Electron Strings Research Articles

Cosmic String Theory: Gravity and Tension

Planets are interconnected via magnetic field lines, which allow flux transfer events. In this paper, a thought experiment is performed whereby the Sun and planets are visualized as a violin with magnetic field lines analogous to strings of the violin. Frequency calculations for vibrating strings between the Earth and Sun compare favorably with measured satellite data for flux transfer events. Ideal Schumann Resonance was calculated using speed of light, diameter of the Earth and Earth’s gravity for tension. The force of attraction and repulsion of magnets is analogous to tension and compression resulting from tremendously low frequency (TLF) electromechanical waves. Gravity waves are thus theorized as mechanical waves brought about by the tension of electron strings, which also act dually as electromagnetic waves. Future harmonic analysis of flux transfer wave forms for each planet would add credence to the string theory as the theory of everything.

Production and ion-ion cooling of highly charged ions in electron string ion source

The scheme of an internal injection of Au atoms into the working space of the "Krion-2" electron string ion source (ESIS) was applied and tested. In this scheme Au atoms are evaporated from the thin tungsten wire surface in vicinity of the source electron string. Ion beams with charge states up to Au51+ were produced. Ion-ion cooling with use of C and O coolant ions was studied. It allowed increasing of the Au51+ ion yield by a factor of 2. Ions of Kr up to charge state 28+ were also produced in the source. Electron strings were first formed with injection electron energy up to 6 keV. Methods to increase the ESIS ion output are discussed.

Controlled experiments on self-organization of ordered structures in a pure electron plasma

We review our recent studies on structure formation in pure electron plasmas confined in magneto-electric traps. Two-dimensional dynamics of strongly magnetized plasmas is studied in terms of a two-dimensional vortex composed of high-density clumps and a low-density distribution in the background (BG). By controlling the initial distributions we examine in detail the fundamental processes where the clumps form highly ordered geometrical configurations (vortex crystals). Experimental studies of the formation of three-dimensional density structures have been initiated with a newly built strong-magnetic-field (2.2 T) trap operatable with various potential profiles including a square-well potential (Malmberg trap) and harmonic potential (Mohri trap). In the Mohri trap, Penning-type distributions are observed to form as a result of interaction of string-shaped distributions of electrons. The density distributions observed in the relaxation process are quite different from those observed in a square-well potential most probably due to three-dimensional deformations and merger of the string distributions. The equilibrium distributions generally consist of sets of spheroidal distributions, a core distribution plus halo distributions. Observationally the halo distributions appear to be associated with the amount of excessive angular momentum provided through the injection of off-axial electron strings. Like the BG vorticity distribution in the two-dimensional merger of clumps, the halo may act as the absorber of momentum in the course of the merging process of strings to create the core distribution. In the Penning-like distributions we have also observed the accumulation of negative ions replacing the electrons in time scales much longer than thermal relaxation.

Use of EBIS in the string mode of operation on the Nuclotron facility in JINR

The reflex mode of EBIS operation in certain conditions (a special construction of electron gun and electron reflector, a precise axial symmetry of solenoid with a strong magnetic field, a sufficient injected electron current at a certain energy which provide a sufficient density of accumulated electrons in EBIS drift space) leads to formation of the so-called electron string state of a pure one component electron plasma. It was shown experimentally, that electron strings are stable in a broad range of operational conditions to be used for production of highly charged ions in electron string ion sources (ESIS) similarly to streaming electron beams in EBIS. The EBIS “Krion-2” in the string mode of operation, by means of which electron string formation was first observed and majority of experimental information on its features has been obtained, was recently used as the source of highly charged ions on the Nuclotron accelerator facility. During two runs in June 2002 and June 2003 N6+, N7+, Ar16+ and Fe24+ ions of 300, 350, 200, and 150 μA pulse current, respectively, produced by this source were accelerated to relativistic energies and used in several experiments. During the runs the source situated on the high voltage platform of the LINAC preinjector worked mostly in an automatic mode of operation and showed high stability and reliability.

Electron string phenomenon: physics and use

Electron string phenomenon arises as a result of phase transition of a state ofmultiply reflected electron beam to this new discovered state of one component electron plasmaand can be easily observed in the reflex mode of EBIS operation. The transition goes via a stronginstability, which causes considerable electron energy spread, which in its turn suppresses theinstability. Electron string state is a stationary state of hot pure electron plasma, which is heatedby injected electron beam and cooled because of electron loses. Electron string is quiet in broadregions of experimental parameters, so that it is used for confinement and ionization of positiveions by electron impact to highly charge states similar to electron beams in EBIS.Application of electron strings instead of electron beams for ion production allows to saveabout 99% of electric power of electron beam and simultaneously to improve reliability of anion source considerably. The JINR EBIS `Krion-2' in the string mode of operation is used forproduction of N7+, Ar16+ and Fe24+ ion beams and their acceleration to relativistic energies onthe facility of the JINR super conducting one turn injection synchrotron `Nuklotron'.The tubular electron string possibly can exist and it is under study now theoretically andexperiments are prepared now. Estimations show that a Tubular Electron String Ion Source(TESIS) could have up to three orders of magnitude higher ion output then a Linear one (LESIS).In frames of nuclear astrophysics electron strings can be used for research of fusion nuclearreactions at low energies in conditions when both beam and target nuclei do not carry orbitalelectrons. The project NARITA — Nuclear Astrophysics Researches in an Ion Trap Apparatus isproposed. Polarization effects also can be studied.

ELECTRON STRINGS IN OXIDES

We found that insulating and conducting electron strings may arise in oxide materials with not very wide bands, like HTSC, due to electron-phonon and electron-electron interactions including antiferromagnetic correlations. We estimate the string length and the number of particles self-trapped into a single string taking into account the typical parameters of cuprates, like La2CuO4. The conducting strings typically may have a small doping (n<0.3) and are created mostly due to the long-range electron-phonon interaction associated with ionic bonding of Oxides.

Electron strings in solids with narrow bands

Electronic phase separation may arise due to electron–phonon interactions. In polar materials with a narrow band this polarization effect may lead to the creation of electron strings, whose length depends on dielectric constants.

Collapse of small magnetic polarons and a creation of a string glass in pyrochlore manganites

There arises an electronic phase separation associated with an instability of small magnetic polarons; this results in a random creation of electron strings and gives rise to a string glass.

A study of electron strings and their use for efficient production of highly charged ions

An electron string is a state of a one component electron plasma, which can arise when multiply reflected electrons are accumulated in a strong solenoidal magnetic field. Based on the electron beam ion source (EBIS) in the reflex mode of operation the processes of the string formation and its decay were observed and the characteristic times of the processes have been measured. Information about the electron energy distribution in electron strings has been obtained using four independent methods. It was shown, the distribution is broad and, moreover, there is some amount of electrons, having energies higher than the energy of the electrons used for feeding the string. An instability was observed as a starting point of electron string formation. The instability is strongly suppressed and the string is formed when the injecting electron current reaches a threshold value, which depends on a quality of electron focusing. Most likely the instability observed is responsible for the string electron energy spread. The results of the string formation using various constructions of electron gun and electron repeller, situated in magnetic fields of various induction, are presented. Similar to electron beams in EBIS, electron strings were successfully used for production of highly charged ions. The first attempts of a theoretical description of the electron string phenomenon are briefly discussed.

Electron beam ion sources in the reflex mode of operation (review and progress report) (invited)

The reflex mode of electron beam ion source (EBIS) operation can provide repeated use of electrons, emitted by the gun cathode both for sequential ionization of positive ions and for creation of negative space charge to keep ions in an electrostatic ion trap of the source. This mode of operation provides as well a corresponding decrease of a consumed electric power compared to the electron beam power in the normal mode of EBIS operation. The studies of the reflex mode resulted in an observation of a transition to the so-called electron string state. Electron energy distributions in the strings differ from those in electron beams. Electron strings are used for production of highly charged ions. The sequence of the ion production in a string is the same as in an electron beam. The first review of experimental methods and experimental results, including the latest ones and of the first attempts to give a theoretical description of the reflex mode, is presented.

Formation of electron strings in narrow band polar semiconductors

We show that linear electron strings may arise in polar semiconductors. A single string consists of M spinless fermions trapped by an extended polarization well of a cigar shape. Inside the string the particles are free although they interact with each other via Coulomb forces. The strings arise as a result of an electronic phase separation associated with an instability of small adiabatic polarons. We have found the length of the string which depends on dielectric constants of semiconductors. The appearance of these electron strings may have an impact on the effect of stripe formation observed in a variety of high- T(c) experiments.

About formation of electron strings

With the use of Hartree-Fock method we find that in narrow band solids there may arise an electron phase separation. These electron regions are spontaneously self-organized into the form of linear electron strings or droplets. The many-body self-trapping effect is due to a deformational electron-phonon interaction. A single string in a narrow band solid consists of a continuos chain of atoms which have trapped electrons (holes) due to the self-creation of a deformation well around this chain. We find that the length of such strings depends on the constant of deformation potential, the elastic modulus of the crystal and the inter-site Coulomb interaction between the particles.

Evolution of Argon K X-Ray Spectra During the Ion Confinement in Electron Strings

An electron string is a state of a one component electron plasma, which can arise when multiply reflected electrons are accumulated in a strong solenoidal magnetic field. Based on the Electron Beam Ion Source Krion-2 in the reflex mode of operation electron strings were used for production of highly charged Argon ions. Evolution of K x-ray spectra during the confinement of Ar ions was obtained. Dielectronic recombination of Ar16+ ions with string electrons was detected. The possibility of K x-ray diagnostic for studies of electron strings is discussed.

Formation of Electron Strings in Narrow Bands

Electron strings may arise in polar materials as a result of an electronic phase separation. The width or the transverse diameter of the string is equal to one interatomic spacing. The length of the string depends on dielectric constants of semiconductors. The appearance of these electron strings may naturally explain the effect of stripe formation observed in a variety of HTSC experiments.

Quantum theory of unusual heat-resistant superconductivity in polymers

Abstract A new theory of unusual superconductivity is developed for states that may exist in both amorphous polymers and biological systems based on flexible polar dielectric substanccs. Its key points are firstly a low concentration of stable ions and free polarons, sccondly a flexible medium which allows their structural self-organization resulting in the formation of quasi-one-dimensional (1D) electron strings and thirdly a stable fine structure of any string corresponding to two electron subcrystals moving through one another with the single permitted velocity v. Both the localization and the strong exchange interaction of all electrons having parallel spins lead to triplet pairing with an energy of electron binding 2 δE ≈ 1 eV. The resulting ground state of that system is quasi-ID ferromagnetic superconductivity with an expected Tc ≫ 103 K. The good agreement between the theory and known experimental data predicts new quantum effects.