Electron Shells Of Atoms Research Articles

ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION OF FILLING THE ELECTRONIC LAYERS OF ATOMS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

The article provides a new approach to the formation of periods in Mendeleev's periodic system. Reconfiguration of the periods in the Mendeleev table using the newly proposed formula and the newly proposed quantum states for the outer electron shells of atoms of chemical elements is proposed. Purpose of work: Further development of the alternative theory of creation of electronic shells of atoms of chemical elements in D.I.Mendeleev's table. Results and discussions. The following order of formation of electron layers is proposed: principle quantum number (n), then the quantum state of the electrons forming the electronic configuration of the subperiods (first and second), and only then the remaining quantum orbitals (s, d, f and p). First and second new quantum states and a new formula for calculating the number of electrons in the outer electron shell of element periods and subperiods were proposed. The new level of electronic counting (II) and the new quantum number proposed by us allow to change the understanding of the internal structure of chemical elements without changing the general appearance and order of arrangement of chemical elements in D.I.Mendeleev's table itself, and therefore its contents. An important advantage of the proposed alternative model is that it takes into account and relies on already known, classical data for most of its main operational characteristics and is an extension of this important topic for classical chemistry theory. Therefore, the change in the number of periods, the introduction of a new quantum number in the form of D.I.Mendeleev's table, outwardly it does not differ much, but requires the necessary additional explanation. Concept. The proposed alternative approach to the structure and electronic structure of atomic shells of chemical elements in the periods and groups of D.I.Mendeleev's periodic system was recently developed by the authors and has good prospects for development primarily in the following directions: - identification of possible patterns of changes in the characteristics of chemical and physical properties of elements; - development of an accompanying model of the electronic structure of electronic shells of atoms of chemical elements of the proposed alternative model.

Эволюционные уравнения для исследования динамики кубитов в переменных магнитных полях

The work develops an approach to researching the dynamics of qubits that makes it possible to monitor the behavior of the system in the process of quantum computing using computer simulation. The study deals with individual and interacting qubits based on spin ½ in a magnetic field. The goal of the work is to obtain evolutionary equations (equations of motion) for observables that adequately describe the state of the system and provide opportunities for computer modeling of processes. The dynamics of qubits are described using the formalism of the density matrix of pure states. The paper shows derivation of the equations of motion for observables being the average values of operators of physical quantities that describe the state of the system. For spin ½ in magnetic fields, the derivation of the dynamic equation for the spin polarization vector, which is a unit vector in real three-dimensional space, is shown. The shape and parameters of radiofrequency pulses that implement single-qubit operations are presented. In the case of two interacting spins ½, an expression is given for the density matrix and the Hamiltonian of the system for scalar indirect interaction of the magnetic moments of nuclei through the electron shells of atoms in the molecule. Evolution equations are derived for the average dipole moments and quadrupole moment of the system. It is shown that in the case of weak interaction the dynamics of the system can be described using a closed system of equations for the average dipole moments, which in this case coincide with the spin polarization vectors of individual spins. The presentation is accompanied by examples of numerical solutions of the resulting equations describing one-qubit and two-qubit operations. A conclusion is made about the adequacy of the created mathematical model and the possibility of its use for computer modeling of quantum computing processes, the influence of the environment on them and the stabilization of states to prevent or reduce errors in quantum computing.

Atomic Electron Shell Excitations in Double-β Decay

The problem of the transition of electron shells of atoms to excited states in the process of neutrinoless double-βdecay is investigated. This subject is crucial for modeling the energy spectrum ofβ-electrons, which is sensitive to the mass and Majorana nature of neutrinos. The dependence of the obtained results on the atomic number indicates an important role of the Feinberg–Migdal effect in the electron shell excitations. We report the overlap amplitudes of the electron shells of the parent atom and the daughter ion for eleven atoms, the two-neutrino double-βdecay of which was observed experimentally. In around one-fourth of the cases where the structure of the electron shells is inherited from the parent atom, there is a transition to the ground state or the excited state with the lowest energy. The de-excitation of the daughter ion in the latter scenario is accompanied by the emission of photons in the ultraviolet range, which can serve as an auxiliary signature of double-βdecay. The average excitation energy of the electron shells ranges between 300 and 800 eV, with the variance ranging from (1.7 keV)2in calcium to (14 keV)2in uranium.

Atomic Electron Shell Excitations in Double-β Decay

The problem of the transition of electron shells of atoms to excited states in the process of neutrinoless double-beta decay is investigated. This subject is crucial for modeling the energy spectrum of beta -electrons, which is sensitive to the mass and Majorana nature of neutrinos. The dependence of the obtained results on the atomic number indicates an important role of the Feinberg–Migdal effect in the electron shell excitations. We report the overlap amplitudes of the electron shells of the parent atom and the daughter ion for eleven atoms, the two-neutrino double-beta decay of which was observed experimentally. In around one-fourth of the cases where the structure of the electron shells is inherited from the parent atom, there is a transition to the ground state or the excited state with the lowest energy. The de-excitation of the daughter ion in the latter scenario is accompanied by the emission of photons in the ultraviolet range, which can serve as an auxiliary signature of double-beta decay. The average excitation energy of the electron shells ranges between 300 and 800 eV, with the variance ranging from (1.7 keV)2 in calcium to (14 keV)2 in uranium.

Energy Spectrum of β Electrons in Neutrinoless Double-β Decay Including the Excitation of the Electron Shell of Atoms

Double-β decay is accompanied with a high probability by the excitation of the electron shell of the daughter atom; as a result, the energy carried away by β electrons decreases. The mean value and standard deviation of the excitation energy of the electron shell of the daughter atom in the double-β decay of germaniumhave been determined within the Thomas–Fermi and relativistic Dirac–Hartree–Fock methods. Using the estimates thus obtained, a two-parameter model of the energy spectrum of β electrons in the neutrinoless mode has been developed including the redistribution of the reaction energy between the decay products. The shift of the total energy of β electrons does not exceed 50 eV with a probability of 90%. However, the mean excitation energy is ~400 eV, i.e., an order of magnitude higher, whereas the standard deviation is ~2900 eV, which is apparently due to a significant contribution from inner electron levels to the energy characteristics of the process. The distortion of the shape of the peak of the 0ν2β decay should be taken into account when analyzing the data of detectors with a resolution of ~100 eV or higher.

Energy Spectrum of β Electrons in Neutrinoless Double-β Decay Including the Excitation of the Electron Shell of Atoms

Double-β decay is accompanied with a high probability by the excitation of the electron shell of the daughter atom; as a result, the energy carried away by β electrons decreases. The mean value and standard deviation of the excitation energy of the electron shell of the daughter atom in the double-β decay of germanium _{{32}}^{{76}}{text{Ge}} to ;_{{34}}^{{76}}{text{Se}}text{*} + ;2{{beta }^{ - }}( + 2{{bar {nu }}_{e}}) have been determined within the Thomas–Fermi and relativistic Dirac–Hartree–Fock methods. Using the estimates thus obtained, a two-parameter model of the energy spectrum of β electrons in the neutrinoless mode has been developed including the redistribution of the reaction energy between the decay products. The shift of the total energy of β electrons does not exceed 50 eV with a probability of 90%. However, the mean excitation energy is ~400 eV, i.e., an order of magnitude higher, whereas the standard deviation is ~2900 eV, which is apparently due to a significant contribution from inner electron levels to the energy characteristics of the process. The distortion of the shape of the peak of the 0ν2β decay should be taken into account when analyzing the data of detectors with a resolution of ~100 eV or higher.

Optical Analysis of Metal Oxide Borosilicate (xCaO(1-x-z) SiO2 zB2O3) glasses with varying concentrations of boric oxide (B2O3)

Glass sample compositions of xCaO(1-x-z)-SiO2 zB2O3 with constant nominal CaO of x=33.33 mol% and varying concentrations of B2O3 as z=50,60 and 66.67 mol% are prepared by conventional melt quench technique. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of xCaO(1-x-z)-SiO2 zB2O3 glass system has been measured in the spectral range 400–4000 cm−1 low-frequency region 1700cm-1 to 400cm-1 and high-frequency region 4000cm-1 to 1700cm-1) at room temperature to understand the characteristic frequencies of the chemical bonds, bonding mechanisms and structure of electron shell of atoms, for the purpose to determine the molecular structure of the composition. It is found that the melting temperature of the glasses decreases with the increase of B2O3 concentration and the melting temperature in the range of 950oC-1100oC for the samples which consist of 50, 60, and 66.67 mol% of B2O3. In the low-frequency region (1700cm-1 to 400cm-1) the spectra of high B2O3 containing glass showed an increased number of distinct peaks and several broad Gaussian in the thigh-frequency region (1700cm-1 to 400cm-1). All the spectra are based on line corrected and deconvoluted to the appropriate number of Gaussians. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) deconvoluted spectra were analyzed to determine the exact position and relative amounts of the IR bands responsible for the different silicate borates units. The distinct peaks and peak position of the deconvoluted Gaussians are assigned to Si-O-Si, B-O-B, Si-O-Ca, Si-O etc. bonds based on the previous scientific investigations. The presence of B2O3 in the materials suggests that B3+ occupies the network position and for the linkage Si-O-B in the glasses. The amorphous nature, the surface topography and composition of the prepared glasses was checked by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques respectively on optical inspection, did not show any evidence of phase separation, and all glasses are homogeneous.

Способ очистки почвы и воды от тяжелых металлов и устройства для его осуществления

The work is based on the results of studies conducted on the effectiveness of the application for the purposeful transformation of the composition of harmful emissions by neutralizing the impurities included in them. And also researched and developed the process of cleaning and neutralizing the soil from heavy metals, by exposure to strong electric fields and discharges. The results of a quantitative analysis of soil samples taken from oil fields, bottom sediments of the Aras River cleaned before and after ordinary water are presented. According to the results, the content of heavy metals in the initial soils exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). The content of Mn, Mo, Cu, Al in the waters and bottom sediments of the Aras River also exceeds the MPC. The possibility of cleaning the soil from a certain name of heavy metals by exposure to ozone water has been revealed. Experiments on soil and water ozonation at voltages of 8 kV and 14 kV for 30 minutes showed a significant decrease in the concentration of heavy metals. The results of cleaning soil samples before and after treatment with ozonated water were checked with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer.мThe process of chemical oxidation of pollutants in soils, soils, underground and surface waters is based on the release of electrons from the outer unstable layer of the electron shell of atoms of substances and elements, which leads to the transition of the pollutant into a less toxic and reactive form. Atoms of elements that have a small number of electrons in the outer electron layer tend to give up electrons. The process is an integral part of the redox interaction between the contaminant and the chemical or reactive surface.

DERIVATION OF A NEW EQUATION FOR CALCULATING THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS CORRESPONDING TO DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER

This paper deals with a new approach in the formation of periods in the Mendeleevs Periodic Table. Using a newly suggested formula and newly suggested quantum states for the external electron shells of atoms of chemical elements, the author proposed the reconfiguration of periods in the Mendeleevs table. The reducing of the number of periods in the table is assumed, andthe material represented in the paper proves it.The following order of formation of electron layers is suggested: the principle quantum number (n), followed by the quantum state of electrons (first and second) which constitute the electron configurations of subperiods, and only after that - the remaining quantum orbitals (s, d, f, and p).

On the issue of determination of the mechanism of ultrasonic velocity change in the process of uniaxial deformation of the rod

The molecular acoustics method is one of the types of non-destructive testing of materials during the operation of machines and mechanisms. Assessment of the performance of this or that material for further operation is carried out on the basis of changes in the ultrasonic velocity passing through the volume of the material. In this case, this assessment is carried out on the basis of a comparison of experimental data with data on the change in the ultrasonic velocity (UV) in a rod made of the same material subjected to uniaxial deformation. Thus, this method correlates the value of the ultrasonic velocity in the material, after a certain operating time as part of a machine or mechanism, with one or another area of deformation of the rod. They try to explain the changes in the ultrasonic velocity on the basis of the displacement of defects or the rotation of mesoscopic volumes in the material. However, the authors describing in their works the process, use expressions “most likely”, “probably”, which indicates that their explanations are an assumption, and not a strictly established mechanism for changing the ultrasonic velocity. This work shows that in the process of deformation, together with a change of the ultrasonic velocity, both the natural frequency of atomic vibration and the volume of the primitive cell change. The author proposes to estimate the change in the ultrasonic velocity during deformation on the basis of changes in the geometric parameters of the primitive cell in which ultrasound is transmitted along the edges of the primitive cells through the interaction of electron shells of atoms.

СКОЛЬКО ДОЛЖНО БЫТЬ ПЕРИОДОВ В ТАБЛИЦЕ Д.И. МЕНДЕЛЕЕВА

The article discusses a new approach to the formation of periods of the Periodic Table of Mendeleev. With the help of the new formula and the first proposed quantum states of the outer electron shells of atoms of chemical elements, the periods of the periodic table are reformatted. It is supposed to reduce the number of periods in the table by introducing the corresponding sub-periods. This is confirmed by the material given in the article. The following description of the order of formation of electron layers is proposed: the principal quantum number (n), then the newly proposed quantum states of electrons («first» and «second»), which in turn constitute the electronic configurations of sub-periods in periods, and only then the remaining quantum orbitals (s, p, d and f).

Effect of Diatomic Silicon Molecular Impurities on the Luminescent Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions

One of the urgent problems of materials science in the field of photovoltaics is obtaining promising novel photoactive semiconductor materials with predetermined photoelectric parameters to provide an efficient manifestation of photovoltaic, thermovoltaic, and emitting effects in the visible and near-infrared regions of the radiation spectrum. In this aspect, it is of great practical and fundamental interest to clarify the effect of diatomic molecular impurities on the electrophysical and photoelectric properties of semiconductor materials, as well as to reveal the energy levels of impurity molecules depending on the parameters of the base material. For this purpose, several semiconductor substitutional solid solutions based on elemental semiconductors such as Si and Ge, as well as III–V isoperiodic binary compounds such as GaAs and GaP, and II–VI isoperiodic binary compounds such as ZnSe and ZnS with Si2 molecular impurities have been obtained and studied. (Si2)1 – x – y(Ge2)x(GaAs)y, (ZnSe)1 – x – y(Si2)x(GaP)y, (Si2)1 – x(GaP)x and (Si2)1 – x(ZnS)x solid solutions have been grown on silicon Si (111) substrates from a limited volume of tin and lead solution-melt by means of liquid-phase epitaxy. The grown epitaxial layers have a monocrystalline structure with mirror-like smooth surfaces. The photoluminescence spectrum of solid solutions has been studied. The spectrum covers the photon energy range from 1.18 to 1.55 eV for (GaAs)0.95(Ge2)0.05〈Si2〉, from 1.38 to 3.1 eV for (GaP)0.98(Si2)0.02, from 1.55 to 3.1 eV for (ZnSe)0.88(Si2)0.03(GaP)0.09, and from 1.55 to 3.2 eV for (ZnS)0.97(Si2)0.03. It has been found that Si2 molecules in the case of (GaAs)0.95(Ge2)0.05〈Si2〉 solid solution form deep impurity energy levels lying at 1.33 eV below the bottom of the conduction band, in the case of (GaP)0.98(Si2)0.02, it is 1.47 eV, in the case of (ZnSe)0,88(Si2)0,03(GaP), 1.67 eV, and in the case of (ZnS)0.97(Si2)0.03, 1.82 eV. It is shown that in solid solutions with Si2 molecular impurities, an increase in the dissociation energy of the covalent bond in Si–Si impurity molecules is observed with increasing band gap and with decreasing crystal lattice parameter of the base semiconductor. Change in the dissociation energy of the Si–Si covalent bond in the tetrahedral crystal lattice of different semiconductors is caused by a change in the length of the Si–Si covalent bond, as well as by a change in the hybridization of the atomic electron shells of Si2 impurity molecules and base material molecules. The studied (Si2)1 – x(GaP)x and (Si2)1 – x(ZnS)x solid solutions can be used as a photoactive material for the development of photoconverters operating in the visible and near-infrared regions of the radiation spectrum.

Удельная теплоемкость и температура Дебая сжатого кристаллического неона в модели деформируемых атомов

The thermodynamic properties of compressed neon crystal has been theoretically investigated within the ab initio approach taking into account the many-body interaction in the model of deformable atoms. In the short-range repulsive potential, along with the three-body interaction associated with the overlap of the electron shells of atoms, deformation of electron shells of dipole-type atoms is taken into account in the pair and three-particle approximations. The specific heat capacities and the Debye temperature in a wide pressure and temperature range have been calculated using the dynamic matrix constructed with the ab initio short-range repulsive potential and integration over the mean value points of the Chadi–Kohen method. It is shown that the contributions of three-body forces associated with both the overlap of the electron shells of atoms and the deformation of the electron shells increase the value of specific heat of compressed neon face-centered cubic crystals even at zero pressure. The temperature dependences are obtained in good agreement with the available experiment data and calculation results obtained by other researchers.

Gravitational Chemical Bond with Real Magnetic Charges and True Antielectrons

The detection by the author of real magnetic charges, as well as true antielectrons in of atomic structures allowed him to establish that atomic shells, as well as shells of nucleons are electromagnetic, and not electronic. Namely electromagnetic shells are the sources of gravitational field which is the vortex electromagnetic field. The elementary source of gravitational field is the electromagnetic quasiparticle (S-Graviton) which consists of two coupled dipoles (the magnetic and electric) rotating in antiphase in the same atomic or nucleonic orbit. Electrons in atomic shells are rigidly embedded in the compositions of S-Gravitons and, as a rule, cannot individually participate, for example, in processes of interatomic chemical bonding. Depending on the vector conditions the gravitational fields can be both paragravitational (PGF) so and ferrogravitational (FGF). The overwhelming number of atomic shells and all shells nucleons emit PGF. Between the masses (bodies, atoms, nucleons, etc.) emitting of PGF is realized a force of gravitational “Dark energy” pressing masses to each other. It is the compression of masses by forces of the gravitational “Dark energy” that lies at basis Physics of chemical bond. Depending on implementation in atoms of the effects intra-atomic gravitational shielding/lensing (IAGS/L) discovered and investigated by the author, the gravitational interatomic bonding mechanisms are divided into two groups: non-covalent bonds (IAGS effect) and covalent bonds (IAGL effect). Within the framework of the gravitational bond mechanism of the latter group which is implemented with participation paragravitational orbitals, such chemical concept as valence acquires a real physical meaning. The replacing the erroneous electronic concept of chemical bonding by the gravitational concept implies replacing the notion “electronegativity” of element by the notion the “gravitational activity” while maintaining existing quantitative ability of atoms in molecules to attract atoms of other elements.

Energy of Phonons and Zero-Point Vibrations in Compressed Rare-Gas Crystals

A dynamic matrix of rare-gas crystals is constructed within the model of deformable and polarizable atoms based on the nonempirical short-range repulsion potential taking into account the three-body interaction and deformation of electron shells of dipole-type atoms within the pair and three-body approximations. Ab initio calculations of the phonon energy for compressed rare-gas crystals are performed at two and ten mean-value points of the Chadi–Kohen method in a wide pressure range. It is shown that the contribution of three-body forces to the phonon frequencies due to overlap of electron shells of neighboring atoms is small as compared to the pair interaction even at a high pressure and most pronounced for Xe. The contributions of the deformation of electron shells within the pair and three-body approximations differ for different mean-value points and increase with an increase in pressure. The zero-point energies calculated by the Chadi–Kohen method for crystals of the Ne–Xe series are compared with the known experimental data at p = 0 and calculation results obtained by other researchers.

Elastic colloidal monopoles and reconfigurable self-assembly in liquid crystals.

Monopole-like electrostatic interactions are ubiquitous in biology1 and condensed matter2-4, but they are often screened by counter-ions and cannot be switched from attractive to repulsive. In colloidal science, where the main goal is to develop colloidal particles2,3 that mimic and exceed the diversity and length scales of atomic and molecular assembly, electrostatically charged particles cannot change the sign of their surface charge or transform from monopoles to higher-order multipoles4. In liquid-crystal colloids5-7, elastic interactions between particles arise to minimize the free energy associated with elastic distortions in the long-range alignment of rod-like molecules around the particles5. In dipolar6,8, quadrupolar8-12 and hexadecapolar13 nematic colloids, the symmetries of such elastic distortions mimic both electrostatic multipoles14 and the outermost occupied electron shells of atoms7,15,16. Electric and magnetic switching17,18, spontaneous transformations19 and optical control20 of elastic multipoles, as well as their interactions with topological defects and surface boundary conditions, have been demonstrated in such colloids21-23. However, it has long been understood5,24 that elastic monopoles should relax to uniform or higher-order multipole states because of the elastic torques that they induce5,7. Here we develop nematic colloids with strong elastic monopole moments and with elastic torques balanced by the optical torques induced by ambient light. We demonstrate the monopole-to-quadrupole reconfiguration of these colloidal particles by unstructured light, which resembles the driving of atoms between the ground state and various excited states. We show that the sign of the elastic monopoles can be switched, and that like-charged monopoles attract whereas oppositely charged ones repel, unlike in electrostatics14. We also demonstrate the out-of-equilibrium dynamic assembly of these colloidal particles. This diverse and surprising behaviour is explained using a model that considers the balance of the optical and elastic torques that are responsible for the excited-state elastic monopoles and may lead to light-powered active-matter systems and self-assembled nanomachines.

Абсолютная неустойчивость ГЦК-решетки кристаллов инертных газов под давлением

AbstractOn the basis of ab initio calculations of the phonon frequencies of compressed rare-gas crystals in the model of deformable and polarizable atoms, dynamic instability of the fcc lattice of these crystals is studied. In addition to the earlier-considered three-body interaction, which is associated with the overlapping of the electron shells of atoms, the short-range potential includes three-body forces caused by the mutual deformation of the electron shells of neighboring atoms. It is shown that the allowance for the deformation of the dipole-type electron shells of atoms in the pair and three-body approximations leads to softening of the critical vibrations and absolute instability of the fcc lattice at pressures higher than the critical values, p > p _ c . For light crystals of Ne and Ar under compressions of 0.76 ( p _ c = 422 GPa) and 0.71 ( p _ c = 405 GPa), respectively, the softening of the longitudinal mode is observed at the boundary of the Brillouin zone at the point L ; for heavy crystals of Kr and Xe under compressions of 0.686 ( p _ c = 240 GPa) and 0.605 ( p _ c = 88 GPa), the transverse mode T _1 is softened in the direction Σ. The behavior of second-order Fuchs elastic moduli of compressed rare-gas crystals is discussed.

Absolute Instability of FCC Lattice of Rare-Gas Crystals under Pressure

On the basis of ab initio calculations of the phonon frequencies of compressed rare-gas crystals in the model of deformable and polarizable atoms, dynamic instability of the fcc lattice of these crystals is studied. In addition to the earlier-considered three-body interaction, which is associated with the overlapping of the electron shells of atoms, the short-range potential includes three-body forces caused by the mutual deformation of the electron shells of neighboring atoms. It is shown that the allowance for the deformation of the dipole-type electron shells of atoms in the pair and three-body approximations leads to softening of the critical vibrations and absolute instability of the fcc lattice at pressures higher than the critical values, p > pc. For light crystals of Ne and Ar under compressions of 0.76 (pc = 422 GPa) and 0.71 (pc = 405 GPa), respectively, the softening of the longitudinal mode is observed at the boundary of the Brillouin zone at the point L; for heavy crystals of Kr and Xe under compressions of 0.686 (pc = 240 GPa) and 0.605 (pc = 88 GPa), the transverse mode T1 is softened in the direction Σ. The behavior of second-order Fuchs elastic moduli of compressed rare-gas crystals is discussed.

Энергия фононов и нулевых колебаний в сжатых кристаллических инертных газах

A dynamic matrix of rare-gas crystals is constructed on the basis of a nonempirical short-range repulsion potential taking into account the three-body interaction and dipole-type deformation of the electron shells of atoms in the two- and three-body approximations in the model of deformable and polorizable atoms. Ab initio calculations of the phonon energy for compressed rare-gas crystals were performed at the two and ten mean-value points of the Chadi-Cohen method in a wide pressure range. It is shown that the contribution of three-body forces associated with the overlap of the electron shells of nearest-neighbor atoms in the phonon frequencies is small against the background of pair interaction, even at high pressure and most noticeable in Xe. The contribution of the deformation of the electron shells in the two- and three-body approximations is different for the different mean-value points and increases with increasing pressure. Comparison of the zero-point energy calculated by the Chadi-Cohen method for compressed crystals of the Ne–Xe series was performed with the available experiment at p=0 and the results of other authors.

HCFL Lamp Only Lights Up under Coexistence of Cathode and Anode in Ar Gas Space for Half Cycle of AC Driving Circuit

Vacuum space between Ar atoms in unlighted HCFL lamps is an electric insulator, because vacuum fills up with strong negative electric field from orbital electrons in 3p6 electron shell of Ar atoms. Vacuum space in lighted FL lamps changes to the neutral vacuum that provides a superconductive vacuum for moving electrons at above room temperature. The complications of lighting mechanisms of HCFL lamps for more than 80 years have clearly solved with coexistence of disparate external and internal electric circuits for each half cycle. External electric circuit acts as two roles. One helps for formation of internal electric circuit in Ar gas space by electric field. Other picks up induced voltages from capacitor CFL. HCFL lamp only lights up with moving electrons in internal DC driving circuit. Electrons in HCFL lamp only move from cathode to anode, which respectively have negative and positive potentials against grand (V = 0), and which are formed with volumes of heated corona light (4G) at around W-filament metal electrodes with a help of heated BaO particles. The HCFL lamp that emits thermoelectrons is a false story. Here we have totally revised the fundamentals of the lighting mechanism of the established HCFL lamps for last 80 years.