Electromagnetic Processing Of Materials Research Articles

Control of liquid metal free surface waves by a magnetic field in the processing of materials

The paper deals with one particular example of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM) as an efficient and environmentally friendly technology response to the increase in energy consumption driven by the high demand for high-grade materials free from contamination and external agents. EPM is a nonintrusive technology that allows efficient manipulation, monitoring, and control of conducting materials, such as liquid metals, semiconductors, molten salts, and electrolytes. This paper focuses on stabilizing or damping the unwanted waves on the surface of liquid metal in industrial processing, such as strip casting and coating with a uniform and constant magnetic field. The study includes the orientation of the applied magnetic field relative to the free surface, the effects of the depth of the fluid layer, viscosity, and surface tension.

On the solutions of fluid flow problems with a Chebyshev collocation method using Mathematica

AbstractFluid flow problems are important in engineering applications like heat exchangers, renewable energy sources, and electromagnetic processing of materials, among other applications. Some examples related to a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) course are explored in this study. A CFD course provides tools for the numerical solution of fluid flows where an analytical cannot be found. Flows can be described by numerically solving the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for incompressible fluids. A Chebyshev collocation spectral method has been used to solve the governing equations. A high‐level functional programming language strategy was implemented in Mathematica including readability and adaptability. The programs are built by applying and composing functions, mappings, iterators, and pattern matching. It was noted that students can achieve a better comprehension of the algorithms using this programming approach.

Magnetic Field Generated during Electric Current-Assisted Sintering: From Health and Safety Issues to Lorentz Force Effects

In the past decade, a renewed interest on electromagnetic processing of materials has motivated several investigations on the interaction between matter, electric and magnetic fields. These effects are primarily reconducted to the Joule heating and very little attention has been dedicated to the magnetic field contributions. The magnetic field generated during electric current-assisted sintering has not been widely investigated. Magnetism could have significant effects on sintering as it generates significant magnetic forces, resulting in inductive electrical loads and preferential heating induced by overlapping magnetic fields (i.e., proximity effect). This work summarizes the magnetic field effects in electric current-assisted processing; it focuses on health and safety issues associated with large currents (up to 0.4 MA); using FEM simulations, it computes the self-generated magnetic field during spark plasma sintering (SPS) to consolidate materials with variable magnetic permeability; and it quantifies the Lorentz force acting at interparticle contact points. The results encourage one to pay more attention to magnetic field-related effects in order to engineer and exploit their potentials.

9th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM2018)

PREFACEThe current volume represents contributed papers of the proceedings of the 9th international symposium on Electromagnetic Processing of Materials, Yumebutai International Conference Center, Awaji island, Hyogo, Japan on October 14 – 18, 2018.The series of EPM symposiums was initiated in 1994 by Prof. S. Asai (Japan) and Prof. M. Garnier (France). It takes place every three years alternating between Europe and Asia (Nagoya 1994, Paris 1997, Nagoya 2000, Lyon 2003, Sendai 2006, Dresden 2009, Beijing 2012, Cannes 2015). This is the 9th EPM symposium. There are more than 140 participants and more 100 presentations from industry and academia coming from 15 countries.Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM) has been widely applied for improving properties of materials and it is also expected to be extended to various materials processes due to unique advantages of electromagnetic interactions. This symposium is traditionally open for any kind of materials processing involving electric and / or magnetic fields. It brings together leading academics, researchers and engineers from industry, and commercial software developers.List of Organizing committees are available in this PDF.

Shaping inductor geometry for casting functionally graded composites

Purpose – The attractiveness of functionally graded composites lies in the possibility of a gradual spatial change of their properties such as hardness, strength and wear resistance. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of electromagnetic buoyancy to separate the reinforcement particles during the casting process of such a composite. Design/methodology/approach – The basic problem encountered in the process of casting composites is to obtain electromagnetic buoyancy and simultaneously to avoid a flow of the liquid metal which destroys the desired composite structure. In this paper the authors present the methodology of numerical optimization of inductor geometry in order to homogenize the electromagnetic force field distribution. Findings – The optimization method based on searching the solution subspace created by applying knowledge of the modelled process physics proved better than the universal local optimization methods. These results were probably caused by the complex shape of the criterion function hypersurface characterized by the presence of local minima. Practical implications – Due to their characteristics, functionally graded composites are of great interest to the automotive, aerospace and defense industries. In the case of metal matrix composites casting techniques (as the presented one) are the most effective methods of producing functionally graded materials. Originality/value – The paper presents the optimization of a new process of casting functionally graded composites in a low-frequency alternating electromagnetic field. The process involves problems that did not occur previously in the area of electromagnetic processing of materials. The paper proposes the use of special design of inductors to homogenize the electromagnetic force field.

Effect of the magnetic field orientation on the damping of liquid metal free surface waves in the processing of materials

The actual requirements of high-grade materials lead to a constant increase in energy consumption, creating the necessity of new efficient and environmentally friendly technologies. In the past decades, the Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM) has been established as an alternative for the manipulation, monitoring and control of conducting materials such as liquid metals, semiconductors, molten salts, and electrolytes, during the processing stages. Besides the application of nonintrusive methods that allow a convenient handling of the material while keeping it free from contamination of external agents, EPM offers the possibility of a the rational use of energy and the search for environmentally friendly innovation technologies. This paper presents a specific application for the control of liquid metal free surface flows, namely, the damping of surface waves with a uniform magnetic field. The attention is mainly focused on the orientation of the applied magnetic field relative to the free surface, the effects of the depth of the fluid layer, and the surface tension.

How to manage a high magnetic field in electromagnetic processing of materials

How to manage a high magnetic field in electromagnetic processing of materials

材料電磁プロセッシングへの超電導応用

The Symposium on Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM) was organized in the beginning of the 1990s in Japan in cooperation with France. EPM applies various electromagnetic phenomena to materials processing. In the early stages of EPM, it was mainly applied to steel-making processes like heating, melting, stirring, flow control and so on. However, its application has been extended recently to nonferrous metals like aluminum, and even to nonmagnetic materials by the use of DC superconducting magnets. In the present paper, examples of EPM are shown and the applicability of superconducting magnets to conventional EPM is investigated. If AC superconducting magnets are applied to conventional EPM, the limit of EPM due to the weakness of the magnetic field will be broken and a new stage of EPM applications will be opened.

Texture and Grain Boundary Character Modification of Metallic Materials by Electromagnetic Processing

The recrystallization behaviors of cold rolled aluminum alloys in an electric field of 400kV/mm and the phase transformation processes of a proeutectoid steel under a magnetic field of 12 Tesla have been studied. During the recrystallization annealing under the electric field of the cold-rolled 3104 aluminum alloy sheets, the electric field postpones the recovery and recrystallization progress as a whole, but does not superimpose much obstacle to the development of Cube texture component. The electric field also changes the occurrence of low Σ CSL boundaries. The possible influential mechanism of the electric field on vacancy concentration has been analyzed. When the magnetic field is applied to the austenitic decomposition of a medium carbon steel, it also shows influence on grain boundary character distribution and texture by various mechanisms. Results show that it increases the frequencies of low E CSL boundaries. The influence of the magnetic field on grain growth through its thermodynamic and kinetic effect on austenite decomposition leads to a modification of the grain boundary characters. Moreover, the magnetic field can affect the lattice distortion caused by the solubility of carbon atoms in specially orientated ferrite grains through the dipolar interaction between magnetic moments of iron atoms. This results in the enhancement of the fiber texture component in the transverse field direction. Electromagnetic processing of materials shows perspectives for tailoring the texture and the grain boundary characteristics of materials.

Recent Progress of EPM in Steelmaking, Casting, and Solidification Processing

This paper reviews recent trends of electromagnetic processing in steelmaking, casting and solidification processing. Electromagnetic vibration for controlling the solidified structure and application of microwave in materials processing are also presented. Aim of this paper is to prospect the recent trends in electromagnetic processing of materials.

The Effect of Frequency of Electromagnetic Vibration on the Micro Structure in Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloy

The structural control of Al-Si alloy, which was not studied among various electromagnetic processing of materials, was considered applying the alternating current and direct current magnetic flux density. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of electromagnetic vibration on the macro and microstructure of Al-Si alloy in order to develop a new process of structural control in Al-Si alloy. When the electromagnetic vibration is conducted for changing the shape of primary aluminum, at low frequency (≤ 60Hz), the shape of dendrite is changed speroidal shape. When the electromagnetic vibration is conducted for changing the shape of eutectic silicon, the fact that a morphological change of the eutectic silicon from coarse platelet flakes to fine fiber shape is observed with EMV (Electro Magnetic Vibration) process at high frequency(≥ 500Hz).

The Effect of Frequency of Electromagnetic Vibration on the Primary Silicon Size in Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy

The structural control of Al-Si alloy, which was not studied among various electromagnetic processing of materials, was considered applying the alternating current and direct current magnetic flux density. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of electromagnetic vibration on the control of the size of primary Si phase in order to develop a new process of structural control in Al-Si alloy. If the current density conducted for making high frequency electromagnetic vibration (EMV) (≥ 500Hz), the size of primary Si phase goes to small. If it conducted for making low frequency EMV (≤ 200Hz), the size of primary Si phase goes to large. This phenomenon considered to be related the collision, agglomeration and diffusion of silicon atoms.

Applications of Low Temperature, AC Superconducting Magnets to Material Processing

Superconducting technology has conventionally been used in magnetic separation using high DC field as its industrial application. In the field of electromagnetic processing of materials (EPM), on the other hand, it has a lot of advantages in the production of high quality, high value-added materials, such as uniformity in crystals, faster refining speed, facilitation of separation of inclusions, and attracts considerable attention. In the present study, we intended to lay a new path to industrial application of superconducting technology, and aimed at applying AC superconducting technology to high AC field as is expected in EPM. We examined thermal insulation technology regarding high temperature metals and low temperature superconducting magnets, and showed a path to solutions. We also designed magnets for applied stirring field, and made a prototype of magnets in which effective countermeasures are adopted against the shape of magnets and electromagnetic oscillation

We do exactly what every other anesthesia group does, so why are we doing so poorly?

Application of electromagnetic force to materials processing, so called Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM) has been recognized as a cutting edge technology, especially in the fields of advanced materials processing. The background to promote EPM is described. The present state of EPM is given through a brief introduction of several examples of the applications of a high frequency magnetic field, a DC magnetic field, DC magnetic and electric fields, and a traveling magnetic field. Furthermore, a high static magnetic field has been applied to generate compression waves in molten metals. As other examples of the application of a high static field, the crystal orientations in thin films in vapordeposition and electrodeposition processes and those in carbon fibers in a graphitization process are described. Finally the future view of EPM is revealed.

Thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of the austenite-to-ferrite transformation under high magnetic field in medium carbon steel

The thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of austenite-to-ferrite phase transformation in medium carbon steel in the high magnetic fields were investigated. Results showed that the magnetic field could obviously change the γ / α + γ phase equilibrium—by increasing the amount of ferrite obtained during cooling—and greatly accelerate the transformation. Thus the microstructure obtained under fast cooling with high magnetic field was still ferritic and pearlitic, while that obtained without the magnetic field under the same cooling conditions was bainitic. Exploration in this area contributes both to enriching the new theory on electromagnetic processing of materials (EPM) and in establishing new techniques for materials processing.

The Effect of a High Magnetic Field on Surface Aspect of Vapor-Deposited Films of Bismuth and Zinc

Non-magnetic materials of bismuth and zinc were deposited on glass and copper plates used as a substrate under a high magnetic field of12T. The substrate was set in perpendicular or parallel to the magnetic field direction at the position of the maximum magnetic field intensity.In the case with the glass substrate, no significant difference in the surface aspect of a film was observed regardless of target materials andthe magnetic field direction to the substrate. On the other hand, in the case with the copper substrate, the surface aspect of the zinc filmdeposited under the magnetic field was different from that under no magnetic field, but no difference was observed in the bismuth film. Theseexperimental results are discussed from the viewpoint of electric conductivity of the substrates and target materials.(Received July 8, 2002; Accepted September 3, 2002)Keywords: electromagnetic processing of materials, vapor-deposition, high magnetic field, non-magnetic material

Recent development and prospect of electromagnetic processing of materials

Application of electromagnetic force to materials processing, so called Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM) has been recognized as a cutting edge technology, especially in the fields of advanced materials processing. The backgroundto promote EPMis described. The present state of EPMis given through a brief introduction of several examples of the applications of a high frequency magnetic field, a DC magnetic field, DC magnetic and electric fields, and a traveling magneticfield. Furthermore, a high static magnetic field has been applied to generate compression waves in molten metals. As otherexamples of the application of a high static field, the crystal orientations in thin films in vapordeposition and electrodeposition processes and those in carbon fibers in a graphitization process are described. Finally the future view of EPM is revealed.

Electromagnetic Processing of Materials. Application of Magnetic Field to Silicon Single Crystal Growth.

Electromagnetic Processing of Materials. Application of Magnetic Field to Silicon Single Crystal Growth.

Electromagnetic Processing of Materials. Outline of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials.

Electromagnetic Processing of Materials. Outline of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials.

Electromagnetic Confinement Including the Dynamic Effect Due to Melt Flow.

A 2 dimensional model has been developed to predict the free surface shape of liquid metal in an electromagnetic field, in which the field calculations have been coupled with the free surface shape change and the dynamic effect of the liquid metal flow. This has allowed the interactive phenomena in a coreless induction furnace to be simulated comprehensively and resulted in satisfactory agreement between the predicted and the measured meniscus shapes. Studies of the recirculating flow in molten aluminium have shown interactions of the meniscus shape with the flow field and therefore demonstrated the importanceof having detailed knowledge of the free surface shape in the electromagnetic processing of materials. In addition, the influence of the electrical conductivity and the skin effect in the induction coil on the electromagnetic confinement and the melt flow have been analysed.