Electromagnetic Compatibility Design Research Articles

Editorial: Electromagnetic compatibility design and power electronics technologies in modern power systems

Editorial: Electromagnetic compatibility design and power electronics technologies in modern power systems

Electromagnetic Susceptibility Analysis of the Operational Amplifier to Conducted EMI Injected through the Power Supply Port.

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are widely used in circuit systems. The increasing complexity of the power supply network has led to the susceptibility of the power supply port to electromagnetic interference (EMI) in circuit systems. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) of op-amps at the power supply port. In this paper, we assessed the effect of EMI on the operational performance of op-amps through the power supply port by a bulk current injection (BCI) method. Firstly, we conducted the continuous sine wave into the power supply port by a current injection probe and measured the change in the offset voltage under EMI. Secondly, we proposed a new method of conducted susceptibility and obtained the susceptibility threshold regularities of the op-amps at the power supply port under the interference of different waveform signals. Our study provided conclusive evidence that EMI reduced the reliability of the op-amp by affecting the offset voltage of op-amps and demonstrated that the sensitivity type of op-amps was peak-sensitive at the power supply port. This study contributed to a deep understanding of the EMS mechanism and guided the design of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of op-amps.

Anti-interference Performance of the Temperature Acquisition System for the Vacuum Thermal Test

The thermal test temperature acquisition system is one of the core systems in the thermal test of the spacecraft. It uses thermocouple sensors for temperature data acquisition, and its data stability directly affects the success or failure of the thermal test task. The equipment types in the original thermal test environment were single, and the electromagnetic compatibility design was weak. With the increase of the types of test equipment in the thermal test, the electromagnetic interference in the test environment is becoming more and more serious and even directly affects the stability of temperature data collection. Based on the principle of thermocouple temperature measurement and electromagnetic compatibility, this paper establishes relevant models for analysis and simulation and obtains methods to improve system electromagnetic compatibility under different interference conditions. And in a certain thermal test, using the simulation results of the model, the corresponding circuit improvement was carried out, which finally reduced the influence of electromagnetic interference on the system and ensured the smooth progress of the task.

Uncertainty Quantification Method of Crosstalk Involving Braided-Shielded Cable

In this paper, in view of the uncertainty of geometric parameters of braided-shielded cable and structural parameters of the shield in practical problems, polynomial chaos expansions (PCE) is used to explore the uncertainty quantification of a crosstalk calculation model of braided-shielded cable. First, the model based on multi-conductor transmission line theory is expanded by PCE. Second, the truncation degrees of polynomials and sample size of PCE are determined by the leave-one-out method, and the statistical characteristic parameters of crosstalk are obtained by combining coefficients of polynomials. Compared with the calculation results of the Monte Carlo method, the mean value, standard deviation and probability density function obtained by the two methods are basically consistent, but the PCE method has obvious advantages in calculation efficiency. Finally, the influence of input variable parameters in the crosstalk calculation model of braided-shielded cable are calculated by combining the PCE and the Sobol’s global sensitivity analysis method, which provides theoretical guidance for the electromagnetic compatibility design of electrical and electronic equipment using braided-shielded cable.

Advances in Modeling and Suppression Methods of EMI in Power Electronic Converters of Third-Generation Semiconductor Devices

With the development of high-frequency, miniaturized, and lightweight power electronic devices, third-generation semiconductor devices are more and more used in the main circuits of power electronic converters. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by their fast switching can affect the performance of power electronic converters. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the modeling and suppression methods of conducted noise in power electronic converters of third-generation semiconductor devices. This paper describes the EMI sources and coupling paths of EMI in third-generation semiconductor devices used in power electronic converters. The modeling methods of EMI are summarized from the perspectives of power devices and coupling paths. The suppression methods of conducted noise are summarized by suppressing EMI sources and improving coupling path characteristics. This paper provides a reference for the electromagnetic compatibility design of power electronic converters for third-generation semiconductor devices.

Study on Cable Network Design of Small Tactical Missile

This paper studies the cable network design of small tactical missile from two aspects: hardware design and soft design. The hardware design of cable network mainly includes the design of electrical connector, transmission line, cable sheathing and other accessories, while the soft design involves signal redundancy design, error prevention design and electromagnetic compatibility design. The research results set up a framework for the subsequent design and manufacture of cable network, which has a certain guiding significance.

Broadband Pulse Injection Probe With Improved Injection Efficiency for Conducted Electromagnetic Susceptibility Test

A broadband pulse injection probe with improved injection efficiency for conducted electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) is proposed in this article. Improved injection efficiency is effective and crucial for conducted EMS testing of electronic devices. The effect of parameters, such as coil material and wire diameter, the number of coil turns, and the distance between the coil and the shielding shell on probe injection efficiency, is investigated in this article. By using low-impedance coils, symmetrical winding methods, and size-matched shielded shell, the broadband pulse injection probe with improved injection efficiency is obtained. The proposed broadband pulse injection probe was calibrated, and an injection efficiency comparison test was performed, proving that the proposed probe has improved injection efficiency. Meanwhile, the proposed injection probe performs well in EMS testing in the 9-kHz–400-MHz frequency range. These results will be of great significance for the effective acquisition of EMS test data and the optimal design of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of integrated circuits (ICs).

Research on the Method of Near-Field Measurement and Modeling of Powerful Electromagnetic Equipment Radiation Based on Field Distribution Characteristics

With the wide application of power equipment consisting of high switching frequencies and large current switching devices in the integrated power system on ships, the low-frequency radiation interference caused by the powerful electromagnetic equipment becomes more and more serious. Establishing an equivalent model of radiation interference based on the near-field measurement data is the key to subsequent electromagnetic compatibility design. Due to the large size of the equipment, there will be many measurement points in the near-field measurement area, which leads to long testing times and low modeling efficiency. To solve the above problems, this article first proposes a method of near-field measurement and a modeling method of powerful electromagnetic equipment radiation based on field distribution characteristics. Firstly, the near-field measurement data are obtained by the sparse and uniform sampling of the near-field measurement plane at large sampling intervals. Then, the near-field measuring plane is separated into several regions by the magnetic field’s distribution characteristics. The near-field measurement data required for modeling are obtained by further sampling in the region with a large magnetic field amplitude. Finally, the equivalent radiation model is obtained by the equivalent dipole method. Simulations and experiments show that the method can significantly reduce the amount of measurement data and testing time while improving the efficiency of equivalent radiation modeling and maintaining the accuracy of the modeling.

An equivalent modeling method of passive components with multi‐resonant frequency

SummaryHigh‐frequency characteristics of passive components are crucial to the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of an electronic system, and modeling of passive components is of significance for EMC analysis. However, challenges remain in the modeling of passive components with multiple resonant frequencies. In this paper, a method for establishing equivalent models of multi‐resonant frequency passive components, including capacitors, inductors, and resistors, is proposed. Firstly, high‐frequency equivalent circuit topologies of the multi‐resonant frequency passive components, which are simple, easy to understand, and can be applied to the modeling of passive components with various impedance characteristics, are developed. Secondly, a calculation method of equivalent circuit parameters based on least squares and particle swarm optimization (PSO) is presented, which is not sensitive to the initial value, only needs the estimated range of the equivalent circuit parameters, and very suitable for getting the parameters of equivalent circuit models accurately and efficiently. Finally, to validate the method, some SPICE models of single components are established, and a PCB‐level EMC analysis is implemented. The comparisons of the simulated and experimental results show the validity and accuracy of the method. The method is very useful for future components modeling when doing EMC design or other high‐frequency designs.

Medium and high energy electron detectors onboard BeiDou navigation satellite in MEO

Abstract This work introduces the instruments’ design of multi-directional medium-energy electron detector (energy range: 30–770 keV) and high-energy electron detector (energy range: 400 keV to 5.8 MeV) deployed on one of the BeiDou navigation satellites in medium earth orbit. Through the electromagnetic compatibility design, the problem of the detector signal being susceptible to electromagnetic interference is solved and the lower detection limit reaches a very low level of 20 keV. The proton contamination in the electron measurement can be effectively removed by designing the light-blocking layer and the logical working mode of the sensors. The detector circuits and sensor structure are optimized and the miniaturization of the instrument is realized. This study also introduces the calibration method of the detectors, and gives the ground test results, which can provide a basis for the on-orbit calibration and data processing of the instrument.

The EMC Design of Flap and Slat Electronic Control Unit

A brief description of EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) design in FSECU (Flap and Slat Electronic Control Unit) is proposed. FSECU (Flap and Slat Electronic Control Unit) is the core component of High Lift System. The FSECU’s EMC design for case, I/O interface circuit, ground and PWB is described in detail. In parallel, the analysis for the electromagnetic environment difference of HLS is proposed. The EMC design methodology of FSECU is introduced, which includes the chassis, interface circuit, grounding and PWB. The requirements of controlling the electromagnetic leakage and interference are satisfied by using this way. Several tests of DO-160G are to be performed and the EMC requirements need to be met.

Electromagnetic compatibility analysis of thermal energy recovery power system driven by new energy vehicles

In order to ensure the stability of battery management power system, improve the reliability of on-board electronic products, and ensure the stability of thermal energy recovery power system, the author proposes an electromagnetic compatibility optimization scheme based on wiring harness, power module, and PCB noise, taking the battery management system of vehicle electronic components as an example, the role of electromagnetic compatibility on products is described, the hardware circuit is analyzed and designed by electromagnetic compatibility design theory to ensure the reliability of vehicle components. The electromagnetic stability of the power battery is guaranteed through the electromagnetic compatibility optimization analysis of the battery management system, so as to achieve more stable battery management. The experimental results show that each module of the battery management system works stably, and the disturbance degree test shows that the resonant noise of the battery management system disappears, and there is no obvious narrowband electromagnetic disturbance, and the overall value is below the limit of 20 dB. In conclusion the electomagnetic compatibility optimization scheme can effectively ensure the stability of the battery management power system, and indirectly ensure the stability of the heat recovery power system.

Key Parameters of Electromagnetic Compatibility of On-line Monitoring Sensor Device for Power Converter Valve

Converter valve is the key equipment of power grid, the safety and reliability deeply affect the reliability of power grid. In the industry, infrared and discharge sensors have been widely used to realize on-line condition monitoring. However, devices’ failure and accuracy reduced often happen, and the complex electromagnetic environment caused by converter valve are difficult to resisted. It is necessary to study the electromagnetic interference produced by the converter valve in order to guide the electromagnetic compatibility design of the sensor or monitoring device. Based on the typical electromagnetic interference mode, the interference models of converter valve elements are established, and the calculation methods of EMC of converter valve are proposed. According to FDTD method, the electric field distributions under the operation and impulse voltage are calculated, based on which, the EMC requirements of monitoring device for converter valve are proposed.

Electromagnetic-Thermal Analysis of FTU under the High-Power Electromagnetic Environment

The feeder terminal unit (FTU) is a critical component of any electric power system that works in a complex electromagnetic environment. However, innovative research of theoretical analysis of electromagnetic–thermal practices inside the FTU system is missing in the literature. This work presents the theoretical methodologies for calculating and analyzing the electromagnetic–thermal influence of FTUs in a high-power electromagnetic (HPEM) environment. The numerical outcomes reveal that the surface of the FTU and connecting cables under powerful electromagnetic pulses (EMP) induce significant electromagnetic fields and high temperatures. Significantly, the electromagnetic pulse and injection of heat through the wires into the FTU may cause interference and possibly damage to the FTU’s circuits and electronics. This work serves as a reference for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design of FTUs and provides numerical analysis for ensuring the normal operation of FTU devices under harsh electromagnetic environments.

Bridge-to-Bridge Independent Control Method for Dual-Active-Bridge Interlinking Converter

In dual-active-bridge (DAB) converters, the driving-synchronization signal is supposed to be required to be transmitted across the primary bridge and the secondary bridge to realize a phase shift for power flow. In this letter, a novel bridge-to-bridge independent (B <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> I) control method is proposed. In this control method, cross-bridge transmission of sampling/driving signals is not required. Thus, full modularity of each side in the DAB converter was realized. B <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> I control is suitable for high-voltage series low-voltage parallel (HSLP) modular DAB interlinking converter in medium-voltage dc applications because: first, the bridge-level modularity of B <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> I control benefits electromagnetic compatibility and insulation design with the HSLP connection; second, B <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> I control features series-side voltage sharing; and third, B <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> I control can adapt for various operation modes of microgrids.

Design of Electromagnetic Compatibility in automatically-controlled Door Control System used in EMU

In order to improve anti-interfere ability and increasing stability and reliability of automatically-controlled door Control System used in high speed Train. In this paper, we analysis the reason of electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic radiation on the system. the restrained technology of t he hardware interference was studied from the ranges of circuit board design , GND design , insulated technology and power interference rest rained aspects , and the software anti-interference mechanism was al so studied from redundancy. Based on this , the design of electromagnetic compatibility in automatically-controlled door Control System used in high speed Train was accomplished.Through actual vehicle experiments , the system design was verified , and the result showed that the system design is accuracy , reliable and creditable.

Ensuring Electromagnetic Compatibility in Nuclear Power Plant beyond Equipment Qualification Tests

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is defined as the capability of equipment or system to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that same environment [1]. EMC regulatory requirements for instrumentation and control (I&amp;C) equipment were not developed or in effect until the last few years. Therefore, there is a considerable number of plant equipment that has not been qualified for EMC. The current EMC regulatory requirements address new and modified equipment only, and do not call for testing of existing equipment. There is a gap, which has to be overcome, in order to understand the current level of EMC within the plant. Equipment qualification normally implies formal tests in EMC chambers, which is not practical for the equipment already installed. This paper is a short overview of the preparation phase of a project that includes various EMC-related activities currently being performed in Krško nuclear power plant (NPP). The activities are categorized into two main groups: equipment immunity (susceptibility) tests, used as an assessment of the immunity of the existing equipment such as process cabinets, transmitters and similar, and zone mapping measurements, which are performed to record the electromagnetic environment of the selected plant areas. There is no clear, detailed and unambiguous guidance on how to perform any of these tests. It takes a lot of engineering judgement to optimize them for a specific plant. Some of the most important questions addressed in this paper are 1) the selection of the plant areas for zone mapping measurements and susceptible equipment to be tested for immunity, 2) choice of electromagnetic disturbances, which shall be simulated during those tests, and 3) practical performance, i.e. harmonization of immunity tests with operation of other plant systems. It is necessary to decide which operation mode poses the “worst-case”, i.e. how and when the immunity tests and zone mapping measurement should be performed. The paper also addresses troubleshooting of poor EMC design and installation practices, which can significantly reduce the number of EMC-related problems in a plant.

Printed Circuit Board Electromagnetic Compatibility Design of LLC Resonant Converter Based on Field-Line Coupling Effect

With the development of switching power supply in the direction of high efficiency, high integration, miniaturization and intelligence, LLC resonant converter has been widely used for its advantages of low loss and high efficiency. As an indispensable part in the design, the circuit board is responsible for the dual connection of the electrical part and the mechanical part of the LLC resonant converter. With the increasing of integration and distribution density of components, the EMC problem becomes more and more serious. In this paper, LLC resonant converter PCB is taken as an example to guide the selection and layout of active components based on field-circuit combination method, and the signal integrity of the system is analyzed. Finally, an experimental platform is built to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Integrated control method for electromagnetic compatibility of lift facility control system for naval craft

Lifting facilities electromechanical servo system has a compact structure, high specific power, high control accuracy, low vibration and noise, high reliability. In recent years, small and medium power electromechanical servo systems have been widely used in the aerospace field, and the application of distributed high-power electromechanical servo systems in the naval field to replace the traditional valve-controlled centralized ship-wide hydraulic servo system has a broad application prospect, becoming one of the important links to achieve a new generation of "all-electric" ships. But along with the power level, electromechanical servo system electromagnetic compatibility problems are increasingly prominent, and must be considered from the system design in a comprehensive manner. This paper takes a ship electromechanical servo system as an example, starts from the system functional unit, combines the ship and servo system electromagnetic environment characteristics, sorts out the key links of each unit electromagnetic compatibility control, and takes targeted measures in the electromagnetic compatibility design, the product finally passed the electromagnetic compatibility test, which can provide reference for electromechanical servo system electromagnetic compatibility design.

The Size Dependence of Microwave Permeability of Hollow Iron Particles.

Hollow ferromagnetic powders of iron were obtained by means of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. A variation in the conditions of the synthesis allows for the adjustment of the mean size of the hollow iron particles. Iron powders were obtained by this technique, starting from the aqueous solution of iron nitrate of two different concentrations: 10 and 20 wt.%. This was followed by a reduction in hydrogen. An increase in the concentration of the solution increased the mean particle size from 0.6 to 1.0 microns and widened particle size distribution, but still produced hollow particles. Larger particles appeared problematic for the reduction, although admixture of iron oxides did not decrease the microwave permeability of the material. The paraffin wax-based composites filled with obtained powders demonstrated broadband magnetic loss with a complex structure for lesser particles, and single-peak absorption for particles of 1 micron. Potential applications are 5G technology, electromagnetic compatibility designs, and magnetic field sensing.