Electrolytes For Supercapacitors Research Articles

High-Entropy Electrolyte Design for Low-Temperature Supercapacitors.

Supercapacitors (SCs) are high-power energy storage devices but often experience reduced electrochemical performance at low temperatures, especially below -30 °C, due to the high freezing points of conventional electrolytes. In this study, we introduce a novel high-entropy electrolyte (HEE) for supercapacitors that extends operational capabilities over a wide temperature range. The high entropy of the HEE results in an exceptionally low freezing point of -116 °C. With an increased number of solvent molecules in the cation solvation structures, the HEE exhibits high conductivity (3.9 mS cm⁻¹ at -50 °C) and low de-solvation energy (14.1 kJ mol⁻¹). When incorporated into a carbon-based SC, the HEE enables a capacitance retention of 58% at temperatures below -30 °C, compared to 25 °C, while conventional single-solvent electrolytes retain only 38%. Additionally, the HEE provides superior high-rate performance and excellent cycling stability, maintaining 88% capacitance after 15,000 cycles, compared to 73% with conventional electrolytes.

From Waste to Power: Developing Structural Supercapacitors with Red Mud and Jute Stick.

Developing effective, cost-efficient, and eco-friendly energy storage solutions is crucial for sustainable building structures. Red mud, a waste material, was used as the electrolyte and separator in supercapacitors, alongside activated carbon derived from jute sticks coated on steel mesh electrodes. Tests on RM-enhanced supercapacitors showed that 20% by weight of RM was the best amount. This increased the modulus of elasticity by 33%, the tensile strength by 3%, and the compressive strength by 10%. Durability was largely unaffected, with minimal additional water absorption and slight shrinkage variation. The supercapacitor cell had an extended cell potential of 1.5 V and a maximum specific capacitance of 62.3 F g-1 at 0.4 A g-1, as shown by electrochemical tests. This improved energy density to 19.5 Wh kg-1, with a power density of 301.8 W kg-1 at 0.4 A g-1 and a maximum power density of 605.8 W kg-1 at 0.8 A g-1. The cell retained 77% of its initial capacitance after 450 continuous GCD cycles, demonstrating notable stability. This stability is due to the solid electrolyte and the synergy between JC and RM, indicating promising advancements for future energy storage devices.

Sweet Ionic Liquids as High-Temperature and High-Voltage Supercapacitor Electrolytes

Sweet Ionic Liquids as High-Temperature and High-Voltage Supercapacitor Electrolytes

Wood‐inspired High Ionic Conductivity Hydrogel Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors

Hydrogel is a promising electrolyte substrate, but its ionic conductivity needs further improvement. In this paper, we propose a strategy to improve the ionic conductivity of hydrogels with flexible wood and fabricate a flexible wood‐based poly(acrylic acid‐acrylamide) composite hydrogel electrolyte (WHE) by delignification and in‐situ polymerization. The flexible wood as a porous backbone for hydrogels can regulate ion transport pathways to improve the ionic conductivity of hydrogels. The straight pores of wood confine the transport of electrolyte ions along the shortest path, resulting in a high ionic conductivity of 3.0 × 10‐2 S cm‐1, which is great in composite polymer electrolytes. We have systematically investigated the effect of the degree of delignification and the polymerization process on the overall performance of the electrolyte. The optimized supercapacitor exhibits a specific capacitance of 155.64 F g‐1 and an energy density of 7.45 W h kg‐1. The WHE is applied to flexible supercapacitor, which exhibits good flexibility under bending conditions and can maintain similar electrochemical performance at a wide range of bending angles. This work provides an effective strategy for the efficient use of wood resources and the development of low‐cost, environmentally friendly, and high‐performance hydrogel electrolyte materials.

Radiation synthesis of high conductivity hydrogel based on tragacanth gum/poly (ionic liquids) for multimodal sensors and supercapacitor

Natural polymer-based hydrogels have found extensive use in flexible sensing, energy storage, and other fields because of their environmental sustainability and biocompatibility. Nonetheless, numerous challenges persist in the development of hydrogels with outstanding conductivity solely from natural polymers. Herein, we have successfully synthesized hydrogels based on natural polymer (tragacanth gum) and ionic liquids (1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide) using a convenient and efficient one-step ionizing radiation method (TG/PIL hydrogels). The TG/PIL hydrogels exhibit high ionic conductivity (7.1 S m−1 at 25 °C), and can be used for multimodal sensors, including strain and temperature sensors. It has exceptional capabilities in monitoring human motor behavior, capturing subtle facial expressions and pulses beat. TG/PIL hydrogel can also accurately sense changes in the temperature of the external environment, and have significant thermal sensitivity within the range of 40 to 60 °C (−3.22 % /°C). Furthermore, the high conductivity of TG/PIL hydrogels enables them to exhibit outstanding performance in supercapacitor electrolytes, it has good stability in a certain load bearing range, temperature range, folding angle range. This work offers a straightforward technique for creating a multimodal hydrogel sensor, with promising applications in flexible wearable devices, energy storage, and beyond.

One-pot synthesis of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based gel polymer electrolytes for high-performance supercapacitors

The electrolyte is a crucial component that significantly affects the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. The hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) with high operating voltage was synthesized via an innovative “one-pot” method in this study, and the impacts of organic solvent/water ratio and LiNO3 concentration on gelation and conductivity of the GPE were investigated systematically. Under the optimal condition with a DMF/water ratio of 10:0 and the incorporation of 7 % LiNO3, the ionic conductivity reached 1.06 S m−1. Integrated into symmetric supercapacitors, the HPMC-based GPE demonstrated an expanded electrochemical window of 2.7 V. It also possessed a specific capacitance of 115.8 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1, an energy density of 29.31 Wh kg−1, and outstanding cyclic stability, retaining 86 % of its initial capacitance after 2000 cycles. Through cyclic stability tests under pressure conditions, the assembled flexible supercapacitors were able to maintain capacitance retention of 60 % and coulombic efficiency of 97 %. This work offers a streamlined synthesis for HPMC-based GPE with superior electrochemical properties, which exhibits its potential in advancing supercapacitor technology for flexible electronics.

Synthesis and characterization of MoS2-carbon based materials for enhanced energy storage applications

The article delves into the synthesis and characterization of MoS2-carbon-based materials, holding promise for applications in supercapacitors and ion batteries. The synthesis process entails the preparation of MoS2 and its carbon hybrids through exfoliation, hydrothermal treatment, and subsequent pyrolysis. Various analytical techniques were employed to comprehensively examine the structural, compositional, and morphological properties of the resulting materials. The article explores the electrochemical performance of these electrode materials in supercapacitors and ion batteries (LiB, SiB, KiB). Electrochemical measurements were conducted in aqueous electrolyte for supercapacitors and various aprotic electrolytes for ion batteries. Results highlight the impact of the synthesis process on electrochemical performance, emphasizing factors such as capacitance, rate capability, and charge/discharge cycle performance. Hydrothermally treated MoS2-carbon exhibited a specific capacitance of approximately 150 F g-1 in supercapacitors, attributed to its high surface area and efficient charge storage mechanisms. Additionally, for Li-ion battery materials without hydrothermal treatment showed impressive capacity retention of around 88% after 500 charge-discharge cycles, starting with an initial specific capacity of about 920 mAh/g. Long-term stability was demonstrated in both supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries, with minimal capacitance degradation even after extensive charge-discharge cycles. This research underscores the potential of MoS2-based materials as effective energy storage solutions.

Synthesis of PVA/corn starch hydrogel polymer electrolytes for supercapacitors

Synthesis of PVA/corn starch hydrogel polymer electrolytes for supercapacitors

A LiPF6 gel-polymer electrolyte for a solid-state supercapacitor with polyaniline/MnCo layered double hydroxide nanosheets as active electrode material

This paper introduces a novel solid-state electrolyte for supercapacitors (SCs), employing a LiPF6 gel polymer coupled with innovative electrodes composed of MnCo-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets. The newly synthesized LiPF6 gel polymer electrolyte exhibits superior ionic conductivity and mechanical flexibility, making it an ideal candidate for advanced energy storage devices that require bending and twisting capabilities. The thermal analyses and morphological characterizations were evaluated using DSC, XRD, FT-IR, BET, TEM and FE-SEM techniques. The MnCo-LDH nanosheets, synthesized via a facile co-precipitation method, served as the electrode material. It was expected that the collaborative interaction between the LiPF6 polymer matrix and the multifaceted nanoflower-shaped MnCo-LDH nanosheets could improve electron mobility and supply an increased surface area for redox processes. Electrochemical analyses, including cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests, reveal a marked improvement in the specific capacitance, rate capability, and cyclic stability of the assembled SCs. This novel electrolyte-electrode configuration yielded a specific capacity of up to 198.66 F g−1 at 1.6 A g−1 and exhibited rate performance with retention of 89.15 % at an elevated current density of 10 A g−1 for 2-Hydroxyehtyl cellulose: LiPF6 gel polymer with molar ratio of 1: 2. Moreover, it demonstrates enduring cyclic stability with no capacity decay after 10,000 cycles. We delineated the pivotal role of Mn in facilitating electron transfer kinetics and moderating interactions with Co ions. The introduction of strain within the LDH structure promulgates a conducive environment for electrochemical reactions.

Biomass Hydrogel Electrolytes toward Green and Durable Supercapacitors: Enhancing Flame Retardancy, Low-Temperature Self-Healing, Self-Adhesion, and Long-Term Cycling Stability.

Hydrogels have shown promise as quasi-solid-state electrolytes for flexible supercapacitors but face challenges such as poor self-repair, unstable electrode adhesion, limited temperature range, and flammability. Herein, an all-round green hydrogel electrolyte (silk nanofibers (SNFs)/peach gum polysaccharide (PGP)/borax/glycerol (SPBG)-ZnSO4) addresses these issues through dynamic cross-linking of peach gum polysaccharide and silk nanofibers with borax, integrating varieties of key property including high water retention, broad temperature tolerance (-20 to 90 °C), excellent self-adhesion (60.7 kPa for carbon cloth electrodes), satisfactory flame retardancy (limited oxygen index of 51%), low-temperature self-healing (-20 °C), and good ionic conductivity (7.68 mS cm-1). The resulting supercapacitor exhibits excellent cycling stability with 98.2% capacitance retention after 40,000 long cycles at 25 °C. The specific capacitance retention remains above 90% even after 15,000 cycles at high/low temperatures (50 °C/-20 °C). Furthermore, the flexible supercapacitor demonstrates stable performance under mechanical stimuli (180° bending and perforation), highlighting the potential of biomass hydrogels in flexible energy storage devices.

Mechanistic Understanding of the Underlying Energy Storage Mechanism of α-MnO2-based Pseudo-Supercapacitors.

Manganese dioxide (α-MnO2) has attracted significant research interest in supercapacitors recently. However, the reaction mechanism of α-MnO2 in supercapacitors remains unclear. Therefore, a nano-supercapacitor using Environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) is conducted and investigated the reaction mechanism of α-MnO2 based on three ionic liquids (ILs). It found that in the aprotic ionic liquid (AIL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMIMOTF), α-MnO2 nanowires (NWs) undergo an oxidation reaction due to the presence of an active proton at the second position (H2) of the imidazole ring. As a result, α-MnO2 NWs undergo a phase transition and transform into Mn3O4, exhibiting pseudo-capacitive properties. Furthermore, characterization of the macroscopic α-MnO2 electrodes after cycling reveals that after the initial charging cycles, the dominant energy storage mechanism of the supercapacitor transitions from pseudo-capacitance to a dual-layer capacitance formed by the combination of Mn3O4 and unreacted α-MnO2. Simultaneously, due to the coexistence of these two energy storage mechanisms, the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor in EMIMOTF electrolyte reaches up to 80 F g-1, and the cycle number reaches as high as 1000 cycles. The results are expected to provide insights into the selection of electrolytes in supercapacitors and offer a fundamental understanding of the internal reaction mechanisms in capacitors.

High elongation, low hysteresis, fatigue resistant gel electrolyte for supercapacitor and strain sensor

With the arrival of the era of the Internet of Everything and the popularization of flexible wearable devices, energy supply devices serving flexible wearable devices have also become a research hotspot. Hydrogels are gaining ground in the field of flexible energy supply devices, especially supercapacitors, which have attracted wide attention due to the advantages of fast charging/discharging, high power density, and stability. However, flexible supercapacitor inevitably undergoes varying degrees of deformation during use, and their service life decreases dramatically with the prolongation of use. Therefore, the fabrication of a flexible supercapacitor that can be assembled from hydrogel electrolyte and is fatigue-resistant and stable has become a promising research direction. In this study, we constructed a gel electrolyte with high stretchability, low hysteresis, high stability, and fatigue resistance by designing a dual network structure, and assembled it into a supercapacitor. The device has many excellent features, providing a surface capacitance of 100 mF/cm2, a power density of 0.19 mW/cm2, and an energy density of 425 μWh/cm2 at a frequency of 1 mA/cm2. More importantly, it also exhibits superb stability when subjected to varying degrees of bending and compression. In addition, the gel electrolyte can detect small changes of the human body and quickly and sensitively convert motion signals into electrical signals, showing great potential as a flexible wearable device. This study provides an effective strategy for designing gel electrolytes with low hysteresis and high stability for wider application in flexible electronic devices.

Solid-state supercapacitors based on different electrolytes: structural characteristics and comparative performance

Abstract Solid-state supercapacitors bring huge potential for the next generation of energy storage systems and are especially significant for portable and wearable electronic devices, medical equipment, and smart textiles. This paper provides a concise overview of the device mechanism while discussing the developing status of solid-state supercapacitor electrolytes. The performance evaluation of solid-state supercapacitors is reviewed and compared based on their energy storage characteristics and electrode types (e.g., freestanding, fibre-based, and flexible), followed by an exploration of future research directions and key technical challenges in this field.

Porous Wood Composite as a Green Approach for Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Supercapacitors.

Delignified wood (DW) is a kind of environment-friendly porous material, and its unique hierarchical orous structure and excellent wettability are conducive to the rapid transfer and storage of ions, which can be used as electrolyte matrix of supercapacitors. In order to solve the deficiency of mechanical properties of DW as electrolyte materials, a novel cross-linked polyurethane (CPU) with high water absorption is designed as a reinforced matrix to improve the mechanical properties of electrolytes while maintaining high ionic conductivity. First, DW is immersed in CPU precursor solution, and the DW/CPU composite (W-CPC) is obtained by thermal crosslinking. Finally, W-CPC is soaked in 1 M LiClO4 aqueous electrolyte to obtain the composite gel polymer electrolyte (W-CPC-GPE). Benefiting from the good hydrophilicity of W-CPC, the anisotropic vertical channels inside the DW, and the synergism of hydrogen bond and covalent bond. The highest ionic conductivity and mechanical strength of W-CPC-GPE are 3.5×10-2 S cm-1 and 0.67 MPa, respectively. The W-CPC-5-G based supercapacitor exhibits a high specific capacitance of 146.52 F g-1 and favorable capacitance retention rate of 90.7 % after 5000 cycles. The results show that compounding with DW is an efficient and green way to develop high-performance gel polymer electrolytes for supercapacitors.

Binary solvent-reinforced poly (vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate double network hydrogel as a highly ion-conducting, resilient, and self-healing gel polymer electrolyte for flexible supercapacitors

We present a reliable approach for producing high-performance ion-conducting gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) based on the sodium chloride (NaCl)-integrated dual network hydrogel of poly (vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate (PVA/SA) using a binary solvent system of ethylene glycol (EG) and water, providing exceptional ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, and self-healing properties. Different GPEs were produced via the freezing-thawing method using different v/v% of EG and water (named PVA/SA/EG). The best PVA/SA/EG GPE provided a maximum ionic conductivity of 25 mS cm−1, astonishing mechanical strength of 0.42 MPa, exceptional stretchability of 462 %, and remarkable self-healing properties. The binary solvent system- and water-based GPEs were utilized in the construction of symmetric supercapacitors (SSCs) using carbon cloth electrodes and their electrochemical performance were compared. At a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2, the SSC prepared using the best PVA/SA/EG GPE demonstrated a high specific capacity of 577.21 mF cm−2, maintained 94.5 % capacitance after 5000 cycles at 1 mA cm−2, and provided an energy density of 80.14 mWh cm−2 while operating at a power density of 293.3 mW cm−2. The flexible SSC prepared based on this GPE demonstrated outstanding flexibility, while no significant decline in capacitive performance and ionic conductivity was detected when it was bent.

Molecularly engineered chitosan-derived poly(aprotic/protic ionic liquids) double-network hydrogel electrolytes for flexible supercapacitors and wearable strain sensors

Polymeric conductive hydrogels have been highlighted for use in flexible electronics, and there is still a challenge to design and fabricate a high-performance hydrogel electrolyte with integrated and multiple properties, such as sustainability, stretchability and compressibility, ionic conductivity, antibacterial property, strain sensitivity, and low-temperature tolerance. Herein, chitosan (CS) derived poly(aprotic/protic ionic liquids) (CS-PAPILs) are facilely prepared by taking the structural and sustainable features of chitosan and betaine hydrochloride, which are used as a functional component for the fabrication of CS-PAPILs/polyacrylamide (PAM)/LiCl (CS-PAPILs/PAM/LiCl) double-network (DN) hydrogel electrolyte via an in situ polymerization of AM and then a soaking strategy in LiCl aqueous solution. The achieved DN hydrogels exhibit tunable mechanical performance (tensile strength of 70–900 kPa, elastic modulus of 31.5–484 kPa, high compressibility (4450 kPa at 80 % strain), superior low-temperature tolerance (freezing point < -85 °C), anti-dehydration performance, high ionic conductivity at 25/-50 °C (94.8/4.6 mS cm−1), and excellent antibacterial activity. As a proof of concept, an assembled flexible and anti-freezing supercapacitor by the as-prepared DN hydrogel electrolyte demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 108.4F/g (at 2 A/g) and impressive cycling stability over 50,000 cycles at temperature as low as −50 °C. Furthermore, a wearable strain sensor based on the DN hydrogel was also demonstrated, and the sensor can be successfully attached to the human joints to monitor various human motions.

Flexible high electrochemical active hydrogel for wearable sensors and supercapacitor electrolytes

With the rapid advancement of flexible, portable devices, hydrogel electrolytes have gained considerable attention as potential replacements for conventional liquid electrolytes. A hydrogel electrolyte was synthesised by cross-linking acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and zinc sulphate (ZnSO4). The formation of hydrogen bonds and chelate interactions between the P(AA-co-AM) polymer, CMC, and ZnSO4 created a robust network, enhancing the mechanical properties of the hydrogel electrolytes. Notably, the hydrogel electrolyte containing 0.6 % CMC demonstrated superior mechanical strength (compression strength of 1.22 MPa, tensile stress of 230 kPa, tensile strain of 424 %, adhesion strength of 1.98 MPa on wood). Additionally, the CMC/P(AA-co-AM) hydrogels exhibited commendable electrical performance (38 mS/cm) and a high gauge factor (2.9), enabling the precise detection of physiological activity signals through resistance measurements. The unique network structure of the hydrogel electrolyte also ensured a stable bonding interface between the electrode and the electrolyte. After 2000 charge–discharge cycles, the supercapacitor maintained good capacitance characteristics, with a capacitance retention rate of 71.21 % and a stable Coulombic efficiency of 98.85 %, demonstrating excellent cyclic stability. This study introduces a novel methodology for fabricating multifunctional all-solid-state supercapacitors and suggests that the hydrogel can significantly advance the development of wearable energy storage devices.

Recycling and Reutilization of Metals Aided by Deep Eutectic Solvents: from NMC Cathodes of Spent Li-ion Batteries to Electrolytes for Supercapacitors.

With the rapidly increasing demand for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), recycling the metals found in spent cathodes is mandatory to both alleviate shortages resulting from the mining of natural metal ores and manage the disposal of spent LIBs. The use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for metals recovery from spent cathodes of LIBs (e. g., LCO and NMC types) offers a sustainable yet efficient alternative to conventional hydrometallurgical processes. Nonetheless, g efforts are required to use milder temperatures and higher mass loadings, thus ensuring cost-effectiveness. In this latter regard, addressing the reutilization of DESs in subsequent stages of metal extraction, and streamlining or eliminating the chemical procedures employed for metal separation, is even more crucial to guarantee the economic feasibility of the recycling process. Herein, we have prepared a DES that provides extraction efficiencies of ca. 100 % for every metal of NMC cathodes even at mild experimental conditions (e. g., 60 °C) and for loadings as high as 70 mgNMC/gDES. Moreover, we have pioneered the direct use of leachates containing DESs and metals as electrolytes for supercapacitors. This approach enables the reintroduction of DESs and the recovered metals into the value chain with a minimal economic and environmental impact.

Synergistic advancements with Mn-MOF/Nb2CTx electrodes in bisolvent-in-salt (BSiS) electrolytes for supercapacitor and hydrogen evolution reaction

Supercapacitors are promising technologies for exceptionally efficient energy storage and power control, making them a crucial and significant field of global technical progress. In this research, we designed an electrode material by combining Mn-MOF with Nb2CTx MXene. At 1.5 A g−1, the Mn-MOF/Nb2CTx electrode has 900 C g−1 specific capacity. This performance underscores its potential for high-efficiency energy storage applications. Supercapacitor Mn-MOF/Nb2CTx had a 1500 W kg−1 power density and 52 Wh kg−1 energy density. Following 12,000 cycles, the Mn-MOF/Nb2CTx fabricated electrodes retain 96.4% capacity retention and 89.3% of its coulombic efficiency. This work uses experimental studies to describe the representative uses of Mn-MOF/Nb2CTx-based electrocatalysts for the HER. The methods for enhancing the catalytic efficiency of MXenes in the application of HER are illustrated, including the optimization of active sites through termination modification and the introduction of Mn-MOF, as well as the enhancement of active sites through the fabrication of different nanostructures. The issues associated with and the possibility of Mn-MOF/Nb2CTx electrocatalysts are also discussed. This research is an example of the future improvement of novel and effective electrocatalysts based on MXenes for hydrogen production using water-splitting technology.

Dynamic Metal-Coordinated Adhesive and Self-Healable Antifreezing Hydrogels for Strain Sensing, Flexible Supercapacitors, and EMI Shielding Applications.

Dynamic metal-coordinated adhesive and self-healable hydrogel materials have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their potential applications in various fields. These hydrogels can form reversible metal-ligand bonds, resulting in a network structure that can be easily broken and reformed, leading to self-healing capabilities. In addition, these hydrogels possess excellent mechanical strength and flexibility, making them suitable for strain-sensing applications. In this work, we have developed a mechanically robust, highly stretchable, self-healing, and adhesive hydrogel by incorporating Ca2+-dicarboxylate dynamic metal-ligand cross-links in combination with low density chemical cross-links into a poly(acrylamide-co-maleic acid) copolymer structure. Utilizing the reversible nature of the Ca2+-dicarboxylate bond, the hydrogel exhibited a tensile strength of up to ∼250 kPa and was able to stretch to 15-16 times its original length. The hydrogel exhibited a high fracture energy of ∼1500 J m-2, similar to that of cartilage. Furthermore, the hydrogel showed good recovery, fatigue resistance, and fast self-healing properties due to the reversible Ca2+-dicarboxylate cross-links. The presence of Ca2+ resulted in a highly conductive hydrogel, which was utilized to design a flexible resistive strain sensor. This hydrogel can strongly adhere to different substrates, making it advantageous for applications in flexible electronic devices. When adhered to human body parts, the hydrogel can efficiently detect limb movements. The hydrogel also exhibited excellent performance as a solid electrolyte for flexible supercapacitors, with a capacitance of ∼260 F/g at 0.5 A/g current density. Due to its antifreezing and antidehydration properties, this hydrogel retains its flexibility at subzero temperatures for an extended period. Additionally, the porous network and high water content of the hydrogel impart remarkable electromagnetic attenuation properties, with a value of ∼38 dB in the 14.5-20.5 GHz frequency range, which is higher than any other hydrogel without conducting fillers. Overall, the hydrogel reported in this study exhibits diverse applications as a strain sensor, solid electrolyte for flexible supercapacitors, and efficient material for electromagnetic attenuation. Its multifunctional properties make it a promising candidate for use in various fields as a state-of-the-art material.