Electromagnetic Water Treatment Research Articles

Electromagnetic Water Treatment and Soil Compost Incorporation to Alleviate the Impact of Soil Salinization

This study explores the effects of alternating current-induced electromagnetic field (EMF) on mitigating brackish water irrigation and soil salinization impacts. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of EMF on plant growth, soil properties, and leaching of ions under different conditions, including using brackish water and desalinated water for irrigation and soil compost incorporation. The experiment was performed with four types of irrigation water using soil columns representing field soil layers. EMF-treated brackish water maintained a sodium adsorption ratio of 2.7 by leaching Na+ from the soil. EMF-treated irrigation columns showed an increase in soil organic carbon by 7% over no EMF-treated columns. Compost treatment reduced the leaching of NO3− from the soil by more than 15% using EMF-treated irrigation water. EMF-treated brackish water and compost treatment enhanced plant growth by increasing wet weight by 63.6%, dry weight by 71.4%, plant height by 22.8%, and root length by 115.8% over no EMF and compost columns. EMF-treated agricultural water without compost also showed growth improvements. The findings suggest that EMF treatment, especially combined with compost, offers an effective, low-cost, and eco-friendly solution to mitigate soil salinization, promoting plant growth by improving nutrient availability and soil organic carbon.

Design and Optimization of Complex High-Frequency Electromagnetic Treatment Cavity

High-frequency electromagnetic water treatment devices play a crucial role in the scale inhibition and fouling control process of industrial water treatment. They are widely used in various factories and can be classified into coaxial treatment cavities and coil-wound treatment cavities. To address the issues of low energy distribution at the edge of the coaxial treatment cavity and weak peak energy in the coil-wound treatment cavity, which result in unstable scale inhibition and fouling control effectiveness, this study derives a numerical calculation formula for electromagnetic energy in a complex treatment cavity based on the theories of active polarization and quasi-static field. A complex high-frequency electromagnetic water treatment device is designed using this formula, and the internal structure of the treatment cavity is visually analyzed using simulation software. Through the optimization of the complex treatment cavity’s structure, the optimal range of the anode-cathode radius ratio is determined. The research results show that the energy distribution in the complex treatment cavity is significantly higher than that in the coaxial and coil-wound cavities. This study provides theoretical and practical guidelines for the design of high-frequency electromagnetic water treatment device cavities.

Simulation Analysis and Optimization Design of Electromagnetic Fields in Coaxial Processing Cavities Based on the Theory of Electrostatic Fields

The coaxial processing cavity is an important component of high-frequency electromagnetic water treatment devices. Due to its easy installation, wide applicability, and excellent scale removal effect, it has been widely used in various factories. To study the influence of excitation source waveform, processing cavity length, and anode-cathode radius ratio on the intensity and distribution of the electromagnetic field in the coaxial processing cavity under time-varying fields, this paper derives the numerical calculation formula for electromagnetic energy in the coaxial processing cavity based on the theory of electrostatic fields. The finite element method is used to visualize the intensity and distribution of the electromagnetic field in the coaxial processing cavity. By optimizing the structure of the coaxial processing cavity, the optimal range of the anode-cathode radius ratio is determined. The research results show that, under the conditions of electrostatic field theory, square waves have the maximum electromagnetic energy, the length of the processing cavity does not affect the distribution of the electromagnetic field, and the optimal anode-cathode radius ratio range is 0.375-0.5.

Performance of different magnetic and electromagnetic water treatment devices on soil and two tomato cultivars

The application of magnetic and Electromagnetic fields for irrigation water treatment is still an attractive and promising process for the alleviation of the adverse effects of salinity and the enhancement of crop production. Hence, a study was initiated to test the effectiveness of different commercial magnetic and electromagnetic water. treatment devices on soil and two Tunisian tomato crop cultivars, Senda and Dorra. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted at the experimental Station of Cherfech, located in the north of Tunisia. A randomized complete design with three replicates was used and five magnetic, GMX (1.2 T), Magiko (1.6 T), Deltawater (1.4 T), and Magnolith (0.62T), and electromagnetic Aqua-4D (0.0043T) treatment devices were applied for the treatment of a moderate saline water (EC = 2.9 dS m–1). Results showed that different magnetic and electromagnetic treatments tended to reduce soil salinity and pH, improve crop growth, yield, and fruit caliber, but decline the total soluble solids (°Brix) and the titratable acidity of both tomato cultivars. The greatest Magnetic effects were shown for Senda cultivar with Aqua 4-D treatment, whereas the least effect was recorded for Dorra cultivar with Magiko treatment. Accordingly, the influence of magnetic and electromagnetic treatment of irrigation water on soil and tomatoes depends on the choice of tomato cultivar and increases with the following trends: Magiko < Deltawater < GMX < Magnolith < Aqua 4-D. Likewise, their influence depends on their field intensity, which increases in the trend of: 1.6 T < 1.4T < 1.2T < 0.62T < 0.0043T, suggesting that the performance of each device increases as magnetic field intensity decreases. This study highlights that an electromagnetic device (Aqua 4-D) with a weak field intensity (<0.5mT) could also have similar effects to that of a magnetic device (Magnolith).

Beneficial Effect of Sustainable Magnetic Treatment of Tap Water Investigations with Cultivated Intestinal Epithelial Cells

(Electro)magnetic fields have been used as a tap water treatment since more than 60 years to prevent water pipe walls from the unwanted deposition of calcium carbonate. In the meantime a lot of research has been done on the effects of magnetic or electromagnetic treatment of water. Most of them deal with physiochemical aspects and only a few report on biological effects on prokaryotes or cultured mammalian cells. Intestinal health plays a key role in respect to systemic health and the intestinal epithelial barrier comes directly into contact with drinking water, the effect of magnetic tap water treatment on the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier was investigated by measurement of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Moreover, the sensitivity of the intestinal epithelial barrier against oxidative stress was investigated. Since the regeneration process of intestinal epithelial cells is essential for the reconstitution and maintenance of the barrier integrity after injury or traumatization in vivo, this aspect was also examined with water ± magnetic treatment. The animal cell line IPEC-J2 was used for the investigations. Local tap water (= initial source water) was obtained before and after magnetic treatment with water core magnets which show a very weak field strength with high magnetic gradients as a special characteristic. TEER increased by 28.5 ± 6.8% after incubation with the tap water with magnetic treatment when compared to the initial tap water (mean value ± standard deviation; p ≤ 0.01 by the two-tailed Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank sum test). Measurement of TEER after oxidative stress showed no marked difference between both tap water samples ± magnetic treatment. In both experimental series there was a significant reduction in TEER by more than 90 % representing a leaky intestinal epithelial cell layer due to oxidative stress. Despite this fact the number of cells in the initial tap water sample was largely decreased whereas the cell density in the treated water samples was much higher. The magnetic treatment of the tap water improved the regeneration of the intestinal epithelial cells by 17.4 ± 7.2% (mean value ± standard deviation; p ≤ 0.05 by the two-tailed Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank sum test) when compared with the initial tap water. The results of the study demonstrate that the water core magnets as used here are able to influence tap water and, subsequently, induce beneficial cellular effects on cultured intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, the tap water with magnetic treatment might be able to promote and maintain intestinal and systemic health in vivo.

Forced Precipitation Experiments for Study of the Electromagnetic Treatment of Water

AbstractThe objective of this research is to determine the effect of the electromagnetic equipment TK3K to prevent incrustations in pipes. A method of forced precipitation of calcium carbonate, mixing solutions of Ca(NO3)2 and Na2CO3 with tap water, indicates differences in the temporal evolution of turbidity, absorbance, and in the final size of the particles formed, which makes it possible to distinguish between treated and untreated water. The latter presents higher values of parameters analyzed than the treated one. A longer treatment time does not produce different results, while an increase in temperature causes a greater decrease. Since there is no immediate technique on the market to verify the effect of electromagnetic treatment, this method, with temperature control, is simple and fast.

Evaluate the efficiency of treatment by using electromagnetic field in reducing bacterial contamination in wells water

This study was conducted on nine wells water within Kirkuk city for the period 1st July 2015 until 13th June 2016 to assess the electromagnetic field's effectiveness in groundwater purification, where the study focused on the design apparatus with different electromagnetic fields accomplished by exposing the water to electromagnetic fields while the water is passing through the device. Electromagnetic water treatment process consists of two phases , the first by using different electromagnetic fields 1.4,1.7,1.9 Tesla with the stability of the water passage time 20 minutes through electromagnetic field and the second phase is consists of fixed electromagnetic field intensity 1.9 Tesla with change water retention time 5, 10, 20 minutes during the electromagnetic field. Study showed the effect of electromagnetic treatment on bacterial pollution indicators (total number of aerobic bacteria and total coliform bacteria) the number of bacteria colonies decreased at a rate of 90% at a field intensity 1.9 Tesla and to 93% at a retention time 20 minutes, as the coliform bacteria decreased at a rate of 94% when field intensity 1.9 Tesla ,and [98thvd retention time 20 minutes

The effect of electromagnetic field technique on wells water hardness reducing

This study was conducted on nine wells water within Kirkuk city for the period 1st July 2015 until 13th June 2016 to assess the electromagnetic field's effectiveness in groundwater purification, where the study focused on the design apparatus with different electromagnetic fields accomplished by exposing the water to electromagnetic fields while the water is passing through the device. Electromagnetic water treatment process consists of two phases, the first by using different electromagnetic fields 1.4,1.7,1.9 Tesla with the stability of the water passage time 20 minutes through electromagnetic field and the second phase is consists of fixed electromagnetic field intensity 1.9 Tesla with change water retention time 5, 10, 20 minutes during the electromagnetic field . Study showed the effect of electromagnetic treatment on wells water hardness. The total hardness decreases at a rate of 18% when the field intensity 1.4 Tesla and 31% when the field intensity1.7Tesla , while the total hardness value decrease at a rate of 48% when the field intensity 1.9. The total hardness decreased at a rate of 15% when retention time 5 minutes and to 30% when retention time 10 minutes , while the total hardness decreased at a rate of 57% when retention time 20 minutes

Improving Groundwater Quality by Electromagnetic Polarization

The aim of this study is to contribute to easy access to soft water, improve some of their properties, and try to find an inexpensive economic method. The research lies in two parts, the first part included a stage of design calculations for the electromagnetic water treatment device. The stage of designing laboratory experiments according to the Box-Wilson statistical method, after determining the independent approved variables. The second part, laboratory work included two stages, namely, the stages of operating the device and examining it within the specific operational conditions of the experiments, and the other area is conducting the necessary tests on the water sample. Two programs were used SPSS programme and MATLAB programme. The results showed an improvement in the concentration of the total hardness, with a rate ranging from 14% to 35%, magnetic flux intensity ranging from 0.5 to 1.1 Tesla, an exposure time of ranged from 17 to 48.5 seconds, and the equation for these experiments was found. Multiple tests were conducted to find out the concentration of total dissolved solids, which recorded an insignificant decrease from 2% to 4%, and therefore their results were not significant. Research benefits by avoiding the use of economically costly chemicals (Alum) that are dangerous to the environment and humans.

Reduction of Fe Using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and Electromagnetic Water Treatment (EWT)

The processing on water treatment in this research is carried out by using two combination methods of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and Electromagnetic Water Treatment (EWT). The application of AOPs method is one of alternative to remove heavy metals while the application of EWT method is to improve water quality and to prevent the using of expensive chemicals or corrosive substances. The using of chemicals can cause new problems that endanger human health or damage the environment. This paper presents the advantage of the combining these methods is the high ability to process contaminated water into clean water. AOPs and EWT system configuration is needed to determine the effectiveness of the processing system, especially in removing heavy metal minerals such as iron (Fe). Based on the efficiency result, the configuration by using AOPs + EWT reduces the iron (Fe) mineral content by 99,33% and increases the pH value by 6.09.Keywords: water; treatment; substances; metal; mineral

Study on the Flow State of Circulating Cooling Water for the Industrial Heat Exchange Tube in the Electromagnetic Anti-Fouling Process.

Comparing with the traditional chemical and physical method, the electromagnetic water treatment technology draws more attention of researchers for its advantages of easy application, small investment, low cost, and being pollution free in recent years. However, due to the less study of the formation process and adhesion of fouling on the surface of heat exchange equipment, the electromagnetic anti-fouling performance cannot be well evaluated. This paper studies the numerical simulation of the flow states of circulating cooling water in heat exchange tubes with a straight shape and U-shaped ones and analyzes the experimental data of fouling resistance on heat transfer surface under the action of 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.5 kHz electromagnetic fields. The variations in the velocity field and pressure field at various points in heat exchange tubes declare that the velocity of the circulating cooling water is smaller in the outlet of the pipeline. The change of the circulating cooling water flow state with the pipeline shape causes a certain impact on fluid velocity, and the pressure value at the outlet is larger. It is obtained that the flow velocity in the area with high surface pressure of circulating cooling water is relatively small. The experimental results indicate that the fouling resistance on the surface of the magnetic heat exchange tube is smaller than that of the nonmagnetic one. The anti-fouling efficiency in 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.5 kHz magnetic and contrast experiments are 46.8, 84.8, 91.2, and 63.6%, respectively. Better anti-fouling performances are obtained under the action of about 1 kHz electromagnetic frequency. The induction period of fouling on the heat exchange surface is lengthened under electromagnetic fields. All these studies are of significant importance to further understand the formation process and adhesion of fouling on the surface of heat exchange equipment, as well as to better evaluate the electromagnetic anti-fouling performance.

Assessment of the electrical conductivity of thermally activated water jets containing injections of inhibiting salt used to extinguish electrical equipment at gas compressor stations

Introduction. One of the main problems of fire extinguishing at gas compressor stations is fires in confined spaces where electrical installations can be under voltage. To extinguish these fires, the co-authors propose to use jets of thermally activated water containing salts that inhibit burning. It is necessary to assess the electrical conductivity of water jets to prevent the exposure of fire-fighting units to electrical injuries.Materials and methods. In the experimental study, the principal electricity measuring instrument is digital dc megaohmmeter M4122U, which takes readings if operated from a laptop. The flow rate was measured using IT 2518 measurement complex and TDR14–2–3 primary flow converter of the turbine type. Termit T-35 hardness converter performed electromagnetic water treatment.Theoretical fundamentals. Measurements of leakage currents in jets of thermally activated water, fed through fire nozzles mounted onto a multi-purpose fire truck, were taken, and the maximum permissible distance to an electrical installation was determined experimentally and analytically using an experimental stand.Results and discussions. Averaged values of resistance of a jet of thermally activated water fed from a long-range nozzle at control points do not leave the confidence corridor with a probability of 0.95, which means that they do not cause a significant change in dc resistance. Inhibiting salt, injected into the water, reduces the resistance of jets of thermally activated water by no more than 2–3 % compared to under-heated water. The treatment of the inhibiting salt, injected into the under-heated water, using Termit T-35 hardness converter, does not significantly change the resistance of thermally activated water jets.Conclusions. It is theoretically and experimentally proved that the injection of inhibiting salts into the underheated water, as well as the electromagnetic treatment of water using low-power stiffness converters, do not significantly affect the electrical conductivity of jets of thermally activated water if compared to jets that contain no inhibiting admixtures. The extinguishing of surfaces of electrical installations using jets of thermally activated water containing flame inhibiting injections of salts, as well as the development of an inerting concentration in confined spaces of gas compressor stations is electrically safe for any person engaged in fire extinguishing.

COMBINATION METHOD OF ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS (AOPs) AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WATER TREATMENT (EWT) TO REDUCE HEAVY METALS IN PIT LAKE

Mining areas in Indonesia still use water sources from the pit lake, called Kolong. Kolong is raw water material of the water local company (PDAM) in obtaining clean water. The lake water usually processed with chemical and physicsmethods before distributed to the community. Whereas in fact the former mine lake water has a heavy metal content that is still relatively high. In mining areas, river and lake water are still polluted by heavy metals that harm living things that can not be decomposed directly by microorganisms naturally and even require a relatively long time to process them. Processed by using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and Electromagnetic Water Treatment (EWT) become one of the processing alternatives by removing the heavy metals. The advantage of using this method is high efficiency, ability to process will not cause another waste andincluding as clean technology. The aim of this research activity is to test integrated water treatment system using the physical and chemical method by utilizing surface water contaminated by heavy metals through a combination of advanced oxidation technology and electromagnetic water treatment for physics-chemical water quality improvement which can be utilized by PDAM as raw water to get clean water. This research comparing no processing water, processing water with AOPs and EWT, then combining AOPs-EWT. The result of heavy metal removal in water can be reduced up to ± 90%.

Влияние внешних физических воздействий на воду и водные растворы: проблема “памяти”

A brief analysis of scientific publications on the changes in the physicochemical properties of water and aqueous solutions under the influence of temperature, magnetic and electric fields, laser and microwave radiation, ultrasound, and mechanical mixing was performed. A number of researchers have shown the influence of such effects on changes in pH and redox potential, electrical conductivity, surface tension and viscosity of an aqueous solution. The question of influence of external physical effects on water and aqueous solutions remains controversial. Some scientists suggest that water has a cluster structure, which is influenced by physical effects. An important aspect of the problem is the impact on the subsequent behavior and the final result of a chemical process involving previously treated aqueous solutions. Using water solutions of lead and thiourea as an example, the effect of their temperature prehistory in the range of 275-369 K on the kinetics of precipitation of the solid phase of lead sulfide and their microstructure is demonstrated. A threefold change in the composition of supersaturated CdxPb1–xS solid solutions precipitated from solutions containing a lead salt with different temperature prehistory was established. It is shown that the “memory” on the preliminary temperature effect is maintained for at least a day. The influence of electromagnetic treatment of water and aqueous solutions on the content of dissolved oxygen, pH and electrical conductivity is analyzed. Some scientists explain these results by the influence of the field on the structure of hydrogen bonds, others by a change in the cluster structure of water, as well as by the presence of ferromagnetic particles in water. The review presents the current state of the problem of the “memory” effect and the related influence of the prehistory of the impact of physical factors. The review suggested that the “memory” of an aqueous solution is the preservation for a certain time of the changes in its structure and properties that have arisen as a result of the effect. The basic ideas about the mechanisms of influence of the prehistory of physical effects on aqueous solutions are given.

The Analysis of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Effect on Solution Conductivity

This paper presents the observation of magnetization process variableswhich influenced the conductivity of FeSO4, MnSO4, MgCl2 and CaCl2solution. Some of the survey results revealed that there was a decrease inthe rate of particle formation of FeSO4, MnSO4, MgCl2 and CaCl2 of theions in the sample of the magnetized hard water. This study compared theconductivity of FeSO4, MnSO4, MgCl2 and CaCl2 solution before and afterthe pulsed electromagnetic field with a concentration level of 0.1 M wasgiven. Electromagnetic Water Treatment (EW) was used to generate theelectromagnetic pulse wit 9.3 mT pulsed electromagnetic filed. Tools Themeasurement of solution conductivity level conducted using BenchConductivity Meter was calibrated by Control Company with certificatenumber 4163-4997748 and traceable to the National Institute of Standardsand Technology. The measurement was conducted by observing the timefunction of solution conductivity of FeSO4, MnSO4, MgCl2, and CaCl2.The results showed that pulsed electromagnetic fields affected theconductivity of FeSO4 and CaCl2 solution by74% and 67%, respectively.Meanwhile, the lower conductivity was observed from MnSO4 and MgCl2solution with 6% due to process of magnetization which caused theinstability of the ionic bonding in the solution.

Effect of electromagnetic treatment of saline water on soil and crops

Two experiments were carried out to study the effect of the electromagnetic treatment of saline water on seed germination of corn and the response of soil and potato crop irrigated with such water. The experiments were performed under controlled conditions with different water quality and soil texture. The electromagnetic water treatment was applied using Aqua-4D physical water treatment device. Results showed a significant increase in germination rate of corn seedlings watered with electromagnetic-treated saline water (EC=4dSm−1), particularly when water was exposed to electromagnetic fields for 15min. The experiments carried on potato crop with two soil textures, showed a significant increase in tuber yield when irrigated with electromagnetic treated water. It was also observed a significant decrease of soil salinity (ECe), Na+ and Cl− contents of soils irrigated with electromagnetic treated saline water compared to the soils irrigated with non-treated saline water. In contrast, compared to both treatments (control treatment and saline water treatment), the electromagnetic saline water treatment produced non-significant effect on tuber yield, Mg2+ and HCO3-. However, the electromagnetic treatment of saline water increased significantly K+, N and P adsorption in all tissues of potato and decreased significantly the adverse effects of saline water. Based on our results, electromagnetic treatment of saline water can reduce the negative effect of salinity on corn germination and potato crop and increase yield in about 10% in test conditions.

Efficiency improvement of heat exchangers by the rational choice of the range of frequencies of electromagnetic water treatment

The electromagnetic water treatment is considered as one of the reagentless methods to reduce the scaling and to improve the cooling efficiency of high-temperature gas flows. It is achieved by the rational choice of the frequency range under laboratory conditions. The choice is made by the lowest particle size distribution of the precipitated particles. The time analysis of the content of hardness salts in the treated water is carried out at the input to and output of the heat exchanger.

Electromagnets for high-flow water processing

This paper reviews electromagnetic water treatment, an alternative solution for scale control in industrial water processing, and a model device with solenoid coils inserted into a cylindrical kernel inside a pipe is analyzed for potential application at high water-flow capacity (few hundreds of m 3/h). An efficiently strong magnetic field (e.g. with maximum magnetic flux density from 0.1 T to 0.2 T) can be produced using a DC electric supply resulting in total costs at least ten times lower than the expense of the scale-prevention ion exchange.

Design of a New Frequency Converting Electromagnetic Water Treatment Control System

In order to meet the needs of the wide range of frequency and changeable voltage, and the combination of multi-frequency and multi-power in water process, a new frequency converting electromagnetic water treatment control system is developed. The frequency ranged from 1Hz to 1MHz is produced with the DDS pulse chip controlled by MCU, which guarantees that the range of frequency converting is wider. By using the switch circuit and MOSFET, the amplifier circuit is designed. The circuit and CNC power enlarge the output electromagnetic pulse power adjustable range. The software developed with LabVIEW makes frequency work under three kinds of frequency converting modes. And it also can make voltage run under the mode of voltage selecting and user-defined voltage converting. The designs improve the applicability of frequency converting electromagnetic water treatment (FCEWT) system.

The effect of electromagnetic water treatment on in vitro methane production

The effect of electromagnetic water treatment on in vitro methane production