address enterprise issues including traditional marketing tactics and the absence of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). KBPMS optimises company performance, meets business objectives, and promotes continuous development. Significant benefits are anticipated to result from the implementation of the KBPMS, including the following: increased talent development by means of targeted training and feedback derived from individual performance evaluations; enhanced employee engagement and motivation through transparent feedback and aligned goals; increased organisational agility and responsiveness to market changes via data-driven performance insights; and optimised resource allocation and cost reduction via the KBPMS. By showcasing the advantages of incorporating digital technology into performance management, it facilitates the adoption of comparable approaches by other organisations, thereby maximising the capabilities of their workforce.

LEGAL AND PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF NOTARIAL PROTECTION IN UKRAINE AND IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

The study is relevant due to the constant need to improve the legal system and its significant component, notaries. First of all, this is due to the need to take into account constant changes in society and technological breakthroughs in order to adapt notarial activities to new realities. In addition, the analysis of the theoretical foundations and regulatory framework of notaries in Ukraine in comparison with other countries helps to identify the advantages and disadvantages in national legislation and contributes to the improvement of legal norms. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical and legal analysis of notarial protection in Ukraine and in certain foreign countries. This paper analyses the theoretical foundations and legal framework regulating notarial activity and defining the legal status of a notary in Ukraine and in some foreign countries of different legal systems. The article examines the role of the notary as a component of the legal order system, its tasks and peculiarities of organisation. The author identifies the main elements that constitute the legal status of a notary in Ukraine and in foreign countries. The author makes a comparative legal characterisation of the peculiarities of the legal status of a notary in the Latin and Anglo-Saxon notaries. Particular attention is paid to the legality, objectivity, independence and competence of notaries, who play a key role in ensuring the legal accuracy and legality of transactions. The article also discusses the support of notarial protection in Ukraine through the electronic document management system and electronic digital signature, which ensures the security and confidentiality of transactions. The article examines the role of notarial activity as a form of protection of subjective civil rights which complements other methods of legal protection. In particular, the author emphasises that notarial protection is a complement to other forms of protection, such as judicial and administrative protection, and identifies the need to analyse the legal status of notaries in other countries in order to improve national notarial legislation. It is proposed to take into account the experience of foreign legislators in rulemaking with a view to theoretical and legislative improvement of the legal status of notaries in Ukraine. Keywords: notary, notary, legal status of a notary, protection, form of protection, notarial protection, liability, contract, transaction.

Algorithm of the electronic sign-code signature on the basis of the composition of existing complexities

The article developed a new algorithm for electronic digital signature in the composition of existing difficulties: discrete logarithm in a finite field, addition of points with rational coordinates of the elliptic curve. Based on a combination of the complexities of a discrete logarithm on a finite field with a large number characteristic, decomposition of a sufficiently large odd number into prime factors, and addition of points of an elliptic curve, an electronic digital signature algorithm is developed for generating. The generally recognized model of electronic sign-code signature covers three processes: generation of digital signature keys; ESS formation; confirmation of authenticity of electronic sign-code signature. Firmness offered AESS is based on several complexities: calculations of the discrete logarithming in a finite field, decisions of the task of expansion of enough big odd number on simple factors, executions of operation of addition of points of the elliptic curve set in a finite field. It considerably raises crypto algorithm strength.

Innovative information security methods for vertically integrated companies

The article is devoted to the study of methods for ensuring information security for vertically integrated companies. The study examined the concept of a vertically integrated company, studied its features, risks, information security structure and key components of its software. The authors analyzed modern methods and tools for ensuring cybersecurity, applicable in the analyzed companies, and carried out a comparative analysis of their advantages and disadvantages. The work mentions integrated information security systems. Particular attention is paid to authentication technology based on SIM cards with an electronic digital signature as one of its mechanisms. The article examines tokens as traditional tools for implementing electronic digital signatures and SIM cards from the point of view of more modern technology, and also carries out a comparative analysis of them from the economic, technical and legal aspects. The work describes and visualizes a diagram of the process of installing tokens and SIM cards in the business process of vertically integrated companies, and the process of replacing tokens with SIM cards is considered from three points of view: economic, technical and legal. The result of the study was the expansion of the existing knowledge base about ensuring information security in vertically integrated companies and the identification of the implementation of SIM card-based authentication technology as prevailing in relation to the token-based authentication system.

Development of an electronic digital signature based on dynamic authentication templates

Development of an electronic digital signature based on dynamic authentication templates

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ACCEPTANCE AND DELIVERY OF ELECTRONIC ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The development of electronic resources and digital technologies has contributed to the transition to electronic document management and digitalization of document management. The question arises regarding the high-quality storage and creation of electronic archives. Therefore, the purpose of our article is to study the regulatory legal acts of the state that regulate the activities of the electronic archives of the country. To achieve this goal, the following tasks should be addressed: creating a list of documents included in the country’s electronic archive, examining the rules for digitizing and publishing archival documents in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and identifying current challenges and prospects for developing electronic archives. Results. With the adoption of the "Digital Kazakhstan" program, over 500,000 sheets of archival documents are digitized annually. However, by the beginning of 2023, only 5% of the nearly 16 million storage units in public storage within the National Archival Fund of Kazakhstan have been transferred to electronic format. This indicates low efficiency in using information systems in archives. The study showes that the country's archives carry out the online service «Issuance of archival certificates, copies of archival documents or archival extracts», they are available to citizens through the official website www.egov.kz and the «EGov» mobile application. The availability of digitized archival materials varies significantly in such regional archives of the country as the West Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan and Aktobe regions; search and access to electronic materials on their official web pages is easy and fast, while the web pages of the archives of Almaty, Pavlodar , Mangistau, Kyzylorda, Karaganda, Zhambyl regions is limited. Conclusions. The study showed that the list of documents included in the electronic archive is not legally defined, the validity period of the electronic digital signature expires within one year, which further raises doubts about the legality of such documents. It is crucial to not only enhance the regulatory framework for archives and documentation but also create guidelines for archives to develop web resources.

Service for Verification of Electronic Document’s Certificates

The legislation of the Republic of Belarus currently establishes the same legal force for identical documents on paper and in electronic form, which have a mandatory requisite - an electronic digital signature. The article considers the system for managing public keys of electronic digital signature in the Republic of Belarus, as well as the concepts and definitions associated with this system. The technical normative legal acts in the field of cryptographic protection of electronic documents are analyzed. The necessity of verification of certificates of public keys of electronic digital signature is substantiated. Possible variants of the procedure for verifying public key certificates are described, their advantages and disadvantages are shown. An online service for checking public key certificates has been developed using open cryptographic libraries and public tools.

Transitional justice research in the digital age: Western Balkans results

In the rapidly evolving technological landscape, the digitization of the justice system in Albania holds tremendous potential for increasing efficiency and effectiveness. This study aims to comprehensively analyse and evaluate the implementation of digital technologies in Albania’s judicial system. Using analysis and synthesis, historicism, and hermeneutic methods, the study explores the concept of an information society and delves into the historical development of information technology in the Western Balkan region. It reveals that while the telecommunications infrastructure in these countries still requires improvement, the integration of information technology can optimize court processes, reduce resolution times, and enhance overall efficiency. By enabling audio-visual recording and online broadcasting of court sessions, the judicial process becomes more accessible and transparent for citizens. Moreover, the study uncovers the prevalence of challenges that hinder democratic performance in the Western Balkan countries, particularly within the judiciary. However, the introduction of digital technologies fosters an objective and transparent environment, mitigating the challenges and potential risks of corruption. The study also examines the implementation of digital documents and electronic digital signatures, a crucial step in the digitization of transitional justice. The use of digitally signed electronic documents offers numerous advantages, including time savings, accurate information retrieval, convenience, cost-effectiveness, control, and ease of use. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of digital archives for transparency and accountability, as well as the need to respect privacy and uphold citizens’ constitutional rights related to information and access. The practical significance of this study lies in its potential to inform the development of a program aimed at optimizing and improving the digital technology system within the judicial systems of the Western Balkan countries, with a special focus on Albania

Paper Invoice Dilemma and Electronic Invoice Solution

This paper will start from the definition and purpose of paper invoice, analyze the shortcomings and problems in the use of paper invoice, and introduce the definition, advantages and purpose of electronic invoice, in order to solve the dilemma faced by the use of paper invoice. As a traditional form of bill, paper invoice plays an important role in commercial transactions, but there are some problems in its use. First of all, paper invoices are prone to damage, loss or tampering, increasing the risk and uncertainty of transactions. Secondly, the preservation and management of paper invoices requires a lot of time, space and labor costs, which brings no small burden to enterprises. In addition, because the paper invoice cannot realize real-time information sharing and tracking, resulting in the information process is not smooth and inefficient. In order to solve these problems of paper invoice, electronic invoice came into being. Electronic invoice is a new form of bill based on electronic data exchange and digital signature technology. It has the following advantages: First, electronic invoice does not need paper carrier, reduces the cost of use and management, and is not easy to be damaged, lost or tampered with, improving the reliability and security of transactions. Secondly, electronic invoices can realize real-time information sharing and tracking, which improves the efficiency and convenience of transactions. In addition, the electronic invoice can also be seamlessly connected with the enterprise's financial management system, to achieve automated accounting processing, reducing manual operations and errors. In short, there are a series of shortcomings and problems in the use of paper invoices, such as easy loss, difficult management, not easy to share information and so on. As a solution, electronic invoice has been more and more widely used and promoted by virtue of its advantages of eliminating paper carrier, improving transaction security and reliability, and realizing real-time information sharing and tracking. In the future, with the continuous development and improvement of technology, electronic invoices will become the mainstream form of business transactions, and promote the process of paper invoices to electronic transformation.

The Civil Law Regime of an Electronic Document in Business Activity in the Regions of Central Asia

This article discusses issues relating to electronic documents in business activities, taking into account the trend in the development of civil legislation and law enforcement practice of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Currently, special attention is paid to international requirements and recommendations on procedures and rules of electronic document management. In particular, the study of mutual recognition between different jurisdictions of electronic digital signatures, the expansion of mutually beneficial cooperation in the field of electronic document management between countries, the creation of unified rules for the recognition of electronic documents, the expansion of the scope of electronic document management, including in the business environment, the widespread use of smart contracts, the use of alternatives to electronic digital signatures (such as QR codes, fingerprints, scanned version of a handwritten signature and others), ensure a level of protection of electronic documents. In Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, uniform document management standards have not yet been defined. In practice, companies, as well as state institutions, use both options – document management using paper and electronic media. That is, both countries are characterized by a hybrid format of office work, which creates inconveniences and unnecessary red tape for processing and forwarding documents, and after receiving an electronic document, it becomes necessary to save a copy of it on paper. Therefore, the reasonable use of an electronic document in business activity is one of priority in civil law research.

ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT AND DIGITAL SIGNATURE IN THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

The article examines the main aspects of the essence and significance of electronic document management and its types. Electronic document management remains a very relevant and important tool for document management for many organizations and institutions from various industries. It is proved that electronic document management can improve the speed of document circulation, reduce the time for their processing and increase the overall productivity of the organization. This is especially important in the conditions of the modern rhythm of life and business processes. The use of electronic document management allows you to spend less time searching and processing documents, which leads to reduced labor costs and a reduced need for physical resources such as the paper and printing. Electronic documents can be easily stored and backed up electronically. This allows you to increase the reliability and security of data storage. In the era of working with remote teams and remote work, electronic office work makes it easy to share the documents and information without being physically present in the office. It is substantiated that the introduction of paperless accounting by enterprises is an urgent problem, the solution of which requires the adoption of comprehensive measures to optimize accounting processes, which will contribute to the simplification of management initiatives and the definition of strategic decisions. A comparison of software products for the creation of electronic document management at the enterprise, which will help automate the process of processing and exchanging documents, is carried out. The possibilities of creating and using the digital signatures are disclosed, as well as the main advantages and disadvantages of its use are analysed. It is proved that the use of electronic digital signatures in the entrepreneurial activity can reliably protect the transmitted information from external interference and distortion and give it a legal status. This article highlights the features of displaying an electronic digital signature in accounting.

Remote work in Ukraine: problems and prospects of improving its legal regulation

The article is devoted to the problems and prospects of legal regulation of remote work in Ukraine. Attention is paid to international and European standards dedicated to the features of remote work. Special attention is devoted to the study of the problems of limiting remote work for certain categories of workers under martial law. The conclusion is justified that the concept of “remote work” can be used to denote two phenomena that are different in their content. Firstly, remote work is a special mode of work that can be applied temporarily by the employer’s decision as a forced measure in the event of certain life-threatening circumstances or people’s health. Secondly, remote work as a special labour organization provides that teleworkers constantly perform work outside the employer’s location due to the specificity of their labour function. The use of an electronic digital signature in the interaction between the employer and the remote worker is a separate problem in the course of organizing remote work.The question arises about the financial costs of obtaining it (on whom they should rely)and the need to use such a signature when familiarizing the remote worker with the orders, job description, and local acts of the employer. Also, the possibility of bringing a teleworker to disciplinary responsibility remains an unsolved problem, in particular, in what way the disciplinary offenses of such a worker should be documented, and his guilt should be established if the improper performance of labor duties was due to technical reasons or other circumstances independent of the worker. The latter becomes especially relevant in the current conditions of a full-scale war with russia, given the difficult situation in the dilapidated energy system of Ukraine, constant power outages and lack of mobile or internet connection. Proposals regarding the need to improve the legal regulation of remote work in a separate section of the Labour Code are formulated. In particular with the regulation of the ways of interaction between the employer and the teleworker in the process of performing work (the order of protection and exchange of information, transfer of the employer’s tasks, control over their execution); access of teleworkers to opportunities for training and career growth; the mechanism for protecting the rights of teleworkers with the help of trade unions, their participation in collective negotiations and the resolution of collective labour disputes. Key words: remote work, special form of labour organization, labour contract on remote work, non-standard employment.

FEATURES OF SIGNATURES FORMATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES OF DOCUMENT CIRCULATION

The article deals with the features of establishing the possibilities of researching signatures in the conditions of the modern development of general educational standards of writing and the changeability of writing skills in combination with the rapid development of electronic signatures. The regularities of handwriting and signature formation in the conditions of the modern development of innovative technologies are considered. It has been established that the use of an online signature (electronic digital signature) in everyday life creates a serious problem for handwriting experts. This is due to the fact that electronic digital signatures, as well as signatures made on electronic media, are not objects for handwriting studies. The traditional method of authentication and identification cannot be completely eliminated, due to the high risks of cyber-attacks.

An Analog of the Electronic Digital Signature Based on Codes Defining Images with Accuracy up to Affine Transforms

An Analog of the Electronic Digital Signature Based on Codes Defining Images with Accuracy up to Affine Transforms

The Validity of the Cyber Notary in Supporting Govermment Indonesia in the Field of International Trade

Along with the very rapid development of information and electronic technology where electronic media is widely used as a reliable platform for carrying out various activities including communicating and carrying out various kinds of work from business transactions to implementing duties and positions, also the use of the use of electronic signatures (electromic signatures) or digital signatures (digital signatures) on authentic deeds, the concept of cyber notary has been around for quite a long time but an ideal meeting point and harmonization have not been found regarding implementing comprehensive regulations for its implementation. The authors are interested in examining how the relationship and role of Notaries in Indonesia are implemented when digital signatures are implemented in a number of agreements or contracts in the context of international trade. This writing was written using normative research methods by collecting primary, secondary, tertiary or non-legal legal materials which collected and analysed through the steps of description, systematization and explanation. The conclusion that can be drawn from this writing is that the development and regulation of cyber notaries in Indonesian positive law can be seen from the new authority for Notaries to certify transactions carried out electronically, and the concept of cyber notary in supporting Indonesia in the field of international trade based on UNCITRAL, can be done with 3 (three) approaches in regulating electronic signature authentication procedures. To make the notary's authority in the concept of cyber notary effective, legal protection and legal certainty are needed for the perpetrators of the transaction.