Atomic Electron Research Articles

Probability of He+ Ion at Quantum Number 3 ≤ n ≤ 4 in Momentum Space

Ions resulting from the ionization of helium atoms are known as helium ions. Atom of Helium The probability distribution of the particle locations and velocities inside a helium atom is referred to as probability. Using theoretical study methods, the goal of this research is to find the probability of an electron's position in a helium atom at the quantum number 3 ≤ n ≤ 4. This type of research is non-experimental research by developing previously existing theories. This type of research is non-experimental research by transforming the radial wave function of hydrogenic atoms in position space into a radial wave function in momentum space using the Fourier transformation, then including a number of Gegenbauer functions and using the probability equation of finding an electron in a Helium ion in momentum space. The results of this research provide information regarding the position and probability of the existence of electrons in the helium atom. The probability value for the Helium ion is obtained using the equation P(p) = which is used to indicate the probability of finding an electron in a helium atom is directly proportional to the principal quantum number (n) and the value of the electron's momentum. The larger the electron momentum interval, the greater the probability.

Crystallization management of CsPbI2Br perovskites by PbAc2-incorporated twice spin-coating process for efficient and stable CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells

CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cell has been extensively studied due to its exceptional thermal stability and relatively stable perovskite phase structure. However, the presence of bromine leads to a rapid crystallization rate of CsPbI2Br films, resulting in small grain size and high defect density. Additionally, CsPbI2Br demonstrates poor light absorption due to its wide bandgap. Therefore, it is crucial to control the crystallization rate and increase the film thickness to reduce defect density, enhance light absorption, and improve photovoltaic performance. In this study, we utilized a PbAc2-incorporated twice spin-coating (PTS) process to address these issues. Initially, PbAc2 was added to the CsPbI2Br precursor solution to form a CsPbI2Br film, which was then coated with the CsPbI2Br precursor solution to produce the PTS film. Ac− can delay the perovskite crystallization, leading to the formation of thicker and denser CsPbI2Br films. Moreover, lone-pair electrons of the oxygen atom provided by Ac− formed coordination bonds with under-coordinated Pb2+ ions to fill halogen ion vacancies, thereby reducing the defect density. Ultimately, the PTS CsPbI2Br device achieved a peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.19% and maintained 96.7% of its initial PCE over 1500 h at room temperature under 25% relative humidity without any encapsulation.

Development of electrophoresed anti-corrosion coating for copper from functionalized multi layered graphene nano-sheets synthesized through anionic acidic electrochemical exfoliation

Following the discovery of graphene, a two-dimensional carbonaceous substance, numerous possibilities in materials science domain have evolved, one being its function as a corrosion inhibitor. This investigation undertakes the synthesis of functionalized multi-layered graphene nanosheets (FMLGNs) from pyrolytic graphite sheets through electrochemical exfoliation involving four distinct acid-based solutions (H2SO4, HCLO4, HNO3 and combination of the above three in 1:1:1 ratio). Post-exfoliation analysis of FMLGNs included X-ray diffraction (XRD) wherein 2θ values were reported at 26° confirming graphene's presence. Raman spectroscopy reiterated the same observation along with an increase in ID/IG ratio to ≈ 1 hinting at the presence of functional groups and defects. UV–visible spectroscopy indicating π-π* transitions, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showing CO stretching and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with a C/O ratio = 3.12 gave an idea about the functionalization in FMLGNs. Average particle sizes of FMLGNs was in the range of 400–500 nm and zeta potential measurements showed stable dispersion behaviour (≈−40 mV). Utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), authors observed a layered (10–15 layers), overlapping shape of FMLGNs. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method was employed to coat FMLGNs onto copper substrates under various iterative conditions (number of layers and time of deposition) which produced depositions of ≈20–30 μm. SEM images displayed adequate coverage of graphene sheets on copper surfaces, backed by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Crack propagation resistance (CPR) values of 34.03 N highlighted better adherence than other similar coatings. The coated copper samples were subjected to cyclic voltammetry (CV), potentio-dynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance (EIS) tests in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for analysing the inhibitory impacts of coatings. An inhibition efficiency of 85 % and charge transfer resistance of 5535 Ω.cm2 was observed, which highlighted better corrosion mitigation than reported literatures. The authors also identified that 1 layered coatings showed better reliability than two layered coatings.

Anti-Pseudomonal Effect of Nephrite-Impregnated Contact Lenses

Purpose This study compared the anti-pseudomonal effects between nephrite-impregnated contact lenses (CLs) and conventional and cosmetic CLs. Methods After inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa), we counted the number of bacteria on the CL surface and observed each surface using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To estimate potential harm of nephrite-impregnated CLs, we conducted a safety test using a rabbit model, treated with all CL types. Results Both conventional and cosmetic CLs (n = 258 ± 2.9 × 104, 368 ± 2.2 × 104) showed significantly decreased number of attached bacteria when compared with those without nephrite impregnation (n = 134 ± 0.8 × 104, 238 ± 2.5 × 104, p < 0.0001, respectively). AFM and SEM revealed that P. aeruginosa was less attached to the nephrite-impregnated CLs than to the conventional and cosmetic CLs, although those with nephrite impregnation had rougher surface. In the safety test, there were no significant differences in the findings between four groups, and the clarity and stability of all corneas were preserved. Conclusions Nephrite may be used as a next-generation substance to reduce infectious keratitis caused by P. aeruginosa when added to CLs.

In situ study of the effect of endogenous and exogenous agents on color stability, hardness, and surface roughness of an elastomer for facial prostheses.

To evaluate in situ the influence of sweat, oil, sunscreen, and disinfectant solution on the color stability, hardness, and roughness of elastomer for facial prostheses. Standardized and intrinsically pigmented specimens remained in contact with human skin from the same person for 30days, considering exposures (n=36 per group), absent of exposition (Control, C); sweat and oiliness contact (SO); sweat and oiliness associated with sunscreen (SOS); 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate immersion (CD0.12%); and all agents exposed (SOSCD). The main variables were color change (CIELab and National Standard Bureau system, NBS), Shore A hardness, and surface roughness, measured at baseline and 30days. Qualitative analyses were performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis tests (color) and two-way ANOVA (hardness and roughness) with Sidak post-test (α=0.05). CD0.12% (1.54±0.49) and SOSCD (2.10±1.03) had similar effects and caused the smallest color changes, considered mild and noticeable (NBS), respectively. SOS promoted the greatest color change (6.99±1.43, NBS: large) and hardness (17.97±0.56); SOS promoted intermediate roughness (3.48±1.05) between SOSCD (2.25±0.53), and two similar groups: C (4.46±0.95), and CD0.12% (4.39±1.26). The qualitative analysis showed an irregular, dense, dry, and whitish layer on the surface of the specimens exposed to sunscreen, which was reduced when in contact with 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate. Endogenous and exogenous factors are capable of altering elastomer properties. The 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate minimized the changes caused by sweat, oil, and sunscreen.

Tilting and Distortion in the Multiferroic Aurivillius Phase Bi6Ti3Fe1.5Mn0.5O18.

Aurivillius structured Bi6Ti3Fe1.5Mn0.5O18 (B6TFMO) has emerged as a rare room temperature multiferroic, exhibiting reversible magnetoelectric switching of ferroelectric domains under cycled magnetic fields. This layered oxide presents exceptional avenues for advancing data storage technologies owing to its distinctive ferroelectric and ferrimagnetic characteristics. Despite its immense potential, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving multiferroic behavior remains elusive. Herein, we employ atomic resolution electron microscopy to elucidate the interplay of octahedral tilting and atomic-level structural distortions within B6TFMO, associating these phenomena with functional properties. Fundamental electronic features at varying bonding environments within this complex system are scrutinized using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), revealing that the electronic nature of the Ti4+ cations within perovskite BO6 octahedra is influenced by position within the Aurivillius structure. Layer-by-layer EELS analysis shows an ascending crystal field splitting (Δ) trend from outer to center perovskite layers, with an average increase in Δ of 0.13 ± 0.06 eV. Density functional theory calculations, supported by atomic resolution polarization vector mapping of B-site cations, underscore the correlation between the evolving nature of Ti4+ cations, the extent of tetragonal distortion and ferroelectric behavior. Integrated differential phase contrast imaging unveils the position of light oxygen atoms in B6TFMO for the first time, exposing an escalating degree of octahedral tilting toward the center layers, which competes with the magnitude of BO6 tetragonal distortion. The observed octahedral tilting, influenced by B-site cation arrangement, is deemed crucial for juxtaposing magnetic cations and establishing long-range ferrimagnetic order in multiferroic B6TFMO.

Projection domain decomposition denoising algorithm based on low rank and similarity-based regularization.

Projection Domain Decomposition (PDD) is a dual energy reconstruction method which implements the decomposition process before image reconstruction. The advantage of PDD is that it can alleviate beam hardening artifacts and metal artifacts effectively as energy spectra estimation is considered in PDD. However, noise amplification occurs during the decomposition process, which significantly impacts the accuracy of effective atomic number and electron density. Therefore, effective noise reduction techniques are required in PDD. This study aims to develop a new algorithm capable of minimizing noise while simultaneously preserving edges and fine details. In this study, a denoising algorithm based on low rank and similarity-based regularization (LRSBR) is presented. This algorithm incorporates the low-rank characteristic of tensors into similarity-based regularization (SBR) framework. This method effectively addresses the issue of instability in edge pixels within the SBR algorithm and enhances the structural consistency of dual-energy images. A series of simulation and practical experiments were conducted on a dual-layer dual-energy CT system. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms exiting noise removal methods in Peak Signal-to-noise Ratio (PSNR), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Structural Similarity (SSIM). Meanwhile, there has been a notable enhancement in the visual quality of CT images. The proposed algorithm has a significantly improved noise reduction compared to other competing approach in dual-energy CT. Meanwhile, the LRSBR method exhibits outstanding performance in preserving edges and fine structures, making it practical for PDD applications.

Corrosion inhibition potential of new oxo-pyrimidine derivative on mild steel in acidic solution: Experimental and theoretical approaches

Through electrochemical impedance testing and potentiodynamic polarisation, it was investigated how a material at ambient temperature might prevent corrosion. 1-(5-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl) urea (MMOP) was used as a corrosion inhibitor on mild steel samples in 1 M HCl. With a maximum inhibition efficacy of 97.6 % (at immersion period of 72 h and concentration of 5 × 10-4 M), the inhibitor used was shown to be an exceptional corrosion inhibitor. Based on the findings of potentiometric polarization, this substance falls within the category of mixed inhibitors since corrosion inhibition was accomplished by the inhibitor adhering to the metal. Adsorption of investigated MMOP completely followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm and adsorption can be categorized as physisorption–chemisorption, with a value of ΔGads of -35.6 kJ.mol-1. In order to confirm the effectiveness of the protective coating applied to the mild steel surface, we analysed the protective layer through the utilization of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) / Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) approaches were used to investigate the relationship between molecular structure and inhibitory efficacy. The results suggest that the inhibitor in issue could be a new approach to reducing mild steel corrosion under harsh circumstances and long immersion times.

Application of the polyhedral template matching method for characterization of 2D atomic resolution electron microscopy images

High-throughput image segmentation of atomic resolution electron microscopy data poses an ongoing challenge for materials characterization. In this paper, we investigate the application of the polyhedral template matching (PTM) method, a technique widely employed for visualizing three-dimensional (3D) atomistic simulations, to the analysis of two-dimensional (2D) atomic resolution electron microscopy images. This technique is complementary with other atomic resolution data reduction techniques, such as the centrosymmetry parameter, that use the measured atomic peak positions as the starting input. Furthermore, since the template matching process also gives a measure of the local rotation, the method can be used to segment images based on local orientation. We begin by presenting a 2D implementation of the PTM method, suitable for atomic resolution images. We then demonstrate the technique's application to atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy images from close-packed metals, providing examples of the analysis of twins and other grain boundaries in FCC gold and martensite phases in 304 L austenitic stainless steel. Finally, we discuss factors, such as positional errors in the image peak locations, that can affect the accuracy and sensitivity of the structural determinations.

In Situ Preparation of Superconducting Infinite-Layer Nickelate Thin Films with Atomically Flat Surface.

Since their discovery, the infinite-layer nickelates have been regarded as an appealing system for gaining deeper insights into high-temperature superconductivity (HTSC). However, the synthesis of superconducting samples has been proven to be challenging. Here, an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) reduction method is developed using atomic hydrogen as a reducing agent and is applied in the lanthanum nickelate system. The reduction parameters, including the reduction temperature (TR) and hydrogen pressure (PH), are systematically explored. It is found that the reduction window for achieving superconducting transition is quite wide, reaching nearly 80°C in TR and three orders of magnitude in PH when the reduction time is set to 30 min. And there exists an optimal PH for achieving the highest Tc if both TR and reduction time are fixed. More prominently, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy, the atomically flat surface can be preserved during the reduction process, providing advantages over the CaH2 method for surface-sensitiveexperiments.

High‐Energy Nitrogen Rings Stabilized by Superatomic Properties

AbstractHow to stabilize nitrogen‐rich high‐energy‐density molecules under conventional conditions is particularly important for the energy storage and conversion of such systems and has attracted extensive attention. In this work, the theoretical study shows for the first time that the stabilization mechanism of the nitrogen ring conforms to the superatomic properties at the atomic level. This result occurs because the stabilized anionic nitrogen rings generally exhibit planar high symmetry and the injected electrons occupy the superatomic molecular orbitals (SAMOs) of the nitrogen rings. According to these results, the typical stabilized anionic nitrogen ring structures N64−, N5−, and N42− are identified, which possess delocalized molecular orbitals with the same symmetry as the atomic orbitals and electron arrangement consistent with the electron shell arrangement of the atom. On this basis, a pathway is further designed to stabilize nitrogen rings by introducing metal atoms as electron donors to form neutral ThN6, LiN5, and MgN4 structures, thereby replacing the anionization of systems. This study highlights the importance of developing nitrogen‐rich energetic materials from the perspective of superatoms.

Atomic Layer Deposition Growth and Characterization of Al2O3 Layers on Cu-Supported CVD Graphene

The deposition of thin uniform dielectric layers on graphene is important for its successful integration into electronic devices. We report on the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 nanofilms onto graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition onto copper foil. A pretreatment with deionized water (DI H2O) for graphene functionalization was carried out, and, subsequently, trimethylaluminum and DI H2O were used as precursors for the Al2O3 deposition process. The proper temperature regime for this process was adjusted by means of the ALD temperature window for Al2O3 deposition onto a Si substrate. The obtained Al2O3/graphene heterostructures were characterized by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry and atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. Samples of these heterostructures were transferred onto glass substrates by standard methods, with the Al2O3 coating serving as a protective layer during the transfer. Raman monitoring at every stage of the sample preparation and after the transfer enabled us to characterize the influence of the Al2O3 coating on the graphene film.

Effect of Voltage and concentration of polyetherimide on surface morphology and corrosion properties of AZ91D by electro-spin coating

Magnesium alloys, particularly AZ91D, exhibit promising mechanical properties but are susceptible to corrosion, limiting their widespread industrial applications. This manuscript investigates the impact of voltage and concentration of Polyetherimide (PEI) on surface morphology and corrosion characteristics of AZ91D through electro-spin coating. PEI, known for its high strength and corrosion resistance, is applied using an eco-friendly electro-spin coating method. The study optimizes polymer concentration and applied voltage to enhance the anticorrosive properties of AZ91D. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveal the morphological alterations, while electrochemical corrosion tests provide insights into the corrosion resistance. The results show that a moderate PEI concentration (15 %) at 14 kV voltage exhibits the most favorable corrosion resistance, emphasizing the need to optimize both parameters for enhanced protection of AZ91D against corrosion. The results contribute to developing economical and effective corrosion protection techniques for magnesium alloys, mainly for automotive applications.

New channel to search for dark matter at Belle II

We propose a new “disappearing positron track” channel at Belle II to search for dark matter, in which a positron that is produced at the primary interaction vertex scatters with the electromagnetic calorimeter to produce dark matter particles. Such scatterings can occur via either annihilation with atomic electrons, or the bremsstrahlung process with target nuclei. The main backgrounds are due to photons and neutrons that are produced in the same scatterings and then escape detection. We require a large missing energy and further veto certain activities in the KLM detector to suppress such backgrounds. To illustrate the sensitivity of the new channel, we consider a new physics model where dark matter interacts with the standard model via a dark photon, which decays predominantly to dark matter; we find that our proposed channel can probe some currently unexplored parameter space, surpassing both the mono-photon channel at Belle II and the NA64 constraints.

Sublimation‐Induced Vapor Deposition of Cyanuric Acid‐Melamine Supramolecular Single Crystals on Surfaces

AbstractHerein, a low‐temperature sublimation‐based vapor deposition (SVD) method is developed to synthesize hexagonal crystal plates of cyanuric acid‐melamine (CAM) with outstanding crystallinity. Through meticulous design of the reaction apparatus and careful selection of source materials, substrate‐confined SVD in a tube furnace is explored to grow single crystals of CAM in hexagonal shapes. Additionally, the orientation preference of the (202) facet is revealed, corresponding to the 2D arrangement of the H‐bonded network, of single‐crystalline plates on surfaces using selected area electron diffraction and X‐ray diffraction techniques. By employing atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for topography characterization, a mechanism of three‐stage step‐growth crystallization is proposed, including nucleation, in‐plane expansion, and out‐of‐plane growth. Furthermore, it is found that the interactions among melamine molecules in CAM synthesized via SVD are more intense compared to those in CAM synthesized via water‐based methods, as evidenced by infrared and photoluminescent spectra studies. Subsequent nanoindentation tests on the (202) facet of CAM single‐crystalline plates reveals a reduced modulus and hardness of 12.8 and 0.82 GPa, respectively. This methodology addresses the longstanding challenge of synthesizing hexagonal CAM single crystals and provides valuable insights for the fabrication of functional organic crystalline materials.

A genome-scale screen identifies sulfated glycosaminoglycans as pivotal in epithelial cell damage by Candida albicans.

Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide produced by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. This peptide is a key virulence factor in mouse models of mucosal and hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. Despite intense interest in the role of candidalysin in C. albicans pathogenicity, its host cell targets have remained elusive. To fill this knowledge gap, we performed a genome-wide loss-of-function CRISPR screen in a human oral epithelial cell line to identify specific host factors required for susceptibility to candidalysin-induced cellular damage. Among the top hits were XYLT2, B3GALT6 and B3GAT3, genes that function in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis. Deletion of these genes led to the absence of GAGs such as heparan sulfate on the epithelial cell surface and increased resistance to damage induced by both candidalysin and live C. albicans. Biophysical analyses including surface plasmon resonance and atomic force and electron microscopy indicated that candidalysin physically binds to sulfated GAGs, facilitating its oligomerization or enrichment on the host cell surface. The addition of exogenous sulfated GAGs or the GAG analogue dextran sulfate protected cells against candidalysin-induced damage. Dextran sulfate, but not non-sulfated dextran, also inhibited epithelial cell endocytosis of C. albicans and fungal-induced epithelial cell cytokine and chemokine production. In a murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis, topical dextran sulfate administration reduced host tissue damage and decreased intravaginal IL-1β and neutrophil levels. Collectively, these data indicate that GAGs are epithelial cell targets of candidalysin and can be used therapeutically to protect cells from candidalysin-induced damage.

Statistical Reproducibility of Selective Area Grown InAs Nanowire Devices.

New approaches such as selective area growth (SAG), where crystal growth is lithographically controlled, allow the integration of bottom-up grown semiconductor nanomaterials in large-scale classical and quantum nanoelectronics. This calls for assessment and optimization of the reproducibility between individual components. We quantify the structural and electronic statistical reproducibility within large arrays of nominally identical selective area growth InAs nanowires. The distribution of structural parameters is acquired through comprehensive atomic force microscopy studies and transmission electron microscopy. These are compared to the statistical distributions of the cryogenic electrical properties of 256 individual SAG nanowire field effect transistors addressed using cryogenic multiplexer circuits. Correlating measurements between successive thermal cycles allows distinguishing between the contributions of surface impurity scattering and fixed structural properties to device reproducibility. The results confirm the potential of SAG nanomaterials, and the methodologies for quantifying statistical metrics are essential for further optimization of reproducibility.

Strain-induced shape transition of VSi2 clusters on Si(111)

We investigated the growth and shape of vanadium silicide clusters on Si(111) using scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The deposition of 8 monolayers of vanadium on Si(111) and subsequent annealing at 1200 K leads to the formation of large elongated VSi2 clusters. This is in marked contrast to the deposition of submonolayer amounts of V where the VSi2 islands have a compact shape. The shape transition can be explained by a competition between edge formation and strain relaxation energy terms. The VSi2 clusters, which are aligned along the three high symmetry directions of the Si(111) surface and surrounded by a denuded zone, form a two-dimensional network.

Plasma treatment of nafion membranes: Understanding the trade-off between surface modification and electrochemical degradation

Nafion is a polymer commonly used in electrochemical devices due to its excellent ionic conductivity. In applications such as proton-exchange membranes for fuel cells (PEMFCs) and ionomeric polymer metal composites (IPMCs), the interfacial properties are critical to device performance. Several studies use plasma treatment to modify the Nafion surface aiming for adhesion improvement through nanoroughness, however, most of them neglect the effects of this treatment on the membrane chemical structure and electrochemical performance. This work comprehensively investigates the Nafion properties, evaluating chemical, morphological, and electrochemical modifications trhough relevant characterization methods. Atomic force (AFM) and scanning electron microscopies (SEM) showed increased nanoroughness with plasma treatment time. Also, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed fluorine and sulfur abstraction, associated with side chain breakage. This effect was prejudicial to the water uptake and decreased the ionic conductivity, measured by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), from 140.8 to 1.0 μS cm−1 in the plasma-treated Nafion. Also, an applied electrochemical device was prepared and confirmed the ionic transport reduction using plasma-treated Nafion. This phenomenon is crucial for electrochemical devices, as fewer ionic channels remain on the treated membrane surface reducing water absorption, ionic conductivity, and charge density.

Новая модель эволюции Вселенной

Experiments and properties of low-energy nuclear reactions are presented.The existence of new ground states in the hydrogen atom, in the helium ion, and other hydrogen-like atoms located in a strong magnetic field at the appearance of third spatial oscillatory quantum number is shown. On the example of a transhelium atom, the possibility of pairing atomic electrons into an orthoboson is considered. The possibility of generating strong and ultra-strong magnetic fields in cosmic absolute plasma in the Photon era has been demonstrated, in which electrons recombine with protons and helium nuclei with the transition to transhydrogen and transhelium atoms. Transatoms combine into transmolecules and enter into multinuclear, radiation-free, low-energy reactions.The time of constant, natural nucleosynthesis has begun.The nucleosynthesis of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms, when they were overwhelmingly surrounded by hydrogen atoms, led after the era of Recombination to intensive organic and bioorganic synthesis, which resulted in the origin of life and filling the entire Universe with that life. Low-energy nuclear reactions that occur in stars have been demonstrated.The possibility of natural nucleosynthesis occurring on Earth is shown.