Electron Spectroscopy Research Articles

Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation studies on the effect of composite surfactants on the wettability of anthracite coal

In order to improve the wettability of coal bed water injection, the effects of several composite surfactants on the wettability of anthracite coal were investigated. Firstly, the wettability of different composite surfactants on anthracite was analysed by macroscopic experiments (surface tension and settling time) to determine the optimal concentration and optimal ratio of composite surfactants. Secondly, the effects of adsorption of different composite surfactants on the physicochemical properties of the coal dust surface were investigated by mesoscopic experiments (scanning electron microscopy, energy spectrometer analysis, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray electron spectroscopy and zeta potential), and the results showed that the content of hydrophilic functional groups (Si-O-Si, C-O-C, C-O and C=O) on the surface of anthracite coal after treatment with the composite surfactant increased significantly, and the surface potential value decreased significantly in absolute value, agglomerated large coal particles would be formed on the coal surface, and the cracks between coal particles were favourable for the penetration of aqueous solution. Finally, the synergistic mechanism of different composite surfactants was analysed from the perspective of microscopic molecular simulation. The results showed that the composite surfactants enhanced the interaction energy of the coal/composite surfactant/water system, improved the relative concentration distribution of the system, and increased the diffusion coefficient of water molecules. The results of the study can provide valuable guidance for the development of new composite surfactants with wetting effect, which has important application value for mine dust control.

Exploration of bismuth based perovskite materials for organic dyes removal from waste water

The scourge of water pollution due to organic matter is a well-known fact. In order to address this issue, we employed a highly facile method of solid state reaction for the synthesis of bismuth potassium titanate, Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 (BKT) photocatalyst. Furthermore, the bandgap tailoring of the BKT is performed by photo-reduction of Ag onto the BKT, which results in the formation of hetero-structure junctions at the surface of the BKT. The as-prepared BKT and BKT-Ag photocatalysts are systematically characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and high resolution transmission electron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the photocatalyst activity of the BKT and BKT-Ag was analyzed against the target organic pollutants by using UV–Vis spectroscopy. Three organic dyes such as methylene blue, eriochrome Black T, and methylene orange (MO) were used as target organic pollutants. The anchoring of Ag for the formation of hetero-structure junctions at the surface of BKT rendered it to be an ideal photo-catalyst with a bandgap reduction from 3.37 to 2.08 eV. Therefore, lowering the bandgap resulted in enhanced photocatalytic activity of the BKT-Ag. Among the three target dyes, BKT-Ag showed remarkable photo-degradation of MO and Erb T by degrading ≥90% of MO and Erb T in 120 min at neutral pH values. It is believed that BKT based photocatalysts can provide a unique platform for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater.

Effective adsorptive removal of heavy metal anion Cr(Ⅵ) and dye cation methylene blue by the novel 2D material TiVCTx MXene

With the increasingly serious industrial pollution, the effective removal of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants from wastewater has become a key issue of environmental protection. In this paper, a new MXene material, TiVCTx, was prepared by in situ etching, and its adsorption capacity of heavy metal anion Cr(Ⅵ) and methylene blue (MB) dye cation was studied. The effect of adsorption time, pH values, temperatures, initial concentrations of adsorbent and adsorbate, interfering ions on the Cr(Ⅵ) and MB adsorption of TiVCTx was systematically investigated. It is found that TiVCTx has excellent Cr(Ⅵ) and MB adsorption property, the adsorption capacity can be as high as 600mg/g and 1430mg/g, respectively. The adsorption experiments revealed that the adsorption process of Cr(Ⅵ) conformed to the Langmuir isotherm model and the Pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which indicated that the Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption was a heat-absorbing monolayer chemisorption. In contrast, the adsorption process of MB is in accordance with the Freundlich isotherm model and the Pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that the MB adsorption was an exothermic multilayer chemisorption. The results of X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis further confirmed that the reductive adsorption and electrostatic adsorption can account for the outstanding Cr(VI) and MB adsorption capacity of TiVCTx, respectively.

Polyaniline prepared by Fe3O4 catalysed eco-friendly synthesis as electrocatalyst for efficient water electrolysis

Preparing cost-effective and highly active catalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction is crucial for developing hydrogen-based technologies. Hence, four conductive polyanilines, prepared by the environmentally-friendly approach using Fe3O4 nanoparticles/H2O2 as the catalyst/main oxidant system (PANI/Fe3O4), were investi¬gated for the first time as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media (0.1 M H2SO4) by using voltammetry and chronoamperometry. PANI/Fe3O4 electrodes exhibited Tafel slope values in the -171 to -246 mV dec-1 range depending on the synthesis conditions ‒ Fe3O4/aniline mass ratio and polymerization time. The sample PANI/Fe3O4-II(3) prepared with shorter reaction time and higher Fe3O4/aniline mass ratio showed the best electrocatalytic behaviour reflected in the lowest onset potential (-0.286 V), the lowest overpotential to reach a current density of -10 mA cm-2, the highest current density, the lowest HER activation energy (10 kJ mol-1), and the lowest charge-transfer resistance (5.3 Ω) under HER conditions. Materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photo¬electron spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differences in their electrocatalytic HER performance were explained by differences in their content of Fe3O4, surface and electrical properties. Moreover, the possibility of using PANI/Fe3O4-II(3) as HER electrocatalyst in a wider range of pH (i.e. in alkaline media as well) and as a bifunc¬tional electrocatalyst, i.e., for oxygen evolution reaction beside HER, was also examined.

Divalent transition metal complexes with mixed of β-enaminone and N,O-donor ligands: synthesis, characterization and biological assessment

This study extensively describes the synthesizing and characterizing of new β-enaminone complexes derived from dimedone and amines coordinated with transition metals Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II), also two ligand's metformin (Met) and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-hq). These were determined via FT-IR, 1H-NMR, electron and mass spectroscopy, molar electrical conductivity, thermal analysis (TGA, DTA and DSC) and characterized by metal content determination (%), magnetic susceptibility and elemental analysis (C.H.N.) and SEM technique. The measurements indicate that the complexes have six coordination numbers, where the β-enaminone is coordinated as tetradentate ligand through the two nitrogen atoms and the two oxygen atoms beside metformin is coordinated through the two nitrogen atoms and 8-hydroxyquinoline is coordinated by oxygen and nitrogen atoms as bidentate ligands. The conductance suggests that all complexes have electrolytic behavior, being conductive in a ratio of (1:2). SEM results revealed the presence of nanostructures on sample surfaces. The biological activity of the prepared ligands and complexes are studied in different concentrations for four types of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus has (+G) and Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella have (-G), well as, the influence of the fungus. The ligands have disparate effectiveness while complexes have high effectiveness inhibiting the bacteria and fungus. KEY WORDS: Mixed ligand systems, Dimedone, β-Enaminone ligands, Transition metals, Biological application Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2025, 39(1), 65-78. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v39i1.5

Nanoplasma formation and expansion ignited by an intense FEL: a study using pump-probe electron spectroscopy

Abstract We demonstrate real-time observations of nanoplasma formation and expansion using intense extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) and near-infrared (NIR) pump--probe electron spectroscopy. We identified the formation of a nanoplasma by the sudden enhancement of low-energy electron emission within a few tens of femtoseconds after XUV excitation, which indicates considerable heating of the clusters by the NIR field. 
We probed the subsequent expansion of the nanoplasma by monitoring the transient resonant enhancement of high-energy electron emission. The dependence of the resonance on the XUV intensity is explained by the expansion speed of the XUV-induced nanoplasma.

Unveiling Doppler effects and charge phenomena in the elastic scattering of keV electrons on polystyrene

Recoil energy is a phenomenon that is observed in various spectroscopy experiments. Elastic Peak Electron Spectroscopy (also known as Electron Compton Scattering) studies the shape of the elastic peak resulting from electron scattering from solid targets. As the atoms move around their equilibrium position, they scatter the distribution of recoil energies, resulting in a broadening of the elastic peak known as Doppler broadening. Since the hydrogen peak has the largest recoil energy shifts due to the low mass of hydrogen, Elastic Peak Electron Spectroscopy is ideal for the detection of hydrogen. The most important aspects of this method for the detection of hydrogen include electron-induced hydrogen desorption and, in dielectric materials, charge phenomena. This work focuses on the elastic peak spectra of keV electrons impinging on polystyrene, with particular interest in the changes in line shape due to the Doppler effect and surface charge during electron irradiation.

Spectral properties of tolan and its supramolecular complexes in solution and silicate hydrogel

The complexation process of tolane and α-cyclodextrin in water, aqueous-ethanol solution and silicate hydrogel based on tetrakis(2 hydroxyethyl)orthosilicate was studied. The complex formation in solutions were confirmed by electron and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the stability constant of the complex was determined using spectrofluorimetric titration (lgK1:1 = 1.5). The preservation of the inclusion complex during the preparation of the gel was confirmed by electron spectroscopy.

Evaluation of differences in volatile flavor compounds between liquid-state and solid-state fermented Tartary buckwheat by Monascus purpureus

The differences in volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) between Monascus-solid-state fermented Tartary buckwheat (MSFTB) and Monascus-liquid-state fermented Tartary buckwheat (MLFTB) were investigated using electronic nose and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) analysis. The study revealed several significant differences in the composition and abundance of VFCs between the two states. Compared to MSFTB, MLFTB exhibited notable increases in various elements including protein, crude fat, total flavonoids, total polyphenols, Monacolin K, Monascus pigments. Principal component analysis demonstrated significant increases in the production of specific VFCs in MLFTB compared to MSFTB. A total of 25 VFCs were identified through GC-IMS, including 9 esters, 7 alcohols, 5 ketones, and 4 aldehydes. The content of pleasant VFCs in MLFTB was significantly higher than in MSFTB. These compounds served as both VFCs and key aroma components during fermentation. In conclusion, the Monascus fermentation state played a crucial role in enhancing the flavor quality of Tartary buckwheat.

Atomic-Scale Mechanism of Enhanced Electron-Phonon Coupling at the Interface of MgB2 Thin Films.

In conventional Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductors, electron-phonon coupling is the fundamental mechanism of superconductivity. For instance, the superconductivity of magnesium diboride (MgB2) comes from the coupling between E2g modes (in-plane boron-boron bond vibrations) and self-doped charge carriers. In thin films and ceramics of BCS superconductors, interfaces with discontinuous chemical bonds may alter the local electron-phonon coupling. However, such effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigate the heterointerface of the MgB2 film on the SiC substrate at the atomic scale using electron microscopy and spectroscopy. We detect the presence of a thin MgO layer with a thickness of ∼1 nm between MgB2 and SiC. Atomic-level electron energy loss spectra (EELS) show MgB2-E2g mode splitting and softening near the MgB2/MgO interface, which enhances electron-phonon coupling at the interface. Our findings highlight the potential of interface engineering to enhance superconductivity via modulating local phonon states and/or electron states.

Characterization of key aroma compounds of tomato quality under enriched CO2 coupled with water and nitrogen based on E-nose and GC–MS

To investigate the impact of CO2 enrichment coupled with water and nitrogen on the formation of key aroma compounds in tomato quality, researchers characterized tomatoes from two consecutive seasons using electronic nose and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. The E-nose technique indicated W3C, W1C, W5C, W3S, and W6S being the main sensors distinguishing growth seasons. GC–MS technique identified 51 and 49 typical compounds in spring and autumn, respectively. In spring,1-Octen-3-ol and Benzyl alcohol were mainly affected by CO2, followed by I. In autumn, Hexyl alcohol, Leaf alcohol, (E)-2-Hexen-1-ol and 1-Heptanol are mainly affected by I, followed by N. Cluster analysis identified 28 different tomato aroma substances mainly in floral, grassy, and sweet compounds. Phenylethanol, β-ionone, and (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal had odor activity values exceeding 100 in both seasons. The combined application of 80 % N and 50 % ET at enriched CO2 increased the levels of characteristic volatile organic compounds in tomato.

Observation of novel carbon nanocorals during the synthesis of graphene and investigations on their composition, morphological and structural properties

Novel carbon nanocorals (CNCs) are observed during the synthesis of graphene on copper substrates by thermal chemical vapor deposition, using precursor gas acetylene (C2H2) and carrier gas argon (Ar). CNCs have unique structure and investigations are carried out on structural and elemental compositions by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The graphitic nature of the CNCs is evident from characteristic D, G, and 2D bands obtained from Raman spectrum. Elemental composition analysis by XPS shows presence of sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon whereas XAES quantifies percentage of sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon. FESEM micrographs show a uniform distribution of densely packed CNCs throughout the sample, and formation of groups of CNCs with distinct contours on the surface. The cross-sectional FESEM shows stacking of large number of graphene layers with dendrites. HRTEM analysis further supports observations of FESEM and elaborates structural morphology of the CNCs. Synthesis, characterization and analysis of the properties of carbon nanocorals are reported here, for the first time.

Low-carbon high-strength engineered geopolymer composites (HS-EGC) with full-volume fly ash precursor: Role of silica modulus

In this study, the influence of the silica modulus of alkaline activators on the overall performances of pure fly ash (FA)-based High-Strength Engineered/Strain-Hardening Geopolymer Composites (HS-EGC/SHGC) was comprehensively studied. The developed HS-EGC successfully presented simultaneous high compressive strength (over 90 MPa) and high tensile ductility (over 6.0 %) for the first time. Tensile strain-hardening and over-saturated cracking phenomena were observed for all the HS-EGC mixes. It was found that the increase of the silica modulus from 1.0 to 2.0 reduced the tensile strength and strain energy density of HS-EGC, but the most distinguished overall mechanical index was achieved in the mix with the silica modulus of 1.5. Additionally, the underlying mechanism behind the mechanical performances was explored by Back Scattering Electron and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (BSE-EDS) tests. According to the data comparison from literature review, the good sustainability and market potential of the developed material were successfully demonstrated, and the developed HS-EGC pushed the performance envelope of pure FA-based EGC materials. The findings could help promote the future development and practical applications of this strain-hardening geopolymer material with both good sustainability and high mechanical performances.

Advanced Methods for Characterizing Battery Interfaces: Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Interfacial Evolution in Modern Batteries

Batteries are complex systems operating far from equilibrium, relying on intricate reactions at interfaces for performance. Understanding and optimizing these interfaces is crucial, but challenges arise due to the diverse factors influencing their development, making comprehensive characterization essential despite experimental difficulties. Recent advancements in characterization tools offer new opportunities to explore interfacial evolution, particularly in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI).In this perspective article, leading experts in physical-chemical characterization techniques for electrochemical systems discuss the current state-of-the-art and emerging approaches to study interfaces and their evolution in batteries. The focus here is on the capabilities, technical challenges, limitations, and requirements that these techniques must meet to advance our understanding of battery interfacial evolution. The emphasis is placed on techniques that enable probing interfaces under realistic conditions, close to commercial battery systems, and on the integration of multiple approaches within a single measurement (multimodal) to minimise variable effects.This article focuses on the most promising techniques for characterizing all phases relevant to interfacial processes, as well as their integration with correlative analyses and computational modelling. We discuss solid phase characterization with X-ray spectroscopies and microscopies (XPS, XAS, STXM, X-PEEM & XCT), Raman spectroscopies (SERS, TERS & SHINERS), solid-state NMR and electron microscopies and spectroscopies (STEM, EDSX, EELS & 4D-STEM). The liquid phase characterization is discussed in terms of solution NMR spectroscopy, TEM and optical spectroscopies, while the gas phase can be characterized using OEMS, Pressure monitoring and GCMS. Computational modelling and simulation (DFT, ReaxFF & MLIP) are also discussed

Silicon nitride shadowed selective area growth of low defect density vertical GaN mesas via plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Ion bombardment during inductively coupled plasma reactive-ion etching and ion-implantation introduces irreparable crystalline damage to gallium nitride (GaN) power devices, leading to early breakdown and high leakage current. To circumvent this, a bi-layer selective area growth mask was engineered to grow up to 3.0 µm thick epitaxy of GaN using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy as an ion-damage-free alternative to standard epitaxial processing routes. The masks and regrown architectures are characterized via SEM, conductive-atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray photo electron spectroscopy, Raman, and cathodoluminescence. Mask deposition conditions were varied to modulate and minimize the stress induced during thermal cycling. The resulting mesas exhibit low leakage, attributed to naturally terminated sidewalls as measured by an innovative perpendicular AFM measurement of the regrown sidewall. The regrown sidewall exhibited RMS (root mean square) roughness of 1.50 (±0.34) nm and defect density of 1.36 × 106 (±1.11 × 106) cm−2. This work provides a method to eliminate defect-inducing steps from GaN vertical epitaxial processing and stands to enhance GaN as a material platform for high-efficiency power devices.

Effectiveness of magnetite nanoparticles for the removal of DNA of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from municipal wastewater.

Water is an important component of life and plays a vital role in human and animal lives, and because of these essential roles of water to life, access to quality water and in adequate quantity becomes imperative. Subsequently, water/wastewater systems have become established as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance determinants in the environment. In this study, we carried out the synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles for use in the removal of genomic DNA of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli isolate in aqueous system. The synthesis of this nanoparticle was achieved by using precipitation method and characterization of the material was conducted by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The SEM analysis revealed that this material is spherical in shape, while the FTIR spectra revealed Fe-O vibrational band at ~ 450cm-1 confirming the success of the synthesis of this material. The magnetite nanomaterial showed efficiency for the removal of the bacterial DNA from water with a maximum removal capacity of 45.5ngg-1. The effect of pH (qe max = 55ngg-1 @ pH = 10), time (qt max @ 180min), DNA concentration (DNA concentration of 185ng/mL, qe max = 45.5ngg-1), and adsorbent weight (% adsorption max = 61.65% @ 0.025g) suggest that adsorption conditions influence the removal of DNA by this material. In addition, kinetic study shows that the removal of bacterial DNA obeyed pseudo 2nd order indicating that adsorption process was achieved by bimolecular interaction between magnetite and antibiotics resistant bacterial DNA. We conclude that magnetite nanoparticle appears to be a potential candidate for the removal of nucleic acids and antimicrobial resistance determinants in water/wastewater treatment.

Promoting subsurface Sn incorporation at Nb(100) oxide surface sites leading to homogeneous Nb3Sn film growth for superconducting radiofrequency applications

For next-generation superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities, the interior walls of existing Nb SRF cavities are coated with a thin Nb3Sn film to improve the superconducting properties for more efficient, powerful accelerators. The superconducting properties of these Nb3Sn coatings are limited due to inhomogeneous growth resulting from poor nucleation during the Sn vapor diffusion procedure. To develop a predictive growth model for Nb3Sn grown via Sn vapor diffusion, we aim to understand the interplay between the underlying Nb oxide morphology, Sn coverage, and Nb substrate heating conditions on Sn wettability, intermediate surface phases, and eventual Nb3Sn nucleation. In this work, Nb-Sn intermetallic species are grown on a single crystal Nb(100) in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber equipped with in situ surface characterization techniques including scanning tunneling microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Sn adsorbate behavior on oxidized Nb was examined by depositing Sn with submonolayer precision on a Nb substrate held at varying deposition temperatures (Tdep). Experimental data of annealed intermetallic adlayers provide evidence of how Nb substrate oxidization and Tdep impact Nb-Sn intermetallic coordination. The presented experimental data contextualize how vapor and substrate conditions, such as the Sn flux and Nb surface oxidation, drive homogeneous Nb3Sn film growth during the Sn vapor diffusion procedure on Nb SRF cavity surfaces. This work, as well as concurrent growth studies of Nb3Sn formation that focus on the initial Sn nucleation events on Nb surfaces, will contribute to the future experimental realization of optimal, homogeneous Nb3Sn SRF films.

Ensuring the Global Comparability of XPS Data Through Intensity Scale Calibration: Summary of ISO 5861:2024

ABSTRACTFor quantitative analyses of data acquired from x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) instruments to be globally comparable across industry and academia, a consistent and traceable intensity calibration method is required. ISO 5861 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 201 Surface Chemical Analysis, Subcommittee 7, Electron Spectroscopies, and describes an intensity calibration method for x‐ray photoelectron spectrometers that use quartz‐crystal monochromated Al Ka x‐rays. The method employs low‐density polyethylene reference spectra that are corrected for any instrument geometry and are traceable to the true reference spectra for gold, silver and copper held by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), UK. This international standard generates a spectrometer relative response function for use in quantitative XPS analysis that is consistent with NPL's intensity calibration method to within 5% relative error.

Nucleation and growth of quasicrystal-related precipitates within the Al-matrix of AlEr(Fe) alloys

Since the discovery of quasicrystals, their applications to industry have been interesting issues, among which attempts of introducing quasicrystal-related precipitates into the Al-matrix to enhance properties of Al alloys have been made without adequate understandings. Here, we report a formation pathway of quasicrystal-related precipitates in the Al-matrix of an AlEr(Fe) alloy. It is shown that upon thermal aging of the alloy, Al3Er precipitates form firstly in the Al-matrix, then quasicrystal-related (AlFe)-precipitates may nucleate heterogeneously within the Al3Er precipitates and grow large. As the quasicrystal-related precipitate grows large, the Al3Er-precipitate reform as the thin “skin” of the formed composite precipitate, keeping the quasicrystal-related portion well separated from the matrix. Atomic-resolution electron microscopy and spectroscopy reveal that these composite precipitates are the mixtures of the Al13Fe4 quasicrystal approximant structure and/or quasicrystal-related aperiodic structures, as well as their surrounding skin with Al3Er-structure. As such, Fe atoms as vexing impurity in Al alloys can be absorbed continuously into such composite precipitates. Our findings provide insights into the feasibility to form quasicrystal-related precipitates in the Al-matrix.

Influence of the magnetic field on the emission of hot electrons and ions from ablative plasma produced from a disc-coil target irradiated by the 3rd harmonic of the PALS iodine laser

Abstract Experimental and theoretical study of plasma processes affected by strong laser generated magnetic fields is reported. The PALS laser system operating at 3ω (438.5 nm) delivered intensities up to 1×1016 W/cm2 on targets. By using a special target system consisting of a Cu foil connected to a sub-mm coil, magnetic fields up to the level of 10 T were generated. This is 1.4 times higher than the field generated with a 1.315 μm (1ω) laser beam at a comparable intensity. We found that these fields were sufficiently strong to modify plasma blow-off from the foil which resulted in the changed expansion dynamics and increased energy of hot electrons by 20-40% compared to the plasma unaffected by the magnetic field. To obtain complementary experimental data, a complex diagnostic system was used enabling the visualization of the plasma expansion process both in visible light (3-frame composite interferometry) and in the soft X-ray region (4-frame pinhole X-ray camera) together with measurements of the hot electron parameters using two-dimensional imaging of the Kα line emission from the Cu target and electron spectroscopy. Experimental data obtained from the angular distribution of electron energy spectra were used for three-dimensional (3D3V) numerical PIC simulations using a modified EPOCH code. By including interactions between ions, protons, hot and thermal electrons in forward and backward propagating particles, the effects of the magnetic field on the flux of hot electrons were visualized and compared with the experiment. The PIC simulation confirmed that the interaction of the hot electron flux with the magnetic field generated by the target-coil system leads to an increased flux energy. However, this increase is accompanied by increased complexity of the spatial structure and heterogeneity of the flux as well as its angular divergence.