Electromagnetic Compatibility Filter Research Articles

Experimental study of electromagnetic disturbances in common and differential modes in a circuit based on two DC/DC boost static converter in parallel

Introduction. An electronic control and closing control at the switch (MOSFET) will allow a parallel connection of two DC/DC boost converters. The reason for paralleling converters is to increase the efficiency of the power conversion process. This means that the overall power loss on the main switches is half the power loss on the main switch of a converter. It has been proven that DC-DC converters operating in parallel have different dynamics than a single converter. In this paper, the study is based on a system of two boost converters operating in parallel under current mode control. Although two converters operating in parallel increase the efficiency of the system, if the control parameters are not chosen correctly, the system becomes unstable and starts to oscillate. Purpose of this work is to present the analysis of high frequency electromagnetic disturbances caused by the switching of power switches in DC/DC boost static converters mounted in parallel in the presence of cables. We will study the improvement of the electromagnetic compatibility performances which can be brought by the choice of a static converters for industrial use. Methods. For the study of the path of the currents in common mode and in differential mode, it was possible to evaluate experimentally the electromagnetic compatibility impact in common mode and in differential mode of two boost converters connected in parallel in an electric circuit in connection with the source through a printed circuit board of connection between the source and the load, while using the two basic methods, namely the prediction of the conducted electromagnetic interference, the temporal simulation and the frequency simulation. Results. All the obtained results are validated by experimental measurements carried out at the Djillali Liabes University Sidi-Bel-Abbes in Laboratory of Applications of Plasma, Electrostatics and Electromagnetic Compatibility (APELEC). The experimental results obtained in common mode and in differential mode at low, medium and high frequencies are compared between the parallel boost test with and without electromagnetic compatibility filter.

A Unique and Practical Resource for Electromagnetics [Book/Software Reviews

This book started from the author's many electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) training classes and it is unique in terms of its content. It has a total of 10 chapters and covers essentials in EMC engineering that require a different look into many EM concepts and issues. It contains all of the important EMC procedures: design, accreditation, calibration, EMC tests, measurement, and EMC protection. In addition, there are more than 20 downloadable MATLAB scripts to simulate EMC-related functions, such as EMC filters, impedance matching, the Fourier transform (FT), and antenna arrays. n summary, the book has all of the practical knowledge EMC engineers and scientists need to understand to produce clean EMC/EMI devices and systems.

Characterization of the Potential Effects of EMC Filters for Power Converters on Narrowband Power Line Communications

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) filters are one of the main solutions for dealing with the disturbances generated by power inverters. However, they show series/parallel resonances that introduce variations in the impedance seen from the grid. Consequently, in some cases, these filters have low impedances at resonance frequencies, which can affect Narrowband Power Line Communications (NB-PLC) due to notching effects. For that reason, the potential effects of four EMC filters on NB-PLC have been studied. Laboratory trials in a controlled environment have been carried out, in which the attenuation and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) thresholds that define the communication’s quality have been studied. The results presented in this paper show that, although the variations of the channel frequency response are not selective enough to degrade the communication thresholds, the attenuation measured when the filter is connected near the receiver might be sufficiently high to be critical for the communications in some situations. Therefore, EMC filters might have a negative impact on NB-PLC that had not been previously considered.

Analysis of the Angle Modulated Switching Strategy for use With Fractional Horse Power BLDC Motors

In recent years, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) has become progressively important because of the rise in the number of electronic auxiliary devices in motor vehicles. This article presents an angle modulated switching strategy for fractional horsepower drives. It allows decreasing the size of the necessary EMC filter, for the example case drive used, down to less than 50%, from nine to four capacitors. Simultaneously, it reduces the radiated electromagnetic emissions over a wide frequency range by almost 10 dB <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μV/m</sub> . The EMC measurements performed in a shielded chamber are compared with the results for two conventional switching strategies. Subsequently, the influence of the presented switching strategy on the efficiency and on the emitted airborne and structure-borne noise is investigated.

Electrostatic discharge algorithm: a novel nature‐inspired optimisation algorithm and its application to worst‐case tolerance analysis of an EMC filter

Because of their several advantages like simplicity, flexibility and adaptability, nature-inspired (NI) optimisation algorithms have attracted significant attention for solving complex optimisation problems. Source of inspiration for NI are multiple. This study aims to propose a new NI optimisation algorithm inspired by the electrostatic discharge (ESD) event. Tested on a large set of benchmarks and compared with several well-known optimisation algorithms the ESD algorithm (ESDA) is found to be a very competitive algorithm. Moreover, the ESDA has been applied for the determination of wort-case scenarios for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter.

Design by optimization of controlled static converters with EMC filters in aeronautics

PurposeWith the increasing number of onboard controlled static converters in aeronautics, methods to design lighter configurations are required. This study aims to help the designer sizing optimal electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filters and, moreover, finding optimal voltage levels and switching frequency, which have a great impact on the design and global mass of such converters.Design/methodology/approachAnalytical models for capacitors, inductors and heatsink are settled. Using frequency modeling, EMC can be studied analytically. To deal with frequency and voltages variations, models of perturbations sources are developed. Concerning the problem of surveilling thousands of harmonics to check the whole frequency range of EMC standards in optimization, a strategy that drastically reduces the number of computations and has a good convergence is proposed.FindingsThe methods settled in the paper allow to optimize a controlled static converter with its EMC filters along with finding optimal switching frequency and voltage levels. A study on a three-phase rectifier reveals the importance of the switching frequency on converter design with EMC filters. A 28 per cent mass reduction is predicted by increasing the switching frequency from 10 to 30 kHz. The designed converters are verified by simulations.Research limitations/implicationsInvestigating the voltage levels along with the switching frequency has not been achieved yet for static controlled converters with EMC constraints. The approach lacks experimental validations, but it is currently ongoing.Originality/valueDealing analytically with the changes of frequency or voltages in an EMC study is a new feature. The possibility to use deterministic algorithm is essential for dealing with the important number of constraints and the numerous interactions between all the parts of the problem, especially EMC.

Metamodel of Power Electronic Converters Using Learning SVR Method Coupling With Wavelet Compression

This paper deals with a new method of metamodel construction for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) simulation of power electronic converters. The proposed method uses a compressed wavelet coefficients vector of a time-domain signal and a learning method [support vector regression (SVR)]. This can be applied for a black box approach of modeling of complex systems such as power converters. This allows the study of EMC behavior, the impact of the uncertainties and their propagations inside the model or the design of EMC filters.

New Measurement System of Magnetic Near-Field With Multipolar Expansion Approach

In the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) behavior of power electronic converters, it is important to predict the near-field coupling between the complex components (e.g., in EMC filter). Using the components of the near-field multipolar expansion of electromagnetic sources, the close magnetic coupling between two elements is determined from their equivalent model. In this paper, a new measurement system, based on spherical harmonics and spatial filtering, is proposed and studied. The sensor is a single coil moving along one axis, and coupled with a rotatable mount for the measured source with two axes of rotation θ and φ. This simple system, which can be easily automated, allows building good accuracy models for complex sources. The impact of the uncertainties in the position and orientation of the source and sensor is studied in order to determine the higher degree of the multipolar expansion that can be characterized. Taken into account these uncertainties and the expected precision of the reconstructed source, strategies of measurement minimizing the number of measurements are compared.

Predicting the Impact of Magnetic Components Used for EMI Suppression on the Base-Band of a Power Amplifier

Class-D audio amplifiers are switching circuits that produce serious Electromagnetic (EM) emissions and disturb the surrounding electronics. In order to reduce these emissions, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filters with ferrite beads are used. However, ferrite beads contain magnetic materials that have a nonlinear behavior. Thus, they have an unfavorable impact on the system audio quality. The common ferrite bead models do not take into account nonlinear phenomena. Thus, to predict the impact on the signal quality, this paper models the ferrite bead using the Jiles–Atherton magnetic material theory. The presented model provides the designers with a tool to quantify the effect of EMC filters on the total harmonic distortion (THD) of audio amplifiers. The simulated and measured results show that the tested ferrite bead have a negative effect on the audio signal for a wide range of amplitudes and can increase the THD up to 37 dB. Finally, this paper highlights the impact of the magnetic material type on the audio distortion by simulating the same component with different types of materials.

Optimal Stray Magnetic Couplings for EMC Filters

This paper presents a full partial equivalent electrical circuit (PEEC) model of an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter, including the discrete components as well as the interconnection models. Therefore, the complete behavior of the filter is taken into account, including all magnetic stray elements (inductance and couplings). This model is validated for several configurations. It is then used in an optimization process, allowing the determination of the optimal geometry for the printed circuit board tracks, to obtain the best possible performance of the EMC filter. Both numerical implantation and full analytical study are used in this study.

Cost-Efficient Hybrid Powertrain System with 48 V Network

Mission profiles show that a power of 12 kW in transient mode (20 s) is sufficient for hybrid functions. These rated powers are not compliant with a 12 V network. However, they are fully compliant with 48 V networks. Below 60 V, safety protections and insulated power networks are not required. In addition, with 48 V, the cell number of the storage unit is less than with 60 V. These improvements help to achieve a very low cost to CO2 ratio. For fast cost-effective vehicle integration, the first generation of the system is a belt driven architecture with standalone components. The electric motor replaces the conventional generator and is controlled by a standalone inverter supplied by a 48 V storage unit via an additional direct current (DC) network. Fixed transmission of the belt sets the maximum speed of the electric motor to 18,000 rpm. A specific belt tensioner was added to guarantee torque transmission over the full speed range. A 48 V/14 V DC/DC converter replaces the con ventional generator and supplies the standard 12 V power network. It provides 2.5 kW power with an efficiency of up to 96 %. Due to the limitations of the belt and Li-ion battery in cold conditions, a conventional starter and low voltage acid battery are retained. The 48 V electric motor covers the start/stop function without impacting the 12 V network. Hence, the electrical architecture, ➍, does not require a voltage stabilising system. Open image in new window ➍ System architecture of the hybrid concept The specifically developed air-cooled electric motor, with an efficiency of higher than 90 % throughout the operating range, provides 12 kW peak power and 55 Nm starting torque to optimise energy recovery. This definition is compliant with all mission profiles and helps to achieve CO2 targets. For the 48 V inverter driving the electric motor, a dedicated space vector control was developed to ensure accurate torque control. For the first generation, it is a standalone, air-cooled device operating in a voltage range between 35 and 60 V. The cost of the second generation hybrid architecture will be further reduced by removing wiring and EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) filters, combining the inverter with the electric motor and the DC/DC converter with the Li-ion battery. Further potential saving can be gained by removing the conventional starter and low voltage battery while adapting the belt drive for low temperature starting.

Modelling process and optimization of EMC filters for power electronics applications

PurposeThe frequency simulation and optimisation of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter is often computation time consuming. The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach for easy and fast modelling and optimization of power electronics structures.Design/methodology/approachThe paper proposes an approach for easy and fast modelling and optimization of power electronics structures. It focuses on the EMC filter design. To achieve this task time simulation, FFT and automatic frequency modelling are combined.FindingsAn automatic frequency modelling is proposed and also gives automatically the model gradients. Therefore, the model can be used to optimize the EMC filter, but also can help in choosing its topology. Several optimization algorithms are used and compared.Research limitations/implicationsThe power electronics load is supposed to be a set of predefined harmonic sources, obtained by time simulation + FFT before the optimisation process.Practical implicationsThe frequency model allows for the rapid designing and comparing of several structures or modelling hypothesis with regard to the parasitic elements and circuit imperfections.Originality/valueThe frequency model is automatically generated, and sizing criteria on the component (e.g. inductors, capacitor) can be added in an analytical form, for example, to deal with volume or mass criteria.

Development of EMC Filter In the High Powered Breaker

Remarkable developments in the electric and electronic industry have given people's daily life much more convenience and abundance. However, in electrical communication, or electric and electronic fields, making electrical and electronic devices more functional, more integrated, and faster have put electromagnetic interference(EMI) into more complex forms, and lots of problems such as interruption, malfunction, or interference by noise between electrical communication systems occurs every day. In this research, the electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) filter in the high powered breaker was designed and fabricated as a counter measure. The filter attenuated noise more than 20<TEX>${\sim}$</TEX>50 dB in the range of 10 MHz<TEX>${\sim}$</TEX>1.5 GHz. And, when the electric fast transient(EFT) of 4 kV in the level 4 of IEC 61000-4-4 was induced, it was soon suppressed to 600 V.

Impact of EMC Filters on the Power Density of Modern Three-Phase PWM Converters

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filters are typically included in offline power converters, controlling electromagnetic emissions, but adding volume to power electronic systems. During the last decades, one of the main objectives of the power electronics industry has been the increase of the power density. Thus, it is reasonable to analyze how filters affect power density values, imposing limits or ldquobarriersrdquo to it. The impact of the EMC filters on the overall volume of three-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converters is studied here for converters in the range of 5-10 kW. An analytical procedure based on the volume minimization of the EMC filters is proposed to estimate the total filter volume as function of the converters' rated power and switching frequency. With this, the minimum volume for EMC filters that allow the converters to comply with EMC standards regarding conducted emissions can be estimated and volume limitations identified. A discussion about the limits of power density for the considered three-phase PWM converters for state-of-the-art power semiconductors is performed, and optimum switching frequencies are identified. An experimental verification is carried out, which validates the achieved results.

PC용 광대역 EMC 필터의 설계 및 제작에 관한 연구

This paper deals with EMC filter for a personal computer(PC). A PC contains many sources of noise inside and out, with many connected cables. High noise levels are also emitted from the PC because of high-speed signals. So radiated noise from the computer body may sometimes cause problems. Therefore, we design and fabricate an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter for PC, which is composed of feed-through capacitors and ferrite beads with high permeability. Through extensive test, the proposed EMC filter is shown to have excellent differential-mode and common-mode noises filtering characteristics above 30 dB in the frequency band from 10 MHz to 1.5 GHz. The immunity characteristics are improved more than 10 to 30 dB over the frequency band from DC to 1.8 GHz.ツ