Electronic Commerce Transactions Research Articles

Legal Protection for Debtors in Online Transactions: Evaluating Safeguards in E-Commerce

This study aims to examine the legal protection afforded to consumers in electronic commerce transactions. Consumer protection is crucial for ensuring legal certainty in online transactions. The research adopts a normative legal research approach to assess the effectiveness of the protection provisions outlined in Law No. 19/2016. The study identifies two primary concepts of legal protection in the context of electronic transactions: preventive legal protection and repressive legal protection. Preventive legal protection encompasses measures designed to prevent potential harm to consumers before transactions occur. In contrast, repressive legal protection involves legal actions taken to address and resolve disputes arising from violations in electronic transactions. The findings indicate that these two concepts of legal protection are complementary in creating a secure and fair environment for electronic commerce. Preventive legal protection aims to provide consumers with a sense of security by ensuring that service and product providers adhere to established standards before transactions take place. On the other hand, repressive legal protection ensures that consumers have mechanisms to seek justice if violations or damages occur post-transaction. This research offers insights into the current regulatory effectiveness and underscores the need to strengthen legal protection mechanisms to address challenges emerging from technological advancements. It highlights that in the rapidly evolving digital era, regulations and legal protections must swiftly adapt to new forms of electronic commerce. Strengthening legal protections will not only enhance consumer trust but also promote healthier and more sustainable growth in the digital economy.

The behaviour of e-commerce users: An empirical investigation of online shopping

This paper investigates the relationship between information and communication used by users on electronic commerce platforms. This study is underpinned by the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to understand the factors contributing to electronic users' intention to use online shopping platforms. The primary data was collected using a self-administrated online survey from 422 respondents of online electronic commerce shopping users and analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) version 28. Empirically, this study shows that trust between e-commerce users in the digital platform as a medium, consumers’ intention to use the digital platform to make purchases and consumers’ behavioural attitudes significantly influence consumers’ intention to use online shopping platforms. The study's premises on user trust are beneficial for regulators, online business owners and the government because they help them identify the traits that give customers more confidence to use electronic commerce transactions. This study suggests that users’ trust in the information provided when dealing through electronic commerce transactions is vital for the parties involved. This study provides a theoretical framework for future research to examine the effect of these factors and determine the influence of diversification on electronic commerce behaviour.

Understanding the Doctrine of the 'Caveat' as a Guide to Electronic Commerce Transactions in Cameroon: A Critical Consumer View

Understanding the Doctrine of the 'Caveat' as a Guide to Electronic Commerce Transactions in Cameroon: A Critical Consumer View

An Assessment of the Adequacy of Online Consumers’ Protection Laws: Understanding the Realities and Mirage

Globally, electronic commercial transactions have been rising at a rapid rate. In the context of South Africa, this upward trend is associated with the high rates of mobile technology penetration evinced by using mobile devices like laptops, cell phones, smartphones, tablets, and other emerging electronic tools. Given that the laws and policy framework regulating e-commerce transactions is relatively new and at a developmental stage in the country, there are gaps regarding the regulation of commercial transactions as they relate to consumer protection in the online environment. Some matters have arisen and still emerging because of the outpacing of technological developments with the existing commercial laws. This disparity in technological innovations and the subsisting legal framework tends to affect the modern consumer who prefers to utilise technology to access goods and services and conclude contracts electronically. This study explored the challenges in online contract formation and the extent to which consumers are protected in the e-commerce environment. A qualitative research approach was adopted in this study, by utilising a desktop review of the existing policies and legal instruments on electronic transactions, namely, case law, international instruments, and national laws (the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 24 of 2002). The study critically examined the mechanisms in the current legal and regulatory framework that facilitate the conclusion of electronic contracts. It also analysed the current international and national legal framework to appraise the adequacy of the subsisting legislation in protecting the rights of consumers who engage in online transactions. Findings from the study revealed that despite the mechanisms put in place by the current South African legal framework, more still needs to be done to ensure legal certainty to consumers, who are the weaker party in e-commerce transactions. The study recommended strengthening consumer protection in the e-commerce environment. Keywords: Online Contract, Consumers, Online Transactions, Consumer Protection, E-Commerce.

A Study on Customer Satisfaction and Awareness on Digital Payment Systems at Kottayam District

Nowadays we can see that the tremendous growth in use of internet banking and mobile phone in India. Digital payment is a way of payment which is made through digital modes. In digital payments, payer and payee both use digital modes to send and receive money. India is moving forward on the way of the most significant digital revolution and digital payment system will be an important landmark in the regime of cashless economy in the coming years. Digital payment system is an electronic medium that allows consumers to make electronic commerce transactions for their purchase and also financial transactions. The development of the digital payment in India is anticipated to be driven by digital payment service providers, effective banking regulatory mechanism and experience of consumers and these are also growth enhancing factors for digital payment in India.

A Novel and Secure Fake-Modulus Based Rabin-Ӡ Cryptosystem

Electronic commerce (E-commerce) transactions require secure communication to protect sensitive information such as credit card numbers, personal identification, and financial data from unauthorized access and fraud. Encryption using public key cryptography is essential to ensure secure electronic commerce transactions. RSA and Rabin cryptosystem algorithms are widely used public key cryptography techniques, and their security is based on the assumption that it is computationally infeasible to factorize the product of two large prime numbers into its constituent primes. However, existing variants of RSA and Rabin cryptosystems suffer from issues like high computational complexity, low speed, and vulnerability to factorization attacks. To overcome the issue, this article proposes a new method that introduces the concept of fake-modulus during encryption. The proposed method aims to increase the security of the Rabin cryptosystem by introducing a fake-modulus during encryption, which is used to confuse attackers who attempt to factorize the public key. The fake-modulus is added to the original modulus during encryption, and the attacker is unable to distinguish between the two. As a result, the attacker is unable to factorize the public key and cannot access the sensitive information transmitted during electronic commerce transactions. The proposed method’s performance is evaluated using qualitative and quantitative measures. Qualitative measures such as visual analysis and histogram analysis are used to evaluate the proposed system’s quality. To quantify the performance of the proposed method, the entropy of a number of occurrences for the pixels of cipher text and differential analysis of plaintext and cipher text is used. When the proposed method’s complexity is compared to a recent variant of the Rabin cryptosystem, it can be seen that it is more complex to break the proposed method—represented as O(ɲ× τ) which is higher than Rabin-P (O(ɲ)) algorithms.

Applying Detection Leakage on Hybrid Cryptography to Secure Transaction Information in E-Commerce Apps

Technology advancements have driven a boost in electronic commerce use in the present day due to an increase in demand processes, regardless of whether goods, products, services, or payments are being bought or sold. Various goods are purchased and sold online by merchants (M)s for large amounts of money. Nonetheless, during the transmission of information via electronic commerce, Ms’ information may be compromised or attacked. In order to enhance the security of e-commerce transaction data, particularly sensitive M information, we have devised a protocol that combines the Fernet (FER) algorithm with the ElGamal (ELG) algorithm. Additionally, we have integrated data leakage detection (DLD) technology to verify the integrity of keys, encryptions, and decryptions. The integration of these algorithms ensures that electronic-commerce transactions are both highly secure and efficiently processed. Our analysis of the protocol’s security and performance indicates that it outperforms the algorithms used in previous studies, providing superior levels of security and performance.

Proposal to Improve the E-Commerce Platform Development Process with an Exploratory Case Study in Chile

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and/or services over the internet. In recent years, e-commerce has experienced tremendous growth due to the popularity of and access to the internet throughout the world. Many companies have seen an opportunity in this market, starting to offer their products and/or services online. However, developing electronic commerce platforms can be complex and requires technical skills and specialized knowledge, which has become a problem due to the need to comply with the standards and requirements of customers who request to join these channels. Microenterprises in particular often need more resources and experience building e-commerce platforms. This is an exploratory case study, the objective of which is to design a proposal to improve an e-commerce platform development process for a computer enterprise from Valdivia, Chile, based on the international standard ISO 10008. Therefore, a solution is proposed for microenterprises to standardize their processes and improve their competitiveness in an increasingly demanding market, incorporating a methodology based on a review of quality management and customer satisfaction guidelines for e-commerce that allow the identification of internal and external failures, to prevent problems and achieve acceptable results. The proposal includes suggestions on how to improve the user experience on platforms, make the purchase and payment process more efficient, develop a support section for the computer microenterprise, and improve the security and privacy of customer data. The study of this quality regulation is one of the first at the national level, paving the way for developing proposals for other microenterprises in the country and, in turn, for the study and implementation of guidelines for business-to-consumer electronic commerce transactions (B2C ETC).

LEGAL MEASURES TAKEN TO CONFRONT THE ATTACKS ON ELECTRONIC PAYMENT CARDS

The development of electronic commercial life, the prosperity of the economy and trade and its massive spread with the decrease in the costs of communication effectively contributed to the impact on the payment systems, so the so-called electronic payment cards appeared, as they became widely spread at the global level and received great attention, and with this attention they received many attacks against them, These cards have become the subject of many crimes by people who have experience in the information field, which made them professionalize this type of criminal activity, which negatively affects the credibility of these cards, their issuers and the parties dealing with them, given that their risks are not only of a national nature. Rather, it goes beyond it to the international level, as it transcends geographical separations between countries. The matter requires legislative intervention with explicit text, whether at the international or internal level, in order to ensure the good conduct of electronic commerce transactions and the stability of financial transactions locally and globally, as well as in a manner consistent with the specificity of this type of crime

CONSUMER PROTECTION FROM UNWANTED ELECTRONIC COMMERCIAL ADVERTISING UNDER LAW NO. 18-05

The technological development of the current era in various fields has led to the emergence of electronic commerce, which has become carried out through the Internet, which does not recognize geographical borders or the principles known by traditional trade, and this has increased its importance and danger at the same time. Electronic commercial advertising is considered one of the most important aspects of electronic commerce through which electronic promotion of products and services takes place, as it plays an important role in directing the will of the public and influencing the psyche of consumers, inviting them and urging them to contract with them to acquire certain products and services at the expense of others, and given the low cost of these electronic advertisements and the possibility of sending it via e -mail messages, electronic suppliers take advantage of this feature, and send it to the largest possible number of consumers, in an intensive manner, whether they have previously been dealt with or not, and whether they wish to do so or not, which increases the pressure on the consumer. These advertisements are often not accepted and welcomed by the consumer public, and therefore they are called “Spam " or " Spamming ", because they restrict the freedoms of individuals, interfere with their privacy and invade the consumer's private life, as soon as he opens his e-mail he gets surprised by it without any consent from him, and it is difficult for him to remove it from his e-mail, in addition to the damage it causes to consumers. Thus, consumer protection has become an important priority in all electronic transactions, especially protecting it from unwelcome commercial advertisements that the consumer receives via the Internet in order to avoid messages sent to him without his desire. Therefore, national and international legislation has resorted to limiting this phenomenon and combating unwanted advertisements, enacting legal texts regulating electronic commercial advertisements, and approving penal liability when violating them. Similar to the legislation of other countries, the Algerian le gislator issued Electronic Commerce Law No. 18-05 to regulate electronic commercial transactions in this new type of trade, which depends on electronic communication technology, as it stipulated through it the regulation of electronic commercial advertising

Designing a Random Password Generator Using Python Programming Language

Every individual who uses various online services, is concerned about security and privacy to safeguard personal information and data from hackers. The password-generating system is one of several generating systems available for the security of users' data. Because of the rise in sharing of information online, internet usage, electronic commerce transactions, and data transmission, both password security and authenticity have become grave issues. However, this shows that the password's strength (or length) is also necessary to be strong. As a result, cybersecurity experts generally advise using complex password combinations. However, due to difficult patterns, individuals frequently forget their passwords. Unlike previous random password generators, the authors are putting forth a novel approach in this paper that will produce a strong password. The Python programming language has been used to create the password-generating system. The authors have used pyperclip, tkinter, random and string libraries in the code design. According to various tests of the system carried out, the trustworthiness of the generated passwords is one hundred percent.

SAFEGUARDING CONSUMERS: COMBATING DECEPTION IN E-COMMERCE

This research explores the significance of protecting consumers from electronic commercial deception, focusing on the Saudi regulatory perspective. It sheds light on this crime’s societal dangers and emphasises prevention's importance. The researcher outlines the risks and characteristics of this crime, highlights Saudi regulations aimed at curbing it, and examines the types and methods of commercial fraud. The study also emphasises the preventive and remedial measures to combat fraud and presents the associated risks and precautionary strategies. The researcher approaches the topic through preliminary definitions, followed by two sections: the first addresses fraud in electronic commercial transactions and the legal and regulatory stance in four demands. In contrast, the second section explores the impact of fraud on commercial electronic contracts in four demands. The conclusion summarises the key findings and recommendations, seeking guidance from the Almighty.

Can Cryptocurrency Be a Payment Method in a Developing Economy?

This study sought to understand the factors driving the consumer adoption of a cryptocurrency, in particular Bitcoin, as an electronic payment (e-payment) system for electronic commerce (e-commerce) transactions within a developing economy such as South Africa. The advent of e-commerce has led to increased online transactions facilitated by e-payment systems, which can fall prey to opportunistic hackers. Cryptocurrencies have been pegged as a solution to this security issue. However, little is currently known around consumer propensity to use a cryptocurrency as an e-payment option, particularly within a developing economy. The investigated factors that could influence user adoption were based on literature and tested on a South African representative sample of 814 respondents. Of the factors identified from literature, the study found that “perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use,” “self-efficacy,” “awareness,” “trust,” and “security” have the most significant influence on South African consumers adopting a cryptocurrency as an e-payment system.

Secure Electronic Commerce Transactions Using Pythagorean Triple-based Cryptography and Audio Steganography

The rapidly increasing utilization of Information Technology (IT) in electronic commerce and other aspects of human existence has led to a rise in worries about the privacy and safe-ty/security of those involved. Due to the alarmingly high frequency with which data or user privacy breaches occur today, conducting online transactions can represent a major threat to buyers (and even business owners') privacy. Existing solutions to these security issues are still vulnerable to classic phishing scams. As a result, the construction of a robust and effi-cient audio steganography system for secure electronic commerce transactions is presented in this work. The developed system first encrypts sensitive financial data using the Pythagorean Triple-based Cryptographic (PTC) algorithm, then compresses the resulting cipher-text using the Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW) and Huffman's Compression Algorithms, and finally embeds the compressed file (using one-dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)) in a suitable audio-file cover to produce an output (stego file) that is indistinguishable from the cover file. This output can then be exchanged between communicating entities across open networks. The new system has a little or no alteration in its outputs, as evidenced by the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), in the experimental results gotten.

Electronic Commerce Between Theory and Application According to Jordanian Law

Given the current circumstances and the technological advancement witnessed by the world, there has been an increase in the use of electronic commerce by countries, merchants, and consumers alike. The positive impact of this type of commerce on the development and prosperity of the national and international economy is due to the positive benefits enjoyed by consumers, merchants, and countries, such as the speed of completing electronic commercial transactions and the low costs in terms of time and effort. Studies have shown that electronic commerce has had positive effects on the economy of many countries. Despite this, the Jordanian legislator has not provided specific provisions for this type of commerce.

Selection of the best e-wallet in the Klang Valley, Malaysia: An application of the analytic hierarchy process

Parties conducting electronic businesses usually do not meet face-to-face, nor do they exchange currency or hard copies of documents hand-to-hand. When companies enter electronic commerce transactions, choosing an electronic payment (or E-Wallet) system that will work well is a major issue. In the present study, initially, after examining different E-Wallet systems in the Klang Valley, Malaysia, assessment criteria were identified based on previous research and experts interviews. The assessment criteria were used for questionnaire development to rank factors for selection of the best E-Wallet in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. The survey result was analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a mathematical model, and synthesized using Superdecisions® software. Then, applying the AHP, the five top E-Wallets used in the Klang Valley were ranked. Results show that Samsung Pay is the most preferred E-Wallet system, followed by Lazada Wallet and Boost. The findings of this research are intended to be useful for both academic researchers and companies planning to adopt or improve their electronic payment systems. The hierarchical model developed in this study is expected to provide valuable guidance to E-Wallet service providers, banking industry practitioners, financial institutions, and similar companies in optimizing their resources. E-Wallet service providers can use the results to increase the adoption of their E-Wallet transactions.

РОЗВИТОК ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ КОМЕРЦІЇ ТА ПОНЯТТЯ ЕЛЕКТРОННОГО ДОГОВОРУ

Article considers the concept of E-Commerce and E-Contract, their essence and content. Main types of E- Commerce and factors influencing the development of E-Commerce are presented. The conclusion of the contract in electronic form is defined by law, but still needs more circumstantiation, because legal framework is still quite cumbersome and is in the process of continuous improvement. Today, the development of E-Commerce promotes rapid access to information and resources, becomes highly profitable form of commodity-money relations, and therefore must be actively implemented and carry out a kind of revolution. Digital technologies and information communication networks are gradually becoming a part of everyday life and playing an important role in development of business and national economy overall. Electronic commerce is the most important component of electronic business. Emergence and fast growth of electronic business all over the world results from a variety of reasonable conditions and preconditions. Electronic form of information presentation is the documentation type that enables reproduction of the information in the visual form acceptable by the reader. One of the risk management means in course of any electronic commerce transactions is conclusion of contracts (agreements) by telecommunications. Upon adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On electronic commerce”, the legislation has coordinated the particular aspects governing conclusion of electronic contracts (individual issues have been coordinated by the Law of Ukraine “On electronic documents and document flow” and “On electronic signature.)” The article details the conditions of electronic contract conclusion, the procedure of use of the electronic signature for electronic contracts, identifies the ways to improve development of electronic commerce and electronic contracts and the procedure of use of the above. The special objective of the research has been to determine how electronic commerce and electronic business may be used to foster sustainable development and generally to facilitate the economic relations of Ukraine, as well as how electronic ecommerce affects the economic law of Ukraine.

Information in Consumer Contracts: Reforming Consumer Protection Law in Malaysia

AbstractThis article examines the effectiveness of the Consumer Protection Act 1999 in ensuring that Malaysian consumers can make informed decisions and that their interests are adequately protected in modern electronic commerce (e-commerce) transactions. It first identifies the key elements required of a modern consumer protection framework and subsequently uses this model as a yardstick to assess the legal frameworks in two jurisdictions. The first jurisdiction is Malaysia, a common law country that, although considered a potentially important regional player in the development of e-commerce, has a relatively underdeveloped consumer protection framework. The second jurisdiction is England and Wales, which is likewise a common law jurisdiction but one whose consumer protection framework has been influenced by European Union consumer protection policy and legislation that has further provided the impetus for significant legal reform in both offline and online environments. This article examines the extent to which the laws in both jurisdictions provide appropriate protection, considering countervailing issues (eg, protection of commercial innovation and competition) and identifying potential gaps in provision (eg, inadequate regulation of new platforms or business methods). Based on these analyses, the article proposes an ‘evergreen’ consumer protection framework to improve the legal landscape of e-commerce in Malaysia.

The Legal and Practical Challenges of Applying Ethiopian VAT on Electronic Commerce Transaction

Technology has impacted taxation and the manner in which tax is imposed. The geographical foundations of existing taxing systems and non-territorial character of e-commerce is at heart of the challenge that e-commerce poses to taxation. The problems of buyer’s identification, difficulty of establishing location/residence and status of party to e-commerce transactions, the inadequacy of the Ethiopian VAT proclamation to define Permanent establishment for e-commerce purpose, the absence of guidelines on acceptable records where goods are delivered, invoices issued and payments made by electronic means, lack of proper and adequate resources within the Tax Authority to monitor e-commerce transactions are identified as the major challenges of applying Ethiopian VAT on e-commerce transaction. The article argues that a clear provision as to what constitute Permanent establishment for e-commerce purposes should be established, a special scheme which would require foreign vendors involved in supplying electronic services to Ethiopian consumer to register should be established. What is more, for the sake of effective administration and collection of VAT revenue from e-commerce transactions the cooperation of the Tax Authority with various stakeholders is advised. Keywords : E-commerce, Taxation, Permanent Establishment, Transaction, VAT. DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/80-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2022

A STUDY ON CONSUMER PERCEPTION ON E-WALLET IN AHMEDABAD

An e-wallet also known as digital wallet refers to a device that allows an individual to make electronic commerce transactions quickly and securely. The purpose of the study is to examine consumer perception regards E-wallet. The objective of the study is to finding usage of e-wallet, safety of e-wallet, service of e-wallet, how much easy to use, which device they use for making transaction, average monthly spending via e-wallet, which application they most use, which kind of transaction do they make via e-wallet etc. the study is also helping for the E-Wallet companies that how many people are aware about E-Wallet and how many people are using E-wallet for which types of transaction. How many people are aware from E-wallet. It is safer than cash money since only the legitimate owner who knows the password can operate it. A consumer e-wallet is a standalone software application that you can download and install on your computer, PDA or Smartphone. The main objective of e-wallet is to make paperless money transaction easier.