Electromagnetic Bandgap Substrate Research Articles

Compact CEBG Filter for High-Frequency Applications With Low Insertion Loss

A compact configurable electromagnetic bandgap (CEBG) filter and a low-loss low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCCs)-based electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) filter have been proposed. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the minimum size configurable bandpass filter (BPF) ever reported using EBG material. The proposed circuits successfully integrate an integrated passive device (IPD) technique-based high- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> capacitors and LTCC-based built-in capacitors with EBG substrates. The frequencies of the filters can be easily adjusted by controlling the capacitors. For proof-of-concept demonstration purposes, CEBG filters and LTCC-based EBG filters were designed and experimentally validated from the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$C$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -band to the Ku-band. The measurement results demonstrated the filters’ compact size, wide stopband, and reduced insertion loss (IL) as working frequency increases. Four LTCC EBG filters are implemented and fabricated with the highest working frequency of 17 GHz, a minimum IL of 1.91 dB, and a 3-dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 3%. The CEBG filter demonstrated a compact size of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.6\times1.35$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm, a configurable frequency from 6.88 to 13.5 GHz with an almost constant FBW. Insertion losses of the EBG filters reduce as their working frequencies increase which shows an excellent high-frequency application capability of the filters.

Bandwidth improvement of planar antennas using a single-layer metamaterial substrate for X-band application

AbstractTo prevent far-field radiation characteristics degradation while increasing bandwidth, an attempt has been made to design and fabricate a microstrip antenna. An electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure, including a layer of a metallic ring on a layer of Rogers 4003C substrate, is used. For a better design, a patch antenna with and without the EBG substrate has been simulated. The results show that the bandwidth can be improved up to 1.6 GHz in X-band by adding the EBG substrate. Furthermore, using this structure, a dual-band antenna was obtained as well. Finally, to validate the simulation results, a comparison has been done between simulation data and experimental results which demonstrate good agreement.

Gain Enhancement of Microstrip Antenna using Ebg Structure for Wi-Fi Application

A microstrip patch antenna is low profile antenna mounted over a high impedance electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) substrate is proposed. In this paper, Microstrip patch antenna with rectangular EBG structure is proposed and studied. The proposed antenna has compact structure with a total size of 29.44x38.036mm2. The designed antenna resonates at Particular Single frequency with improved return loss, VSWR and gain. The resonant frequency of the antenna 2.4GHz without and with EBG and improved return loss of -17.61dB and -18.30dB. With rectangular EBG the antenna gives improved gain of 2.09 dB. The Proposed antenna is simulated by using Simulation software ie.(IE3D) and simulated results are in good with practical antenna characteristics.

Low profile pattern‐switchable multibeam antenna consisting of four L‐shaped microstrip lines

A multibeam antenna consisting of a set of four L-shaped microstrip line sections is presented for pattern switchable applications. A planar electromagnetic band gap substrate is implemented to reduce the antenna profile to λ 2.45 /35, where λ 2.45 is the free space wavelength at a design frequency of 2.45 GHz. An impedance matching network is integrated on the lowest layer below a ground plane. The microstrip lines have a resonant frequency of 2.45 GHz and are excited separately. When one of the strips is excited, the antenna generates a tilted beam with a gain of 8.6 dBi. By switching the excitation strip sequentially, a full azimuth beam steering is achieved. When the antenna is located above a large conducting reflector, the antenna maintains its performance. Thus, the antenna is a candidate for moving objects with high speed internet and vehicular tracking.

Compact High Q Configurable Quint-Band Electromagnetic Bandgap Filter

A compact quint-band bandpass filter using an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) material is proposed. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first quint-band filter using the EBG material. The quint-band EBG filter consists of EBG substrate and five sets of lumped capacitors. In comparison with other quint-band filters using stepped impedance resonator, the EBG filter has advantages including high Q, a wide stopband, and good band-to-band isolation. The employment of external capacitors makes it possible to control each passband’s working frequency. This paper provides a simple and effective method to design a quint-band filter with a low insertion loss and a compact size. Experimental verification is provided, and a good agreement has been found between simulation and measurement. The measured return loss of the five passbands is better than 13.0 dB, and band-to-band isolation is better than 29.0 dB. The spurious signal suppression in the upper frequency range from 3.36 to 10.0 GHz is higher than 20.0 dB.

3D printing technique for the development of non‐planar electromagnetic bandgap structures for antenna applications

The use of 3D printing for the development of non-planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures for antenna applications is proposed. A coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed antenna is tested on a non-planar EBG substrate, fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques. Inexpensive fuse filament fabrication is used as the fabrication process. Silver-loaded conducting ink is employed for the metallic components of the EBG. The CPW antenna on the non-planar EBG structure has a satisfactory reflection coefficient at 2.45 GHz, which is suitable for Bluetooth/WLAN communications. The radiation patterns have reduced back lobes and improved gain compared with the antenna in free space.

Design &amp; Simulation of Rectangular &amp; Circular Patch Antenna with Electromagnetic Band Gap Substrates

This paper presents the design and simulation of rectangular & circular patch antenna with Electromagnetic Band Gap Substrates (EBG) substrate using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The two different configurations of broadband micro strip patch antenna, multi stacked rectangular patch antenna & multi stacked circular patch antenna are analyzed. Return Loss & Gain are performance parameter. The substrate used in these two configurations is RT Duroid having dielectric constant 2.2. The result calculated is return loss of rectangular patch & circular patch with EBG substrates are -13.98 dB & 43.4437 dB and gain of rectangular patch & circular patch with EBG substrates are 5.7478 dB & 10.4954 dB respectively.

Gain enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using Sierpinski fractal-shaped EBG

This is the first report on novel mushroom-type electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures, consisting of fractal periodic elements, used for enhancing the gain of microstrip patch antennas. Using CST Microwave studio the performance of rectangular patch antenna has been examined on proposed fractal EBG substrates. It is found that fractal EBGs are more effective in suppressing surface wave thus resulting in higher gain. The gain of rectangular patch has been improved from 6.88 to 10.67 dBi. The proposed fractal EBG will open new avenues for the design and development of variety of high-frequency components and devices with enhanced performance.

A Dual Band Patch Antenna with a Pinwheel-Shaped Slots EBG Substrate

A dual band microstrip patch antenna integrated with pinwheel-shaped electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures is proposed. The patch antenna consists of a pair of spiral slots on the patch and is fed by using coaxial line. Its full-wave simulation predicts dual bands from 4.43 GHz to 4.56 GHz and from 4.96 GHz to 5.1 GHz in the C-band. The designed EBG with eight pinwheel-shaped slots addresses smaller frequency drift compared with the traditional square mushroom-like EBG when applied to the patch antenna. With the help of designed EBG structure, the impedance bandwidth, radiation efficiency, and gain of the patch antenna are improved significantly. The 10 dB impedance bandwidth is extended by 3.4% and 6.5% at the low- and high-frequency bands, respectively. The radiation efficiency is increased by 5% and 17.8%, and the realized gain is enhanced by 1.87 dB and 1.56 dB at 4.57 GHz and 5.06 GHz, respectively. The designed EBG structure may have many applications in other types of planar antennas.

A novel Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna on an Electromagnetic Band Gap substrate for broadband and high gain systems

In this paper we propose and investigate the application of Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) substrate for improving the performance of Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (HDRA). Our designed EBG shows a band gap in the frequency range of 1.75–2.25GHz and the HDRA is resonant at 2GHz which falls within the bandgap of the EBG. When combined with the EBG substrate the −10dB bandwidth shows an improvement from 11.25% to 30%. On engineering the height of the HDRA on EBG substrate the gain is improved from 6.13dBi to 9dBi. To validate the results, simulations are carried out on CST Microwave Studio and HFSS.

Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna by Improving the Performance Parameters with EBG Structures

In this paper, the execution of rectangular patch antenna is mended applying a newly cylindrical electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) substrate. The microstrip patch antenna is fed in the driven terminal. This EBG structure, when constituted with microstrip patch antenna to radiation pattern and return loss got from menstruation appearance a better impedance matching and a gain enhancement of the directed antenna. The gain utilizing the designed structure has been found to be 5.5123dB, which are merits for transmitting data over a retentive distance. Wideband antenna detects its applications in mobile sensors, data ingathering and tracking diligence.

Reduction of Mutual Coupling in Metamaterial Based Microstrip Antennas: The Progress in Last Decade

Compact multiple antennas are attracting much attention because of the rapid growth of the wireless multiple input multiple output communication systems. An important challenge in multiple antenna system is mutual coupling effects. A brief review of reduction of mutual coupling in antenna arrays by using metamaterial is presented. Different types of metamaterial structures like electromagnetic band gap substrate, defected ground structure, split ring resonator, complimentary split ring resonator, soft surfaces/high impedance surface and mender line structure are described along with their operational principles. Whereas the problems associated along with the comparison and comments on their scope of applications are analyzed.

Analysis of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with EBG Structures

In this paper, the execution of rectangular patch antenna is mended applying a newly cylindrical electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) substrate. The microstrip patch antenna is fed by the driven terminal. This EBG structure, when comprised with microstrip patch antenna to radiation pattern and return loss got from menstruation appearance a better impedance matching and a gain enhancement of the aimed antenna. The gain using the designed structure has been found to be 7.73dB, which are merits for transmitting data over a long distance. Wideband antenna finds its applications in mobile sensors, data ingathering and tracking applications.

High dielectric constant EBG technology to avoid gratings lobes and scan blindness in array configurations

High dielectric electromagnetic band gap (EBG) substrates can be used in patch antenna configurations to reduce size and mitigate substrate modes propagation with reasonable radiation efficiency values (ηrad > 0.55). Furthermore, EBG substrate structures applied in array configurations are able to avoid grating lobes and scan blindness phenomena as distance and coupling between patch antenna-radiating elements can be reduced at the same time. In this paper, a 2 × 2 array configuration using Zirconium Tin Titanate EBG substrate with high dielectric constant is presented. The array has been simulated showing 9 dB coupling reduction obtained by the inclusion of the EBG substrate in between the patch antennas placed to a distance lower than 0,5λ0. This short distance together with the coupling reduction results in a configuration which does not suffer from grating lobes and scan blindness problems, obtaining a 30º scan angle for the 2 × 2 configuration which is the maximum achievable angle due to a 2 × 2 array factor. A scan angle larger than 70º can be seen for the infinite configuration.

Improvement in radiation losses of spur line resonators based LPF on an EBG substrate

Filters have always remained a field of immense interest in the high frequency domain. Emerging applications such as wireless communications continue to challenge RF/microwave filters with ever more stringent requirements-high performance, smaller size, lightweight, and lower cost. In this paper we propose and investigate the application of Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structures for improving the performance of a stub type 5 pole Low Pass Filter with spur line resonators. Whereas the spur line resonators, improve the roll off factor significantly from −22.666 dB/GHz to −38.0893 dB/GHz, the effect of the EBG is evident in reducing the radiation losses of the spur line resonators and getting almost the same return loss and roll off factor.

Effects of Phase Difference in Dipole Phased-Array Antenna Above EBG Substrates on SAR

In this letter, we investigate the specific absorption rate (SAR) of a dipole phased-array antenna above an electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) substrate. A two-element array antenna above an EBG substrate is considered for fourth-generation mobile applications at the 3.5-GHz band. The computational results indicate that the use of an EBG substrate in a phased-array antenna can provide an SAR reduction of over 70%. The SAR reduction also depends on the phase difference of the phased-array antenna.

Improvement in Roll off Factor of Low Pass Filter Placed on an EBG Substrate

Filters have always remained a field of immense interest in the high frequency domain. Emerging applications such as wireless communications continue to challenge RF/microwave filters with ever more stringent requirements – high performance, smaller size, lightweight, and lower cost. In this paper we propose and investigate the application of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures for improving the performance of a defected ground state (DGS) based low pass filter (LPF) with T-slot on the microstrip line. Whereas the T-slot and DGS are known to improve the roll off factor, EBG substrate further enhances this factor significantly. In our case the LPF with T-slot and square dumbles on DGS give a roll off of −29.3823 dB/GHz, on application of the EBG it improves to −31.7919 dB/GHz. Also, on applying the TE mode boundary condition along the vertical axis, we observe that the maximum attenuation is improved significantly from −60.65321 dB to −69.64911 dB.

Parametric Performance Analysis of Patch Antenna Using EBG Substrate

In recent years, microstrip antennas becomevery popular because of their interesting advantages of low cost, low profile, light weight, easy fabrication andease of analysis. Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) substrate is used as a part of antenna structureto improve the performanceof the patch antenna. Usually, the performance of a patch antenna depends on the parameters such as Return Loss (RL) , Bandwidth (BW), Gain, and Directivity. In this paper, we propose a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with EBG substrates of different EBG patch width and analysis the performance of the proposed antennacompare with a conventional patch antennausing the same physical dimensionusing HFSS simulator. Here we show four analyses of our designed antenna and compare with the conventional microstippatch antenna. Comparison results show that, the performances of our proposed schemes arebetter comparing the conventional patch antenna.

Metamaterial‐based fabry–perot resonator for ultra‐low profile high‐gain antenna

AbstractIn this letter, we report the design, fabrication, and measurement of a metamaterial‐based Fabry–Perot (F–P) resonator antenna. The F–P resonator antenna is constructed of a fishnet superstrate and a printed patch antenna based on a mushroom‐like electromagnetic bandgap substrate. Simulated and measured results show that the proposed F–P resonator antenna achieves an ultra‐low profile as well as a high‐gain enhancement. The thickness of the metamaterial‐based F–P resonator is only λ/125. Compared to the traditional superstrate patch antenna, the forward gain of the new metamaterial F–P resonator antenna is enhanced and the back radiation is suppressed effectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2620–2623, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27155

SAR AND RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIPOLE ANTENNA ABOVE DIFFERENTFINITE EBG SUBSTRATESIN THE PRESENCE OF A REALISTICHEAD MODEL IN THE 3.5 GHZ BAND

This study investigates the performance of a dipole antenna above electromagnetic band gap (EBG) substrates with difierent number of patches to realize a low speciflc absorption rate (SAR) antenna for a 4G wireless communications system (3.5GHz band). A cubic head model is used for the initial analysis to estimate the radiation characteristics and the SAR of the antenna. Computational results have shown that the antenna above an EBG substrate could provide a maximum reduction of 81% in the SAR and a radiation e-ciency improvement of 10% when compared with the antenna above a perfect electric conductor (PEC) ground plane. However, the antenna above an EBG substrate with a lower number of patches results in a higher resonance frequency and cannot provide su-cient SAR reduction In both the cubic and realistic head models, a similar tendency was observed in the SAR reduction capability of the antenna above the EBG substrates when compared with the antenna above the PEC ground plane. For the realistic head model, the SARs of the dipole above EBG substrates with 20 or 24 EBG patches can be reduced by 16% when compared to the case with 12 or 16 EBG patches. The variability of the SAR in the operating frequency band (jS11j > 10dB) of the antenna is 5{35% for difierent EBG substrates.